TY - JOUR T1 - Investigating the Relationships Between Excessive Instagram Usage, Perceived Ostracism, and Personality Traits TT - Aşırı Instagram Kullanımı, Algılanan Psikolojik Dışlanma ve Kişilik Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi AU - Kavaklı, Mehmet PY - 2025 DA - May Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.30613/curesosc.1514616 JF - Current Research in Social Sciences JO - Curr Res Soc Sci PB - Beste TÜRKOĞLU WT - DergiPark SN - 2149-1488 SP - 104 EP - 127 VL - 11 IS - 1 LA - en AB - Instagram is a widely favored platform among social media users and its utilization is gaining increasing prevalence. Globally, Türkiye ranks fifth in terms of Instagram usage. The extensive and regular use of Instagram entails various issues associated with the excessive usage of the platform. Hence, it is crucial to ascertain the factors that may influence excessive Instagram usage. The current study aimed to investigate the correlations between personality traits, perceived ostracism, and excessive Instagram usage. The research sample comprised a total of 379 university students. Data were collected using the Instagram Addiction Scale, Ostracism Scale, and Basic Personality Traits Inventory and the data was compared with the existing literature. Our findings indicate a negative correlation between excessive Instagram usage and the personality traits of extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between excessive Instagram use and the personality traits of neuroticism, negative valence, and perceived ostracism. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that gender, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and perceived ostracism were significant predictors of excessive Instagram use. Moreover, a notable difference was observed in Instagram usage, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and negative valence scores based on gender. The current study contributes to the field by investigating the connections between Instagram usage, personality factors, and perceived ostracism in a sample from Türkiye. KW - Instagram KW - Instagram Usage KW - Ostracism KW - Personality KW - Exclusion N2 - Sosyal medya hesapları arasında popüler olan Instagram’ın kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. İstatistikler de Türkiye’nin Instagram kullanımında dünyada beşinci sırada olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak Instagramın bu kadar yaygın olarak ve sıklıkla kullanılması beraberinde Instagramın aşırı kullanımı ile ilgili sorunları da getirmektedir. Bu yüzden aşırı Instagram kullanımının altında yatan nedenlere dair ya da Instagram kullanımını etkileme olasılığı olan değişkenlerin tespit edilmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da kişilik özellikleri, algılanan psikolojik dışlanma ve aşırı Instagram kullanımı arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Bu araştırmanın örneklemi toplamda 379 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama amacıyla Instagram Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Dışlanma Ölçeği, Temel Kişilik Özellikleri Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar aşırı Instagram kullanımının dışadönüklük, sorumluluk, uyumluluk ve deneyime açık olma boyutları ile negatif yönlü, nevrotiklik, olumsuz değerlik ve algılanan psikolojik dışlanma ile ise pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapılan hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonucunda cinsiyet, sorumluluk, nevrotiklik ve algılanan psikolojik dışlanmanın aşırı Instagram kullanımını yordadığı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca Instagram kullanımı, sorumluluk, deneyime açıklık ve olumsuz değerlik puanlarında cinsiyete göre anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, Instagram kullanımı kişilik özellikleri ve algılanan psikolojik dışlanma arasındaki ilişkileri Türkiye örnekleminde inceleyerek alana katkı sağlamaktadır. CR - Akhtar, A., Shah, S. Z. A., & Ahmed, A. (2024). Exploring the influence of Big Five Personality Traits on social media addiction among Pakistani university students. Online Media and Society, 5(3), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.71016/oms/rg2wpc71 CR - Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (2017). A tale of four platforms: Motivations and uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat among college students?. Social Media+ Society, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117691544 CR - Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002 CR - Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006 CR - Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517 CR - Angelini, F., & Gini, G. (2024). Differences in perceived online communication and disclosing e‐motions among adolescents and young adults: The role of specific social media features and social anxiety. Journal of Adolescence, 96(3), 512-525. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12256 CR - Bayer, J. B., Dal Cin, S., Campbell, S. W., & Panek, E. (2016). Consciousness and self-regulation in mobile communication. Human Communication Research, 42(1), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12067 CR - Berdida, D. J. E. (2025). Nursing students' personality traits, sleep quality, social media addiction, and academic performance: A multi-site structural equation model analysis. Journal of Professional Nursing, 56, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2024.11.004 CR - Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039 CR - Bowden-Green, T., Hinds, J., & Joinson, A. (2020). How is extraversion related to social media use? A literature review. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110040 CR - Bowden-Green, T., Hinds, J., & Joinson, A. (2021). Understanding neuroticism and social media: A systematic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110344 CR - Brailovskaia, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., & Margraf, J. (2021). The relationship between social media use, stress symptoms and burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19) in Germany and Italy: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100067 CR - Brand, M., Laier, C., & Young, K. S. (2014). Internet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01256 CR - Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032 CR - Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 CR - Brandtner, A., Antons, S., Cornil, A., & Brand, M. (2021). Integrating desire thinking into the I-PACE model: A special focus on internet-use disorders. Current Addiction Reports, 8, 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00400-9 CR - Bunz, U. (2021). Investigating the relationship between social media use, Big Five personality, and well-being. Journal of Communication Technology, 4(3), 25-52. https://doi.org/10.51548/joctec-2021-016 CR - Byrne, K. A., Anaraky, R. G., Dye, C., Ross, L. A., Chalil Madathil, K., Knijnenburg, B., & Levkoff, S. (2021). Examining rural and racial disparities in the relationship between loneliness and social technology use among older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 723925. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.723925 CR - Calaresi, D., Cuzzocrea, F., Saladino, V., & Verrastro, V. (2024). The relationship between trait emotional ıntelligence and problematic social media use. Youth & Society, 57(3), 515-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X241273407 CR - Caspi, A., & Shiner, R. L. (2006). Personality development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 300–365). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CR - Cooper, A. B., Blake, A. B., Pauletti, R. E., Cooper, P. J., Sherman, R. A., & Lee, D. I. (2020). Personality assessment through the situational and behavioral features of Instagram photos. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(6), 959-972. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000596 CR - Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & De Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003 CR - Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343 CR - Coşkun, M., Kavaklı, M., & Türkmen, O. O. (2024). Exploring ostracism as a risk factor for smartphone addiction in young people: Resilience and nomophobia perspectives. Journal of Happiness and Health, 4(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v4i1.66 CR - D’Souza, L., Samyukta, A., & Bivera, T. J. (2018). Development and validation of test for Instagram addiction (TIA). The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(3), 4-14. https://doi.org/10.25215/0603.81 CR - Deters, F. G., & Mehl, M. R. (2013). Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612469233 CR - DeYoung, C. G. (2015). Cybernetic big five theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.004 CR - Dumford, A. D., Miller, A. L., Lee, C. K., & Caskie, A. (2023). Social media usage in relation to their peers: Comparing male and female college students' perceptions. Computers and Education Open, 4, 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100121 CR - Ferwerda, B., & Tkalcic, M. (2018). You are what you post: What the content of Instagram pictures tells about users’ personality. In The 23rd International on Intelligent User Interfaces, March 7-11, Tokyo, Japan. CEUR-WS. CR - Gaia, A., Sala, E., & Cerati, G. (2021). Social networking sites use and life satisfaction. A quantitative study on older people living in Europe. European Societies, 23(1), 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1762910 CR - Gençöz, T. & Öncül, Ö. (2012). Examination of personality characteristics in a Turkish sample: Development of basic personality traits ınventory. The Journal of General Psychology, 139,3, 194-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2012.686932 CR - George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. (14th ed.). Routledge. CR - Gil de Zúñiga, H., Diehl, T., Huber, B., & Liu, J. (2017). Personality traits and social media use in 20 countries: How personality relates to frequency of social media use, social media news use, and social media use for social interaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(9), 540-552. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0295 CR - Gilman, R., Carter-Sowell, A., DeWall, C. N., Adams, R. E., & Carboni, I. (2013). Validation of the ostracism experience scale for adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 319-330. https://doi.org/10.1037/t29695-000 CR - Gugushvili, N., Täht, K., Schruff-Lim, E. M., Ruiter, R. A., & Verduyn, P. (2024). The association between neuroticism and problematic social networking sites use: the role of fear of missing out and self-control. Psychological Reports, 127(4), 1727-1750. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221142003 CR - Hardy, B. W., & Castonguay, J. (2018). The moderating role of age in the relationship between social media use and mental well-being: An analysis of the 2016 general social survey. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.005 CR - Harris, E., & Bardey, A. C. (2019). Do Instagram profiles accurately portray personality? An investigation into idealized online self-presentation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 430276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00871 CR - Hartas, D. (2024). Wellbeing, psychological distress and self-harm in late adolescence in the UK: the role of gender and personality traits. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 39(2), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2023.2200107 CR - Hasani, J., Chashmi, S. J. E., Firoozabadi, M. A., Noory, L., Turel, O., & Montag, C. (2024). Cognitive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between big-five personality traits and internet use disorder tendencies. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, 108020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108020 CR - Hatch, H. D., Hatch, S. G., Henderson, E., Deichman, C., Johnson, D., Esplin, C., ... & Braithwaite, S. (2022). Examining the problematic pornography use model: A quantitative exploration of dysregulated pornography use. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 19(1), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.11.001 CR - Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340 CR - Hawi, N., & Samaha, M. (2019). Identifying commonalities and differences in personality characteristics of Internet and social media addiction profiles: traits, self-esteem, and self-construal. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(2), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1515984 CR - He, F., Yang, X., Luo, J., Wang, P., Yang, L., & Li, Z. (2024). The mediating role of neuroticism and anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between childhood trauma and panic disorder severity. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1441664. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1441664 CR - Ho, S. S., Lee, E. W., & Liao, Y. (2016). Social network sites, friends, and celebrities: The roles of social comparison and celebrity involvement in adolescents’ body image dissatisfaction. Social Media+ Society, 2(3), 2056305116664216. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116664216 CR - Hou, X., Lai, X., Lin, Y., Cao, L., Zhong, B., Zheng, Y., ... & Dai, B. (2024). Influence of neuroticism on depression among college students by gender: the mediating roles of negative cognitive bias and anhedonia. Current Psychology, 43(7), 5901-5913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04793-w CR - Huang, C. (2022). Social media addiction and personality: A meta‐analysis. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 25(4), 747-761. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12531 CR - Huang, J., Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023). Neuroticism and adolescent problematic mobile social media use: a moderated mediation model. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 184(5), 372-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2023.2209885 CR - Huang, L., Yang, F., & Wu, W. (2024). Adult attachment, social anxiety, and problematic social media use: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Addictive Behaviors, 108163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108163 CR - Hussain, Z., Savcı, M., Kırcaburun, K., & Griffiths, M. (2023). Personality and Instagram use motives with problematic Instagram use among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Uluslararası Düzce Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 1-12. CR - Isbulan, O., Cam, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024). The mediating effect of social network identity management on the relationship between personality traits and social media addiction among pre-service teachers. BMC psychology, 12(1), 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01653-5 CR - Jiang, S., & Ngien, A. (2020). The effects of Instagram use, social comparison, and self-esteem on social anxiety: A survey study in Singapore. Social Media+ Society, 6(2), 2056305120912488. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120912488 CR - Karatsoli, M., & Nathanail, E. (2020). Examining gender differences of social media use for activity planning and travel choices. European Transport Research Review, 12, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-020-00436-4 CR - Kavaklı, M. (2018). Psikolojik dışlanma ve internet kullanma alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişkide öz duyarlığın aracı rolü (The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between ostracism and internet usage habits). (Master Thesis). Ufuk University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. CR - Kavaklı, M. (2019). Psikolojik dışlanma ve sosyal dışlanma arasındaki farklılık: Benlik değeri, yalnızlık ve genel aidiyet duygusu üzerindeki etkileri. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(20), 45-55. CR - Kavaklı, M., & Aydın, O. (2024). Algılanan psikolojik dışlanma ve sosyal dışlanma ile internet kullanma alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişki: Öz duyarlığın rolü. Külliye, 5(2), 398-418. https://doi.org/10.48139/aybukulliye.1389292 CR - Kavaklı, M., & Inan, E. (2021). Psychometric properties and correlates of the Turkish Version of Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS). Journal of Clinical Psychology Research, 5(2), 86-97. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000037 CR - Kavaklı, M., & Ünal, G. (2021). The effects of social comparison on the relationships among social media addiction, self-esteem, and general belongingness levels. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 9(2), 114-124. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.105349 CR - Kaya, B., & Cenkseven Önder, F. (2024). Ostracism and sense of coherence: The mediating role of social media addiction in adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2024.2413494 CR - Kaya, F. Ş., & Karahasanoğlu, G. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde aşka ilişkin tutumlar, kişilik özellikleri ile bağlanma stilleri arasindaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.26695/mukatcad.2019.27 CR - Kim, D. W., Park, C., & Son, S. (2021). A Study on the characteristics influencing youths problematic gaming behaviors. The SNU Journal of Education Research, 30(4), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.54346/sjer.2021.30.4.47 CR - Kircaburun, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Instagram addiction and the Big Five of personality: The mediating role of self-liking. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.15 CR - Kircaburun, K., Alhabash, S., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Uses and gratifications of problematic social media use among university students: A simultaneous examination of the Big Five of personality traits, social media platforms, and social media use motives. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 525-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9940-6 CR - Knausenberger, J., & Echterhoff, G. (2018). Recovering from social exclusion: The interplay of subtle Facebook reminders and collectivistic orientation. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 298-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.012 CR - Knausenberger, J., Hellmann, J. H., & Echterhoff, G. (2015). When virtual contact is all you need: Subtle reminders of Facebook preempt social‐contact restoration after exclusion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 279-284. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2035 CR - Krasnova, H., Veltri, N. F., Eling, N., & Buxmann, P. (2017). Why men and women continue to use social networking sites: The role of gender differences. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(4), 261-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2017.01.004 CR - Krems, J. A., French, J., & Filip-Crawford, G. (2024). A secret language of aggression: disgust expressions are treated as cues of impending social exclusion among women. Frontiers in Social Psychology, 2, 1335368. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1335368 CR - Kumalaratih, E., & Margono, H. M. (2023). Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) Model on Addictive Behavior. Surabaya Psychiatry Journal/Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya, 12(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.20473/jps.v12i1.28893 CR - Lee, B. K., Noh, H. H., Doh, E. Y., & Rim, H. B. (2022). Rejected or ignored?: The effect of social exclusion on Instagram use motivation and behaviour. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(15), 3177-3190. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1975820 CR - Li, K. P., Niu, G. F., Jin, S. Y., & Shi, X. H. (2024). Social exclusion and video game addiction among college students: the mediating roles of depression and maladaptive cognition. Current Psychology, 43(40), 31639-31649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06749-0 CR - Lim, M. (2019). Social exclusion, surveillance use, and Facebook addiction: The moderating role of narcissistic grandiosity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203813 CR - Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., ... & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466 CR - Lopes, L. S., Valentini, J. P., Monteiro, T. H., Costacurta, M. C. D. F., Soares, L. O. N., Telfar-Barnard, L., & Nunes, P. V. (2022). Problematic social media use and its relationship with depression or anxiety: a systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(11), 691-702. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0300 CR - Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram# instasad?: Exploring associations among instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(5), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0560 CR - Mackson, S. B., Brochu, P. M., & Schneider, B. A. (2019). Instagram: Friend or foe? The application’s association with psychological well-being. New Media & Society, 21(10), 2160-2182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819840021 CR - Manago, A. M., Walsh, A. S., & Barsigian, L. L. (2023). The contributions of gender identification and gender ideologies to the purposes of social media use in adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1011951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1011951 CR - Marengo, D., Mignogna, A., Elhai, J. D., & Settanni, M. (2024). Distinguishing high engagement from problematic symptoms in Instagram users: Associations with big five personality, psychological distress, and motives in an Italian sample. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 18(5): 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2024-5-4 CR - Marengo, D., Poletti, I., & Settanni, M. (2020). The interplay between neuroticism, extraversion, and social media addiction in young adult Facebook users: Testing the mediating role of online activity using objective data. Addictive Behaviors, 102, 106150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106150 CR - Marengo, D., Quilghini, F., Ricci, G., & Settanni, M. (2024). Instagram stories unveiled: Exploring links with psychological distress, personality, and gender. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 27(4), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0316 CR - Marttila, E., Koivula, A., & Räsänen, P. (2021). Does excessive social media use decrease subjective well-being? A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between problematic use, loneliness and life satisfaction. Telematics and Informatics, 59, 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101556 CR - McCann, S. J. (2018). US state resident big five personality and work satisfaction: The importance of neuroticism. Cross-Cultural Research, 52(2), 155-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397117723607 CR - McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509 CR - Mehmood, A., Bu, T., Zhao, E., Zelenina, V., Alexander, N., Wang, W., ... & Yang, Y. (2021). Exploration of psychological mechanism of smartphone addiction among international students of China by selecting the framework of the I-PACE model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 758610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758610 CR - Mercan, Ç. S. (2016). Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents: Turkish validity and reliability. Hasan Ali Yücel Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 175-186. CR - Mercan, N., & Uysal, B. (2023). The relationship of social media addiction with interpersonal problem-solving and personality traits in university students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 43, 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.12.025 CR - Mesurado, B., Mateo, N. J., Valencia, M., & Richaud, M. C. (2014). Extraversion: nature, development and implications to psychological health and work life. Psychology of Extraversion, 1(1), 1-13. CR - Meynadier, J., Malouff, J. M., Schutte, N. S., & Loi, N. M. (2024). Meta-analysis of associations between five-factor personality traits and problematic social media use. Current Psychology, 43(27), 23016-23035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06052-y CR - Miljeteig, K., & von Soest, T. (2022). An experience sampling study on the association between social media use and self-esteem. Journal of Media Psychology, 34(6), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000333 CR - Montag, C., & Markett, S. (2024). Depressive inclinations mediate the association between personality (neuroticism/conscientiousness) and TikTok use disorder tendencies. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01541-y CR - Montag, C., Sindermann, C., Rozgonjuk, D., Yang, S., Elhai, J. D., & Yang, H. (2021). Investigating links between fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, social networks use disorder, and smartphone use disorder tendencies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 682837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682837 CR - Moon, J. H., Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Choi, T. R., & Sung, Y. (2016). The role of narcissism in self-promotion on Instagram. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 22-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.042 CR - Moore, K., & Craciun, G. (2021). Fear of missing out and personality as predictors of social networking sites usage: The Instagram case. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1761-1787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120936184 CR - Nikel, Ł., Kolańska-Stronka, M., & Krasa, P. (2024). Personality traits, internet addiction, and phubbing among teens: a mediation analysis. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2323096 CR - O’Day, E. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021). Social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100070 CR - Osterholz, S., Mosel, E. I., & Egloff, B. (2023). # Insta personality: Personality expression in Instagram accounts, impression formation, and accuracy of personality judgments at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality, 91(3), 566-582. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12756 CR - Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. Paulus, D. J., Vanwoerden, S., Norton, P. J., & Sharp, C. (2016). From neuroticism to anxiety: Examining unique contributions of three transdiagnostic vulnerability factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.012 CR - Perugini, M. L. L., & Solano, A. C. (2021). Normal and maladaptive personality traits as predictors of motives for social media use and its effects on well-being. Psychological Reports, 124(3), 1070-1092. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120922495 CR - Peters, F. (2009). Consciousness and self-regulation. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 267-290. Poon, K. T. (2018). Unpacking the mechanisms underlying the relation between ostracism and Internet addiction. Psychiatry Research, 270, 724-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.056 CR - Rahmani, S., & Lavasani, M. G. (2012). Gender differences in five factor model of personality and sensation seeking. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2906-2911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.587 CR - Reinhard, M. A., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Wuestenberg, T., Musil, R., Barton, B. B., Jobst, A., & Padberg, F. (2020). The vicious circle of social exclusion and psychopathology: A systematic review of experimental ostracism research in psychiatric disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(5), 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-01074-1 CR - Roelofs, J., Huibers, M., Peeters, F., & Arntz, A. (2008). Effects of neuroticism on depression and anxiety: Rumination as a possible mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 576-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.019 CR - Saito, M., Kondo, N., Kondo, K., Ojima, T., & Hirai, H. (2012). Gender differences on the impacts of social exclusion on mortality among older Japanese: AGES cohort study. Social Science & Medicine, 75(5), 940-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.006 CR - Sala, E., Cerati, G., & Gaia, A. (2023). Are social media users more satisfied with their life than non-users? A study on older Italians. Ageing & Society, 43(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21000416 CR - Santos, A. D. A., Ferreira, B. D. O., Leitão, C. L., Silva, I. R. D., & Torres, M. D. S. (2023). Phubbing behavior, personality, and use of instagram by Brazilian adults: a correlational and predictive study. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 36, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-023-00268-w CR - Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168 CR - Seidman, G. (2013). Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.009 CR - Sharifi Fard, S. A., D Griffiths, M., Nabizadeh, S., Taheri, M., & Refaei, M. (2025). The relationship between five personality traits and happiness: The mediating role of problematic Instagram use. Addiction & Health. 17:1523. https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.1523 CR - Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., & Hinsch, C. (2011). A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: Disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), 766–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022407 CR - Sheldon, P., Antony, M. G., & Sykes, B. (2021). Predictors of problematic social media use: Personality and life-position indicators. Psychological Reports, 124(3), 1110-1133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120934706 CR - Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., Antony, M. G., & Car, S. (2017). A cross-cultural comparison of Croatian and American social network sites: Exploring cultural differences in motives for Instagram use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 643-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.009 CR - Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Dew, M. A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., & Primack, B. A. (2018). Social media use and depression and anxiety symptoms: A cluster analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior, 42(2), 116-128. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.42.2.11 CR - Shi, C., Sun, P., Shi, J., Ye, H., & Tao, J. (2025). The effect of cyber-ostracism on social anxiety among undergraduates: The mediating effects of rejection sensitivity and rumination. Behavioral Sciences, 15(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010037 CR - Simpson, B., Hazin, I., & Eriksson, K. (2024). Who approves of gossip, ostracism, and confrontation following norm violations? A cross-cultural test of gender stereotypes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 01902725241268455. https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725241268455 CR - Skowron, M., Tkalčič, M., Ferwerda, B., & Schedl, M. (2016, April). Fusing social media cues: personality prediction from Twitter and Instagram. In Proceedings of the 25th international conference companion on world wide web (pp. 107-108). CR - Smith, R., Morgan, J., & Monks, C. (2017). Students' perceptions of the effect of social media ostracism on wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.041 CR - Statista (2024a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/578364/countries-with-most-instagram-users/ CR - Statista (2024b). https://www.statista.com/statistics/183585/instagram-number-of-global-users/ CR - Sumaryanti, I. U., Azizah, S., Diantina, F. P., & Nawangsih, E. (2020, March). Personality and social media addiction among college students. In 2nd Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2019) (pp. 376-379). Atlantis Press. CR - Taş, İ. (2023). The relationship between social Ignore and social media addiction among adolescents: Mediator effect of satisfaction with family life. Youth & Society, 55(4), 708-729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X211055210 CR - Teng, F., & Chen, Z. (2012). Does social support reduce distress caused by ostracism? It depends on the level of one's self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1192-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.014 CR - Tiggemann, M., & Anderberg, I. (2020). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2183-2199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888720 CR - Turan, M. E., Adam, F., Kaya, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2024). The mediating role of the dark personality triad in the relationship between ostracism and social media addiction in adolescents. Education and Information Technologies, 29(4), 3885-3901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12002-1 CR - Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020). Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well-being: Evidence from three large datasets. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018 CR - Udawatta, M., Ng, E., Phillips, H. W., Chen, J. S., Wilson, B., Prashant, G. N., ... & Yang, I. (2019). Age-related differences in social media use in the neurosurgical community: a multi-institutional study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 180, 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.03.027 CR - Wartberg, L., Potzel, K., Spindler, C., & Kammerl, R. (2023). The Big Five personality domains and their facets: Empirical relations to problematic use of video games, social media and alcohol. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060444 CR - Webster, J. R., Adams, G. A., & Thoroughgood, C. N. (2024). Employee gender, family‐to‐work conflict bias, and supervisor ostracism: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2848 CR - Wei, X. Y., Liang, H. Y., Gao, T., Gao, L. F., Zhang, G. H., Chu, X. Y., ... & Lei, L. (2024). Preference for smartphone-based internet applications and smartphone addiction among young adult addicts: Gender difference in psychological network. Social Science Computer Review, 42(5), 1266-1281. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393231222680 CR - Whaite, E. O., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2018). Social media use, personality characteristics, and social isolation among young adults in the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.030 CR - Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58(1), 425-452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641 CR - Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need‐threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275- 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1 CR - Wolfers, L. N., & Utz, S. (2022). Social media use, stress, and coping. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101305 CR - Wu, W., Huang, L., & Yang, F. (2024). Social anxiety and problematic social media use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 107995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107995 CR - Yin, M., Yu, H., Zou, M., He, Y., & Wang, X. (2024). The relationship between neuroticism and the acute psychological stress response: Evidence from the autonomic nervous system. Current Psychology, 43(22), 20153-20164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05813-z CR - Yue, H., Yue, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2023). Exploring the relationship between social exclusion and social media addiction: The mediating roles of anger and impulsivity. Acta Psychologica, 238, 103980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103980 CR - Zhang, Y., Bu, R., & Li, X. (2024). Social exclusion and short video addiction: The mediating role of boredom and self-control. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2195-2203. CR - Zhou, B., Mui, L. G., Li, J., Yang, Y., & Hu, J. (2024). A model for risk factors harms and of smartphone addiction among nursing students: A scoping review. Nurse Education in Practice, 75, 103874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103874 CR - Zimmerman, C. A., Carter-Sowell, A. R., & Xu, X. (2016). Examining workplace ostracism experiences in academia: understanding how differences in the faculty ranks influence inclusive climates on campus. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00753 UR - https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1514616 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4063770 ER -