TY - JOUR T1 - Ülkelerin Gelişmişlik Düzeyine Göre Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları Kapsamında Çevresel Sürdürülebilirliğin Değerlendirilmesi: Panel Kantil Regresyon Analizi TT - Assessment of Environmental Sustainability within the Scope of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals According to the Development Level of Countries: Panel Quantile Regression Analysis AU - Ünen, Çetin AU - Bilgili, Faik PY - 2025 DA - January Y2 - 2024 DO - 10.29023/alanyaakademik.1537744 JF - Alanya Akademik Bakış PB - Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 2651-4192 SP - 209 EP - 222 VL - 9 IS - 1 LA - tr AB - Bu çalışmada, Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları (SKA) kapsamında çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine göre değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Çalışma, 1990-2020 yılları arasında 60 yüksek gelirli, 106 orta gelirli ve 23 düşük gelirli ülkeden elde edilen verileri kullanarak çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik gelişmişlik arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Panel kantil regresyon analizi yöntemi kullanılarak, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre çevresel sürdürülebilirlik performanslarındaki farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuçlar, ekonomik gelişmişlik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik arasındaki ilişkinin karmaşık olduğunu ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerinin bu ilişki üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle, düşük gelirli ülkelerde çevresel bozulmanın daha belirgin olduğu ve SKA’ların etkinliğinin bu ülkelerde sınırlı kaldığı görülmüştür. Bu bulgular, politika yapıcıların sürdürülebilir kalkınma stratejilerini gözden geçirmeleri gerektiğini ve özellikle düşük gelirli ülkelerde daha etkili çevresel koruma önlemleri alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. KW - Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları KW - Ekolojik Ayak İzi KW - Panel Kantil Regresyon N2 - In this study, environmental sustainability is assessed according to the development level of countries within the scope of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic development using data from 60 high-income, 106 middle-income and 23 low-income countries between 1990 and 2020. Using panel quantile regression analysis, differences in the environmental sustainability performance of countries according to their level of development are revealed. The results reveal that the relationship between economic development and environmental sustainability is complex and that the level of development of countries has a significant impact on this relationship. In particular, environmental degradation is more pronounced in low-income countries and the effectiveness of the SDGs is limited in these countries. These findings suggest that policymakers should review their sustainable development strategies and take more effective environmental protection measures, especially in low-income countries. CR - Alvarado, R., Tillaguango, B., Murshed, M., Ochoa-Moreno, S., Rehman, A., Işık, C., & Alvarado-Espejo, J. (2022). Impact of the informal economy on the ecological footprint: The role of urban concentration and globalization. Economic Analysis and Policy, 75, 750-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EAP.2022.07.001 CR - Baloch, M. A., Danish, Khan, S. U. D., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). Poverty and vulnerability of environmental degradation in Sub-Saharan African countries: what causes what? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 54, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STRUECO.2020.04.007 CR - Bilgili, F., Soykan, E., Dumrul, C., Awan, A., Önderol, S., & Khan, K. (2023). Disaggregating the impact of natural resource rents on environmental sustainability in the MENA region: A quantile regression analysis. Resources Policy, 85, 103825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103825 CR - Campagnolo, L., Eboli, F., Farnia, L., & Carraro, C. (2018). Supporting the UN SDGs transition: Methodology for sustainability assessment and current worldwide ranking. Economics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5018/economıcs-ejournal.ja.2018-10/downloadasset/suppl/journalartıcles_2018-10-sm4.pdf CR - Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443 CR - Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis-advantages and challenges. Test, 16(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-007-0046-x/metrıcs CR - Kazemzadeh, E., Fuinhas, J. A., Salehnia, N., & Osmani, F. (2023). The effect of economic complexity, fertility rate, and information and communication technology on ecological footprint in the emerging economies: a two-step stirpat model and panel quantile regression. Quality and Quantity, 57(1), 737-763. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11135-022-01373-1 CR - Koenker, R. (2004). Quantile regression for longitudinal data. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 91(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMVA.2004.05.006 CR - Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643 CR - Koseoglu, A., Yucel, A. G., & Ulucak, R. (2022). Green innovation and ecological footprint relationship for a sustainable development: Evidence from top 20 green innovator countries. Sustainable Development, 30(5), 976-988. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2294 CR - Kuşkaya, S., Bilgili, F., Muğaloğlu, E., Khan, K., Hoque, M. E., & Toguç, N. (2023). The role of solar energy usage in environmental sustainability: Fresh evidence through time-frequency analyses. Renewable Energy, 206, 858-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.063 CR - Lamichhane, S. (2019). Benchmarking OECD Countries’ sustainable development performance: A goal-specific PCA approach. [Doctoral dissertation, The university of new haven]. CR - Nathaniel, S. P., & Adeleye, N. (2021). Environmental preservation amidst carbon emissions, energy consumption, and urbanization in selected african countries: Implication for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.125409 CR - Powell, D. (2016). Quantile regression with nonadditive fxed efects. Quantile Treatment Efects. Rand Corporation, 1–28. http://works.bepress.com/david_powell/1/ CR - Sachs, J. D. (2015). The age of sustainable development. https://doi.org/10.7312/sach17314/ CR - Writer, S. (2023). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations. https://sdgs.un.org/publications/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development-17981 CR - Wackernagel, M., & Galli, A. (2007). An overview on ecological footprint and sustainable development: a chat with Mathis Wackernagel. International Journal of Ecodynamics, 2(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2495/eco-v2-n1-1-9 CR - Wackernagel, M. & Rees, W. (1996) Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers, Philadelphia. CR - Zhong, Y., & Wu, P. (2015). Economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and constructability indicators related to concrete- and steel-projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 748-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.095 UR - https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1537744 L1 - http://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4165079 ER -