TY - JOUR T1 - Engelli İstihdamında Kota Uygulaması: Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerine Güncel Bir Bakış TT - Quota Application in the Employment of Disabled People: A Current View of European Union Countries AU - Korkmaz, Burak Can AU - Aybars, Ayşe İdil PY - 2025 DA - July Y2 - 2024 DO - 10.32450/aacd.1539624 JF - Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi JO - ARES PB - Ankara Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 1303-2518 VL - 24 IS - 2 LA - tr AB - Son yıllarda dünya genelinde engelli istihdam politikaları büyük bir önem kazanmıştır. İstihdam, engelli bireylerin topluma entegrasyonunun sağlanması için değerli bir fırsattır, ancak engelli bireyler her alanda olduğu gibi istihdam alanında da önemli engellerle karşılaşmakta, önyargılar, dışlanma ve ayrımcılığa maruz kalmaktadırlar. Bu noktada dezavantajlı gruplara ilişkin sorun alanlarında iyileştirmeler yapılması amacıyla uygulanması yönüyle sosyal politikaların önemi yadsınamaz. Engelli istihdamına yönelik en yaygın uygulama ise kota sistemidir. Bu anlamda dünyadaki başarılı örneklerin incelenmesi, Türkiye için benzer uygulamaların geliştirilebilmesi için önem taşımaktadır. Avrupa Birliği’nde (AB) engelli bireylerin topluma katılımı ve istihdamı yönünde dikkate değer uygulamaların ve ortak çalışmaların bulunması, engelli istihdam politikalarının değerlendirilmesi ve politika önerileri üretilmesi açısından AB ülkelerinin mercek altına alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerinin kota uygulaması pratiklerini incelemek ve kota uygulamasının bu ülkelerdeki durumunun tartışılması yolu ile politika önerileri sunmaktır. Kota uygulaması tüm ülkeler için geçerli standart özelliklere sahip bir uygulama önerisi olmaktan çok, ülkeye özgü bir planlama dahilinde kullanılması düşünülebilecek bir sistem önerisi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Engelli istihdamının hem nicelik hem de nitelik açısından artırılması için kota uygulamasının ayrımcılık karşıtı tamamlayıcı politikalarla desteklenmesi, ayrıca eğitim ve rehabilitasyon programlarından sıklıkla yararlanılması faydalı olacaktır. KW - Avrupa Birliği KW - sosyal politika KW - engelli istihdamı KW - kota sistemi N2 - In recent years, policies promoting the employment of persons with disabilities have gained increasing importance worldwide. Employment is a valuable opportunity to promote the integration of persons with disabilities in society, while they encounter signficant barriers in all aspects of social life, including employment, where they are subject to exclusion and discrimination. At this point, the importance of social policies cannot be denied in improving problem areas related to disadvantaged groups. The most common practice for the employment of disabled people is the quota system. In this sense, the examination of good practices in other countries would be crucial to develop similar practices in Turkey. The prevalence of notable measures and joint initiatives at the European Union (EU) requires a closer look into the EU member states with a view to assessing employment policies and developing policy recommendations. This study aims to examine the quota initiatives of the EU member states and to present policy recommendations through a detailed discussion of quota practices in these countries. To increase the employment rate of persons with disabilities in both quantity and quality, the quota practices need to be complemented with anti-discrimination policies, and supported by education, training and rehabilitation programmes. CR - Agovino, Massimiliano, and Rapposelli, Agnese, "Regional performance trends in providing employment for persons with disabilities: Evidence from Italy." Social Indicators Research 130 (2017): 593-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1186-0 CR - Agovino, Massimiliano, Marchesano, Katia, ve Garofalo, Antonio, “Policies based on mandatory employment quotas for disabled workers: the case of Italy.” Modern Italy, no 24 (2019): 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2019.14 CR - Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. Engelli ve Yaşlı İstatistik Bülteni. Erişim Tarihi Mart 12, 2024, https://aile.gov.tr/media/135432/eyhgm_istatistik_bulteni_nisan_23.pdf CR - Albayrak, Elvan Tümerkan, ve Mehmet Birinci, "Sosyal devlet modelleri: sosyal demokrat model, İsveç-Norveç Örneği." Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, no 1 (2017): 64-100. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/scd/issue/29973/323073 CR - Altinay, Fahriye, Altinay, Zehra, Özkum, Dudu, Demirok, Mukaddes S., Burgul, Nazım, Akdağ, Şahin, ... ve Kanbul, Sezer, “A Comprehensive Look into Monitoring Disability Rights: A Case of Northern part of Cyprus by Disability Rights Monitoring Committee at Near East University.” Nafath, no 8 (2023): 1-10. https://nafath.mada.org.qa/nafath-article/mcn2302/ CR - Anghelescu, Aurelian, Constantin, Adina, Andone, Ioana, Anghelescu, Lucia A. M., Mihai, Bușcă, ve Onose, Gelu, “Employment of people with disabilities in Romania.” International Archives of Medicine, no 9 (2016): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3823/2236 CR - Atanasova, Irina, Krastev, Vladislav, Parvanov, Petar, ve Todorov, Ivan, “European Union Legislation for encouraging the Social Entrepreneurship for people with disabilities.” Economics & Law, no 2 (2019): 59-69. https://el.swu.bg/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EUROPEAN-UNION-LEGISLATION-FOR-ENCOURAGING-THE-SOCIAL-ENTREPRENEURSHIP-FOR-PEOPLE-WITH-DISABILITIES.pdf CR - Atanasova, Angelina, “Narrowing the employment gap for people with disabilities.” Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 20, 2024, https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2023- 11/Narrowing%20the%20employment%20gap%20for%20people%20with%20disabilities-The%20need%20for%20effective%20policy%20implementation_2023.pdf CR - Aybars, Ayşe İdil, Sosyal Politika: Avrupa Birliği Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar (Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 2016), 548-572. CR - Baker, Mark, ve Lindy, Gielens, “Making employment more inclusive in the Netherlands.” OECD Economics Department Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.1787/18151973 CR - Blanc, Pierre, Guével, Marie-Renée, ve Velche, Dominique, An Overview of Disability Employment Resources in Europe. Erişim Tarihi 14 Nisan, 2024, https://www.fiphfp.fr/sites/default/files/2022-04/livret-FIPHFP-imp.pdf CR - Bampi, Luciana N. D. S., Guilhem, Dirce ve Alves, Elioeani D. “Social model: a new approach of the disability theme.” Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, no 18 (2010): 816-823. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692010000400022 CR - Baudot, Pierre-Yves, “Layering rights: the case of disability policies in France (2006-2016).” Social policy and society, no 17 (2017): 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746417000392 CR - Berghs, Maria ve Dyson, Simon M. “Intersectionality and employment in the United Kingdom: Where are all the Black disabled people?” Disability & Society 37, no 4 (2022): 543-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1829556 CR - Boletın Oficial Del Estado, Ley 26/2011, BOE, Nr. 184 [Law 26/2011]. Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2024, https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-13241 CR - Böheim, René, ve Leoni, Thomas, “Sickness and disability policies: Reform paths in OECD countries between 1990 and 2014.” International Journal of Social Welfare, no 27 (2017): 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12295 CR - Bunt, Danielle, van Kessel Robin, Hoekstra, Rosa A., Czabanowska, Katarzyna, Brayne, Carol, Baron-Cohen, Simon, ve Roman-Urrestarazu Andres, “Quotas, and Anti‐discrimination Policies Relating to Autism in the EU: Scoping Review and Policy Mapping in Germany, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania.” Autism Research, no 13 (2020): 1397-1417. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2315 CR - Burkhauser, Richard V., Daly, Mary C., ve Ziebarth, Nicolas R., “Protecting working-age people with disabilities: experiences of four industrialized nations.” Journal for Labour Market Research, no 49 (2016): 367-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12651-016-0215-z CR - Button, Patrick, “Expanding employment discrimination protections for individuals with disabilities: Evidence from California.” ILR Review, no 71 (2017): 365-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917716633 CR - Çılğın, Turgut, “Sosyal Demokrat Refah Devletlerinin Engellilere Yönelik Sosyal Politikaları: İsveç Örneği.” Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no 4 (2021): 129-152. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/usdad/issue/67204/997810 CR - Daly, Patrick ve Whelan Darius, “Disability in employment equality law: A reappraisal of the reasonable accommodation duty and issues arising in its implementation.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, no 28 (2021): 744-759. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211035268 CR - Datta Gupta, Nabanita, Larsen, Mona, ve Thomsen, Lars S., “Do wage subsidies for disabled workers reduce their non-employment?-evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme.” IZA Journal of Labor Policy, no 4 (2015): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-015-0036-7 CR - Della Fina, Valentina, ve Cera, Rachele, Protecting the rights of people with autism in the fields of education and employment International, European and national perspectives. Springer Nature, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13791-9 CR - Digennaro, Pierluigi “Anti-Discrimination Legislation and Work Placement for Persons with Disabilities. A Comparison Between Italy and Japan.” The Italian Law Journal, no 4 (2018): 39-54. https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/660481/2/Anti-Discrimination_Legislation_and_Work%20%283%29.pdf CR - European Commission, The European Semester. Erişim tarihi: Kasım 24, 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1540&langId=en CR - Favalli, Silvia ve Ferri, Delia, “Defining Disability in the European Union Nondiscrimination Legislation: Judicial Activism and Legislative Restraints.” European Public Law, no 22 (2016): 541-567. https://doi.org/10.54648/euro2016033 CR - Garrels, Veerle ve Sigstad, Hanne M. H. “Employment for persons with intellectual disability in the Nordic countries: A scoping review.” Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, no 34 (2021): 993-1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12880 CR - Garrido-Cumbrera, Marco, ve Chacón-García, Jorge, “Assessing the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on the labor force, employment, and wages of persons with disabilities in Spain.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies, no 29 (2018): 178-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207318776437 CR - Geiger, Ben B., van der Wel, Kjetil A. ve Tøge, Anne G., “Success and failure in narrowing the disability employment gap: comparing levels and trends across Europe 2002–2014.” BMC public health, no 17 (2017): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4938-8 CR - Hadjar, Andreas, and Edith Kotitschke, "How the welfare-state regime shapes the gap in subjective well-being between people with and without disabilities." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, no 73 (2021): 501-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-021-00805-4 CR - Hästbacka, Elisabeth, ve Nygård, Mikael, “Creating capabilities for societal participation in times of welfare state change? Experiences of people with disabilities in Finland.” Alter, no 13 (2019): 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alter.2018.09.003 CR - Huber, Evelyne, “The social democratic welfare state.” Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times, (2001): 276-311. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241378.003.0011 CR - Hufkens, Tine, Buysse, Linde, Van Mechelen, Natascha, ve Verbist, Gerlinde, “Fit for the labour market? An effort to reduce inactivity traps in the transition from benefit to work in the Belgian sickness and disability system.” Belgisch tijdschrift voor sociale zekerheid/België. Federale Overheidsdienst Sociale Zekerheid. No 4 (2016): 491-521. https://repository.uantwerpen.be/docman/irua/d607d5/153393.pdf CR - Johnson, Lisa M., Flynn, Susan, Thomas, Cate, ve Slayter, Elspeth, "Attention to disability in child protection policies across four liberal welfare regimes." Journal of Public Child Welfare (2024): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2024.2306165 CR - Kangas, Olli, ve Esa Karonen. "Sustainable and inclusive welfare states: employment and poverty among immigrants and people with disabilities in different welfare state regimes." sozialpolitik. no 1 (2022): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-187 CR - Koza, Andrzej, ve Politaj, Adriana, “Payments to the National Rehabilitation Fund for People with Disabilities as a Stimulant to Employ People with Disabilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no 67 (2023): 49-59. https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.2023.2.05 CR - Kuznetsova, Yuliya, Yalcin, Betul, ve Priestley, Mark, “Labour market integration and equality for disabled people: a comparative analysis of Nordic and Baltic countries.” Social Policy & Administration, no 51 (2017): 577-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12314 CR - Laaksonen, Mikko, ve Gould, Raija, “Return to work after temporary disability pension in Finland.” Journal of occupational rehabilitation, no 25 (2015): 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-014-9554-1 CR - Larcombe, Enara ve Müller, Amanda, “The relationship between borderline personality disorder and occupational participation: An integrative review.” International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, no 31 (2022): 1141-1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13014 CR - Lejeune, Aude, “Disability Rights and Cross-National Disparities in Europe.” Current history, no 121 (2022): 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.833.90 CR - Lejeune, Aude. “Fighting for sheltered workshops or for inclusive workplaces? Trade unions pursuing disability rights in Belgium.” Disability & Society, no 38 (2023): 228-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1921702 CR - Lindqvist, Rafael, ve Lamichhane, Kamal, “Disability policies in Japan and Sweden: A comparative perspective.” Alter, no 13 (2019): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alter.2018.08.00 CR - Mitra, Sophie ve Palmer, Michael, “Economics of disability.” Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, (2023): 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_340-1 CR - Mustaniemi-Laakso, Maija, Katsui, Hisayo, ve Heikkilä, Mikaela, “Vulnerability, disability, and agency: Exploring structures for inclusive decision-making and participation in a responsive state.” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, no 36 (2023): 1581-1609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-022-09946-x CR - Nazarov, Zafar, Kang, Dongug, ve von Schrader, Sarah, “Employment quota system and labour market outcomes of individuals with disabilities: Empirical evidence from South Korea.” Fiscal Studies, no 36 (2015): 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2015.12047.x CR - Nover, Cynthia H. “52-60 The Employment Landscape for Transition-Age Youth with Disabilities in the US.” Journal of Rehabilitation, no 89 (2023): 52-60. CR - OECD, Sickness, disability and work. Breaking the barriers. Vol. 3. Denmark, Finland, Ireland and the Netherlands. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2008. CR - Petelczyc, Janina, “Disability, Unemployment, Immigration: Does Solidarity Matter in Times of Crisis? The Polish Case.” In Solidarity as a Public Virtue?, (2018): 395-420. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845290058-396 CR - Polvinen, Anu, Laaksonen, Mikko, Rantala, Juha, Hietaniemi, Marjukka, Kannisto, Jari, ve Kuivalainen, Susan, “Working while on a disability pension in Finland: Association of diagnosis and financial factors to employment.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, no 46 (2018): 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817738460 CR - Posarac, Aleksandra, Bickenbach, Jerome, Jasarevic, Marijana, ve Vasiljeva-Gringiene, Viktorija, “Bulgaria Disability System and Policy: A Comprehensive Review.” World Bank Publications, (2022). https://reform-support.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/Bulgaria%20-%20Disability%20System%20and%20Policy_0.pdf CR - Revillard, Anne, “The disability employment quota, between social policy and antidiscrimination.” Global Social Policy, no 23 (2023): 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221138558 CR - Richard, Sarah, ve Hennekam, Sophie, “When can a disability quota system empower disabled individuals in the workplace? The case of France.” Work, Employment and Society, no 35 (2021): 837-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020946672 CR - Sakakibara, Kenjiro, “Work exclusion and disability types: The heterogeneity of disability as social exclusion in the 2011 Irish Census microdata.” Irish Journal of Sociology, no 28 (2020): 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0791603519872124 CR - Sargeant, Malcolm, Radevich-Katsaroumpa, Elena, ve Innesti, Aleassandra, “Disability quotas: Past or future policy?.” Economic and Industrial Democracy, no 39 (2018): 404-421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X16639655 CR - Stevenson, Brian J., Bakken, Shana, Mueller, Lisa, ve Drebling, Charles E. “Why open access to vocational services in substance use treatment matters: Commentary on Cosottile and Defulio” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, no 36 (2022): 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000753 CR - Toprak, Düriye. "Uygulamada Ortaya çikan farkli refah devleti modelleri üzerine bir inceleme." Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no 21 (2015): 151-175. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbe/issue/23146/247223 CR - United Nations, Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), (A/RES/61/106), Erişim Tarihi Haziran 18, 2024, https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html CR - van der Zwan, Roos ve de Beer, Paul, “The disability employment gap in European countries: What is the role of labour market policy?” Journal of European Social Policy, no 31 (2021): 473-486. https://doi.org/10.1177/09589287211002435 CR - Vornholt, Katharina, Villotti, Patrizia, Muschalla, Beate, Bauer, Jana, Colella, Adrienne, Zijlstra, Fred, … ve Corbière, Marc, “Disability and employment–overview and highlights.” European journal of work and organizational psychology, no 27 (2018): 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1387536 CR - Waddington, Lisa, “The relationship between disability non-discrimination law and quota schemes: A comparison between common law and civil law jurisdictions in Europe.” Anti-Discrimination Law in Civil Jurisdictions, (publisher TBD). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3246883 CR - Waltz, Mitzi ve Schippers, Alice, “Politically disabled: barriers and facilitating factors affecting people with disabilities in political life within the European Union.” Disability & Society, no 36 (2021): 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1751075 CR - Weathers, Robert R., ve Bailey, Michelle S., “The impact of rehabilitation and counseling services on the labor market activity of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, no 33 (2014): 623-648. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21763 CR - World Health Organization, International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children & Youth Version: ICF-CY, Erişim Tarihi Nisan 15, 2024, https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43737/;jsessionid=5A6DF453A30F91C8F00B3AF0EBE732A3?sequence=1 CR - Wuellrich, Jean-Philippe, “The effects of increasing financial incentives for firms to promote employment of disabled workers.” Economics Letters, no 107 (2010): 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.01.016 CR - Zwan, Roos V. D, “The labour market participation of persons with disabilities and related policies. A comparative study of Finland and Italy. Alter.” European Journal of Disability Research, no 17 (2023): 5-23. https://journals.openedition.org/alterjdr/2265 UR - https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1539624 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4173531 ER -