TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Role of Preventive and Protective Interventions in The Struggle Against Juvenile Delinquency: A Developmental Framework
AU  - Coşkun, Umut Haydar
AU  - Sarıca, Ayşe Dolunay
PY  - 2025
DA  - July
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.26650/JPLC2024-1582996
JF  - Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi
PB  - İstanbul Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2148-6646
SP  - 152
EP  - 181
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - Juvenile delinquency is considered a major risk factor in building a crime career in adulthood. Its future negative impact led authorities to focus on preventive and protective interventions for the risk population. Preventive pro1 grams include screening and support provision at the preschool level for both children and their families. Potential familial risks including alcohol and substance use, crime history and family violence as well as the child’s physical, educational, and psychosocial needs and future potential for entering the labor force are evaluated and sıpported accordingly. Protective programs, on the other hand, involve addressing and supporting the needs of children who have undergone or are at risk for abuse and neglect via counseling, health, education and care services. Despite protective and preventive interventions, the large number of juvenile delinquents and individual differences in economic status, educational history and health status limit the success of services. In addition, support programs following delinquency display similar problems with protective and preventive interventions. This article proposes a discussion on the etiology of juvenile delinquency as well as the provided services within a developmental framework. Such a perspective may yield important clues for planning effective interventions for youth at various developmental stages.
KW  - Juvenile delinquency
KW  - early intervention
KW  - prevention
KW  - protection
CR  - Abrams L and Hyun A, ‘Mapping A Process of Negotiated Identity Among Incarcerated Male Juvenile Offenders’ (2009) 41(1) Youth & SocietY 26-52. google scholar
CR  - Aebi F and Linde A, ‘Is There a Crime Drop in Western Europe?’ (2010) 16 European Journal on Criminal PoIİcy and Research 251-277. google scholar
CR  - Albritton K, Mathews R and Anhalt K, ‘Systematic Review of Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation: Implications for Improving Preschool Discipline Disproportionality’ (2019) 29(4) Journal of Educational and PsYchological Consultation 444-472. google scholar
CR  - Âlvarez-Garcîa D, Gonzâlez-Castro P, Nûhez JC, Rodrîguez C and Cerezo R, ‘Impact of Family and Friends on Antisocial Adolescent Behavior: The Mediating Role of Impulsivity and Empathy’ (2019) 10(l) Frontiers in Psychology 1-9. google scholar
CR  - American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn, American Psychiatric Publishing 2013) Archambault J, Cöte D and Raynault M, ‘Early Childhood Education and Çare Access for Children from Disadvantaged Backgrounds: Using a Framework to Guide Intervention’ (2020) 48 EarlY Childhood Education Journal 345-352. google scholar
CR  - Atilola O, ‘Different Points of a Continuum? Cross Sectional Comparison of The Current and Pre-Contact Psychosocial Problems Among The Different Categories of Adolescents in İnstitutional Çare in Nigeria’ (2012) 12(l) BMC Public Health 1-11. google scholar
CR  - Baker GH. ‘Juvenile Delinquency and Housing in a Small City’ (1954) 45 J Crim L CriminologY & Poliçe Sci 442-442. google scholar
CR  - Baltabekovna MS, Bekmuratovna OA, Zhakslykkyzy ZA, Karibayevna AS and Beaver KM, ‘Adolescent Sports, Violent Delinquency, and Being Processed through the Criminal Justice System: A Longitudinal Analysis of Males’ (2025) 97 Journal of Criminal Justice 1-7. google scholar
CR  - Barrett D, Katsiyannis A, Zhang D and Kingree J, 'Predictors of Teen Childbearing Among Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Females' (2015) 24 Journal of Child and Famify 970-978. google scholar
CR  - Basto-Pereira M, Gouveia-Pereira M, Pereira R, Barrett E, Lawler S, Newton N and Stapinski L, ‘The Global Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Criminal Behavior: A Cross-Continental Study’ (2022) 124 Child Abuse & Neglect 1-12. google scholar
CR  - Berg M and Schreck C, 'The Meaning of The Victim-Offender Overlap for Criminological Theory and Crime Prevention Policy' (2022) 5(l) Annual Review of CriminologY 277-297. google scholar
CR  - Bergseth K and Bouffard J, ‘Examining the Effectiveness of A Restorative Justice Program for Various Types of Juvenile Offenders’ (2013) 57(9) International Journal of Offender TherapY and Comparative CriminologY 1054-1075. google scholar
CR  - Bilginer Ç, Karadeniz S, Hızarcı S, Yilmaz B and Kandil S, 'Suça Sürüklenen Çocukların Adli Psikiyatrik Değerlendirme ve Rapor Sonuçları: İki Yıllık Retrospektif Dosya Taraması' (2021) 24(2) Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 217-227. google scholar
CR  - Binik O, Ceretti A, Cornelli A, Schadee A, Verde A and Gatti U, 'Neighborhood Social Capital, Juvenile Delinquency, and Victimization: Results from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study-3 in 23 Countries' (2019) 25 European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 241-241. google scholar
CR  - Björkenstam E, Dalman C, Vinnerljung B, Weitoft R, Walder D and Burström B, 'Childhood Household Dysfunction, School Performance and Psychiatric Care Utilization in Young Adults: A Register Study of 96,399 Individuals in Stockholm County' (2016) 70(5) J Epidemiol Community Health 473-480. google scholar
CR  - Blankenstein NE, Bouwmeester S, van Haeringen SL, van Klink RT, van der Meule LM, and Jansen LMC, 'Who is at Risk? Applying the Biopsychosocial Model to Explain Non-Violent and Violent Delinquency in Youth' (2024) 69 Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 1-13. google scholar
CR  - Bornstein M, Hahn C and Haynes O, ‘Social Competence, Externalizing, and Internalizing Behavioral Adjustment from Early Childhood Through Early Adolescence: Developmental Cascades’ (2010) 22(4) Development and Psychopathology 717-735. google scholar
CR  - Britto P, Lye S, Proulx K, Yousafzai A, Matthews S, Vaivada T and Perez-Escamilla R, ‘Nurturing Çare: Promoting Early Childhood Development’ (2017) 10064 The Lancet 91-102. google scholar
CR  - Bruinsma G and Weisburd D, Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (Springer Reference 2014). google scholar
CR  - Buchanan M, Castro E, Kushner M and Krohn M, ‘It’s F** ing Chaos: COVID-19’s Impact on Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice’ (2020) 45 American Journal of Criminal Justice 578-600. google scholar
CR  - Bussemakers J, Kraaykamp G, Schoon I and Tolsma J, 'Household Dysfunction and Child Development: Do Financial Resources Matter?' (2022) 51 Advances in Life Course Research 1-14. google scholar
CR  - Buz S, Düzyurt K and Sağlam M, 'Aile Mahkemesinde Çalışan Sosyal Çalışma Görevlilerinin Sosyal İnceleme Raporlarına İlişkin Değerlendirmeleri: Ankara Adliyesi Örneği' (2015) 26(2) Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 7-30. google scholar
CR  - Camadan, F., 'MEB Tarafından Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Hizmetleri İle İlgili Olarak Yayınlanan Yönetmeliklerdeki Kararların Değerlendirilmesi' (2021) 50(230) Milli Eğitim Dergisi 1015-1038. google scholar
CR  - Caneppele S and Aebi M, 'Crime Drop or Police Recording Flop? On The Relationship Between The Decrease of Offline Crime and The Increase of Online and Hybrid Crimes Policing' (2019) 13(l) A Journal of Policy and Practice 66-79. google scholar
CR  - Cavendish W, 'Academic Attainment During Commitment and Postrelease Education-Related Outcomes of Juvenile Justice-lnvolved Youth with and without Disabilities' (2014) 22(l) Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 41-52. google scholar
CR  - Chopra N, 'Quality Early Childhood Education for Disadvantaged Children: An Investigation in The MCD Schools’ (2016) 24(2) International Journal of Early Years Education 49-62. google scholar
CR  - Cicchetti D, 'Annual Research Review: Resilient Functioning in Maltreated Children-Past, Present, and Future Perspectives' (2013) 54(4) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 402-422. google scholar
CR  - Cohen M and Piquero A, 'New Evidence on The Monetary Value of Saving a High Risk Youth' (2009) 25 Journal of Quantitative Criminology 25-33. google scholar
CR  - Collishaw S, Furzer E, Thapar A and Sellers R, ‘Brief Report: A Comparison of Child Mental Health Inequalities in Three UK Population Cohorts’ (2019) 28 European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1547-1549. google scholar
CR  - Coşkun UH, 'Dezavantajlı Bireylerde Ruh Sağlığı Hizmeti’ in Semra Uçar (ed), Okul Ruh Sağlığı (Nobel Yayıncılık 2021). google scholar
CR  - Cristina C, Bachi B, Cioni R, Schecke H, Nieminen I, Zabtocka-Zytka L and Wozniak-Prus M, 'Professionals’ Digital Training For Child Maltreatment Prevention İn The COVID-19 Era: A Pan-European Model' (2022) 19(2) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 1-15. google scholar
CR  - Curle D, Jamieson J, Buchanan M, Poon B, Zaidman-Zait A and Norman N, 'The Transition from Early Intervention to School for Children Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Administrator Perspectives' (2017) 22(l) The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 1-10. google scholar
CR  - Cutuli JJ, Goerge RM, Coulton C, Schretzman M, Crampton D, Charvat BJ, Lalich B, Raithel J and Gacitua CL, ‘From Foster Care To Juvenile Justice: Exploring Characteristics Of Youth in Three Cities’ (2016) 67 Children and Youth Services Review 84-94. google scholar
CR  - Çavuş-Bekçe F and Çalış N, 'İhmal ve İstismarı Önlemeye Yönelik Çocuk Koruma Politikalarında Uzmanlaşmış Koruyucu Aile Modelinin Yeri' (2021) 32(4) Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 1565. google scholar
CR  - Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) UNGA Res 44/25, ratified by Turkey by Law No 6423 (adopted 9 December 1994, published in Official Gazette No 22184, 27 January 1995). google scholar
CR  - Child Protection Law, Law No 5395 (adopted 3 July 2005, published in Official Gazette No 25876, 15 July 2005). google scholar
CR  - Çokamay G, Kapçı E and Sever M, ‘Okul Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetlerinde Yaşanan Sorunlar: Psikolojik Danışmanların Görüşleri’ (2017) 16(4) İlköğretim Online 1395-1406. google scholar
CR  - Deb S, Sunny AM and Majumdar B, Children Under Institutional Care: Ensuring Quality Care and Safety (Disadvantaged Children in India: Empirical Evidence, Policies and Actions 2020) 175-215. google scholar
CR  - Delcea C, Muller-Fabian A, Radu C and Perju-Dumbravâ D, 'Juvenile Delinquency within The Forensic Context' (2019) 27(4) Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine 366-372. google scholar
CR  - Demir R, ‘Türk Medeni Kanunu’na Göre Çocuğun Kişiliğinin Korunması’ (2019) 9(2) Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 271-303. google scholar
CR  - Dinç A, 'Türkiye’de Çocuk Mahkemelerinin Çocuk Adalet Sistemindeki Yeri’ (2020) 5 Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 62-79. google scholar
CR  - Dodge K and Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, ‘Fast Track Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Externalizing Psychiatric Disorders: Findings From Grades 3 to 9’ (2007) 46(10) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1250-1262. google scholar
CR  - Dodge K, Bierman K, Coie J, Greenberg M, Lochman J, McMahon R, Pinderhughes E and Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, ‘Impact of Early Intervention on Psychopathology, Crime, and Well-Being at Age 25’ (2015) 172(l) American Journal of Psychiatry 59-70. google scholar
CR  - Erükçü G and Akbaş E, 'Türkiye’de Çocuk Mahkemeleri Uygulamalarına Eleştirel Bir Bakış’ (2012) 1(3) İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 135-153. google scholar
CR  - Felitti V, Anda R, Nordenberg D, Williamson D, Spitz A, Edwards V and Marks JS, 'Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of The Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study' (1998) 14(4) American Journal of Preventive Medicine 245-258. google scholar
CR  - Fenelon A, Boudreaux M, Slopen N and Newman SJ, ‘The Benefits of Rental Assistance for Children's Health and School Attendance in the United States’ (2021) 58(4) DemographY 1171-1195 google scholar
CR  - Fenelon A, Slopen N, Boudreaux M and Newman SJ, ‘The Impact of Housing Assistance on the Mental Health of Children in the United States’ (2018) 59(3) Journal of Health and Social Behavior 447-463 google scholar
CR  - Fernândez-Molina E and Gutierrez RB, 'Juvenile Crime Drop: What is Happening with Youth in Spain and Why?' (2020) 17(3) European Journal of CriminologY 306-331 google scholar
CR  - Gibbon S, Khalifa NR, Cheung NHY, Völlm BA and McCarthy L, 'Psychological Interventions for Antisocial Personality Disorder' (2020) 9 Cochrane DataBase of SYstematic Reviews 1-207 google scholar
CR  - Gibson J, MacDonald J, Fisher M, Chen X, Pawlick A and Cook P, 'Early Life Lead Exposure from Private Well Water Increases Juvenile Delinquency Risk among US Teens' (2022) 119(6) Proceedings of the National AcademY of Sciences 1-11 google scholar
CR  - Green G, DeFosset A and Kuo T, ‘Residential Mobility among Elementary School Students in Los Angeles County and Early School Experiences: Opportunities for Early Intervention to Prevent Absenteeism and Academic Failure’ (2019) 10(2176) Frontiers in PsYchologY 1-13 google scholar
CR  - Gridley N, Blower S, Dunn A, Bywater T, Whittaker K and Bryant M, 'Psychometric Properties of Parent-Child (0-5 years) Interaction Outcome Measures as Used in Randomized Controlled Trials of Parent Programs: A Systematic Review' (2019) 22 Clinical Child and FamilY PsYchologY Review 253-271 google scholar
CR  - Guralnick M, 'Why Early Intervention Works: A Systems Perspective' (2011) 24(l) Infants and Young Children 6-28 google scholar
CR  - Güler G, Sungur MA and Kütük M (2018) 'Suça Sürüklenen Çocukların Klinik ve Sosyodemografik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi' (2018) 23(1) Adli Tıp Bülteni 39-46 google scholar
CR  - Gwynne K, Blick BA ve Duffy GM, ‘Pilot Evaluation of an Early Intervention Programme for Children at Risk’ (2009) 45(3) Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 118-124. google scholar
CR  - Hebert TP, 'An Examination of High-Achieving First-Generation College Students From Low-lncome Backgrounds' (2018) 62(l) Gifted Child QuarterlY 96-110. google scholar
CR  - Henggeler S, Melton G, Brondino M, Scherer D and Hanley J, 'Multisystemic Therapy with Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders and Their Families: The Role of Treatment Fidelity in Successful Dissemination' (1997) 65(5) Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsYchologY 821-833 google scholar
CR  - Hermenau K, Hecker T, Elbert T and Ruf-Leuschner M, 'Maltreatment and Mental Health in Institutional Care—Comparing Early and Late Institutionalized Children in Tanzania’ (2014) 35(2) Infant Mental Health Journal 102-110 google scholar
CR  - Ho T and Rocheleau G, 'A Follow-Up Study on Recidivism among Adjudicated Juveniles with Special Education in the Juvenile Correc-tional Facility' (2020) 20(3) Youth Justice 328-343 google scholar
CR  - Huang H, Ryan J and Rhoden MA (2016) 'Foster Care, Geographic Neighborhood Change, and the Risk of Delinquency' (2016) 65 Children and Youth Services Review 32-41 google scholar
CR  - Hultman E, Höjer S and Larsson M, 'Age Limits for Participation in Child Protection Court Proceedings in Sweden' (2020) 25(2) Child & FamilY Social WorK 304-312 google scholar
CR  - Islam MZ, Akter S, Hossain MS and Tasnim N, 'Juvenile Delinquency in Bangladesh: The Impact of Familial and Economic Factors in Dhaka City' (2024) 2 Journal of Indoneslan Economlc Research 84-95. google scholar
CR  - Jack G, 'Using Local Areas Data to Improve the Lives of Disadvantaged Children and Families' (2011) 16(l) Chlld & Family Soclal WorK 61-70 google scholar
CR  - Jacobsen S and Zaatut A, ‘Quantity or Quality?: Assessing the Role of Household Structure and Parent-Child Relationship in Juvenile Delinquency' (2022) 43(l) Devlant Behavlor30-43 google scholar
CR  - Jones DE, Greenberg M and Crowley M, 'Early Social-Emotional Functioning and Public Health: The Relationship between Kindergarten Social Competence and Future Wellness' (2015) 105 American Journal of Public Health 2283-2290. google scholar
CR  - Karadağ G and Mermer G, 'Dezavantajlı Gruplar Olarak İşsizlerin/Yoksulların Ruh Sağlığının Korunması' (2020) 20(1) Türklye Kllnlklerl 56-60 google scholar
CR  - Karataş Z and Mavili A, 'Çocuk Adalet Sisteminde Suça Sürüklenen Çocuklara Yönelik Uygulamalarda Karşılaşılan Sorunlar' (2019) 19(45) Sosyal PolltlKa Çalışmaları Derglsl 1013-1043 google scholar
CR  - Kaufman J, Salas-Hernândez L, Komro K and Livingston M, 'Effects of Increased Minimum Wages by Unemployment Rate on Suicide in the USA' (2020) 74(3) J Epldemlol Communlty Health 219-224 google scholar
CR  - Khetani MA, McManus EC, Albrecht VC, Kaelin JK, Dooling-Litfin EA and Scully and High Value Early Intervention Research Group, 'Early Intervention Service Intensity and Young Children’s Home Participation' (2020) 20(l) BMC Pedlatrlcs 1-10 google scholar
CR  - Kreese J, Bernasco W, Liefbroer A and Rouwendal J, ‘Single-Parent Families and Adolescent Crime: Unpacking the Role of Parental Separation, Parental Decease, and Being Born to a Single-Parent Family’ (2021) 7(4) Journal of Developmental and Llfe-Course Crlmlnology 596-622 google scholar
CR  - LaRocque M, Kleiman I and Darling S, 'Parental Involvement: The Missing Link in School Achievement' (2011) 55(3) Preventlng School Fallure 115-115 google scholar
CR  - Levitt S, 'Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors That Explain the Decline and Six That Do Not' (2004) 18(1) Journal of Economlc Perspectlves 163-190 google scholar
CR  - Li A and Fischer M, ‘Advantaged/Disadvantaged School Neighborhoods, Parental Networks and Parental Involvement at Elementary School' (2017) 90(4) Soclology of Educatlon 355-377 google scholar
CR  - Lipsey MW, 'The Primary Factors That Characterize Effective Interventions with Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Overview' (2009) 4(2) Vlctlms and Offenders, 124-147. google scholar
CR  - Littell J, Popa M and Forsythe B, 'Multisystemic Therapy for Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems in Youth Aged 10-17' (2005) l(l) Campbell Systematlc Revlews 1-63 google scholar
CR  - Manning M, Wong G, Fleming C and Garvis S, 'Is Teacher Qualification Associated with the Quality of the Early Childhood Education and Çare Environment?’ A Meta-Analytic Review' (2019) 89(3) Revlew of Educatlonal Research 370-415 google scholar
CR  - Masilo D, 'Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse within the Family System: Guidelines for an Educational Social Group Work Program' (2018) 27(4) Journal of Chlld Sexual Abuse 335-346 google scholar
CR  - May J, Osmond K and Billick S, 'Juvenile Delinquency Treatment and Prevention: A Literature Review' (2014) 85 Psychlatrlc Quarterly 295-301 google scholar
CR  - McGill K and Stefurak T, “Man Up”: Sex-Differentiated Pathways of Juvenile Delinquency through Trauma, Borderline Traits & Offense Patterns' (2021) 72(3) Juvenlle and Famlly Court Journal 37-65 google scholar
CR  - Mennel R, 'Origins of the Juvenile Court: Changing Perspectives on the Legal Rights of Juvenile Delinquents' (1972) 18(1) Crlme & Dellnguency, 68-78. google scholar
CR  - Merlo A, Benekos P and Champion D, Juvenlle Justlce System, The: Dellnquency, Processlng, and the Law (Pearson 2015) google scholar
CR  - Mian N, Wainwright L, Briggs-Gowan M and Carter A, 'An Ecological Risk Model for Early Childhood Anxiety: The Importance of Early Child Symptoms and Temperament' (2011) 39 Journal of Abnormal Chlld Psychology 501-512 google scholar
CR  - Miklosi M and Kovâcs KE, 'Factors Influencing School Bonding Among Juvenile Offenders-The Experience of a Systematic Review' (2025) 8 Internatlonal Journal of Educatlonal Research Open 100441. 4.2 google scholar
CR  - Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 2021-2022 Örgün Eğltlm istatlstlKlerl (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2022) https://www.meb.gov.tr/2021-2022-orgun-egitim-istatistikleri-aciklandi/haber/27552/tr accessed 8 July 2023 google scholar
CR  - Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Danışmanlık Tedblrl Uygulamaları El Kltabı (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2015) https://orgm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_ dosyalar/2015_08/28114710_danmanlktedbiriuygulamalarelkitab26.8.15.pdf accessed 8 July 2023 google scholar
CR  - Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Mlllî Eğltlm istatlstlKlerl (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2020) http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/www/milli-egitim-istatistikleri-yayinlanmistir-orgun-egitim-20192020/icerik/397download accessed 8 July 2023 google scholar
CR  - Molla T and Nolan A, ‘The Problem of Inequality in Australia’s Early Childhood Education and Care Sector: A Policy Frame Analysis’ (2019) 63(3) Australlan Journal of Educatlon 332-339 google scholar
CR  - Moran, P., Jacobs, C., Bunn, A. and Bifulco, A., 'Multi-Agency Working: Implications for an Early-lntervention Social Work Team' (2007) 12(2) Child & Family Social Work 143-151 google scholar
CR  - Morris R and Thompson K, 'Juvenile Delinquency and Special Education Laws: Policy Implementation Issues and Directions for Future Research' (2008) 1 Journal of Correctional Education 173-190 google scholar
CR  - Newberry A and Duncan R, ‘Roles of Boredom and Life Goals in Juvenile Delinquency’ (2001) 31(3) Journal of Applied Social Psychology 527-541 google scholar
CR  - Newman S and Holupka CS, ‘Housing Affordability and Children’s Cognitive Achievement’ (2016) 35(11) Health Affairs 2092-2099. google scholar
CR  - O'Connell M, 'Is the Impact of SES on Educational Performance Overestimated? Evidence from the PISA Survey' (2019) 75(1) Intelligence 41-47 google scholar
CR  - OECD, 'Enrollment Rate in Early Childhood Education (Indicator)' (OECD 2022) https://doi.org/10.1787/ce02d0f9-en accessed 8 July 2023 Olszewski-Kubilius, P. and Corwith S, 'Poverty, Academic Achievement, and Giftedness: A Literatüre Review’ (2018) 62(l) Gifted Child Quarterly 37-55. google scholar
CR  - Ögel K, Madde Kullanımı ve Bağımlılık: Riskli Davranışlar Gösteren Çocuk ve Ergenler (Yeniden Sağlık ve Eğitim Derneği Yayınları 2007) google scholar
CR  - Ögel K, Tarı I ve Yılmazçetin-Eke, C, Okullarda Şiddet ve Suçu Önleme (Yeniden Sağlık ve Eğitim Derneği Yayınları 2006) google scholar
CR  - Pages R, Protzko J and Bailey D, 'The Breadth of Impacts from the Abecedarian Project Early Intervention on Cognitive Skills' (2022) 15(2) Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness 243-262 google scholar
CR  - Pearce J, '‘What's Going On’ to Safeguard Children and Young People from Child Sexual Exploitation: A Review of Local Safeguarding Children Boards’ Work to Protect Children from Sexual Exploitation’ (2014) 23(3) Child Abuse Review 159-170 google scholar
CR  - Pennington L, ‘A Case Study Approach to Procedural Justice: Parents’ Views in Two Juvenile Delinquency Courts in the United States’ (2015) 55(5) British Journal of Criminology 901-920 google scholar
CR  - Pennington L, 'Socializing Distrust of the Justice System Through the Family in Juvenile Delinquency Court' (2017) 39(l) Law & Policy 27-47 google scholar
CR  - Piggott CL, Spray CM, Mason C and Rhind D, ‘Using Sport and Physical Activity Interventions to Develop Life Skills and Reduce Delin-quency in Youth: A Systematic Review’ (2024) 1 International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1-26. google scholar
CR  - Pillay, I., ‘The Impact of lnequality and COVID-19 on Education and Career Planning for South African Children of Rural and Low-Socioeconomic Backgrounds’ (2021) 3(1) African Journal of Career Development 1-7. google scholar
CR  - Protzko J, 'The Environment in Raising Early Intelligence: A Meta-Analysis of the Fadeout Effect' (2015) 53 Intelligence 202-210 google scholar
CR  - Puetz V and McCrory E, 'Exploring the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Addiction: A Review of the Neurocognitive Evidence' (2015) 2 Current Addiction Reports 318-325 google scholar
CR  - Rathi N and Dhariwal E, ‘Family Ties, Broken Paths: Understanding the Roots of Juvenile Delinquency’ (2025) 6(1) Journal on the Rights of the Child of National Law University Odisha 68-88. google scholar
CR  - Re de Breuk C, Clauser G, Stams N and Doreleijers T, 'The Validity of Questionnaire Self-Report of Psychopathology and Parent-Child Relationship Quality in Juvenile Delinquents with Psychiatric Disorders' (2007) 30(5) Journal of Adolescence 761-771 google scholar
CR  - Rees CA and Selwyn J, 'Non-lnfant Adoption from Çare: Lessons for Safeguarding Children' (2009) 35(4) Child: Çare, Health and Devel-opment 561-567 google scholar
CR  - Reynolds A, Magnuson K and Ou S, 'Preschool-to-Third Grade Programs and Practices: A Review of Research' (2010) 32(8) Children and Youth Services Review 1121-1131 google scholar
CR  - Reynolds A, Ou S, Mondi C and Hayakawa M, ‘Processes of Early Childhood Interventions to Adult Well-Being' (2017) 88(2) Child Devel-opment 378-387. google scholar
CR  - Reynolds A, Temple JA, Robertson DL ve Mann EA, ‘Long-Term Effects of an Early Childhood Intervention on Educational Achievement and Juvenile Arrest: A 15-Year Follow-up of Low-lncome Children in Public Schools’ (2001) 285(18) JAMA 2339-2346 google scholar
CR  - Ritblatt SN, Hokoda A and Van Liew C, 'Investing in the Early Childhood Mental Health Workforce Development: Enhancing Professionals’ Competencies to Support Emotion and Behavior Regulation in Young Children' (2017) 7(9) Brain Sciences 120. google scholar
CR  - Rogowski S, 'From Child Welfare to Child Protection/Safeguarding: A Critical Practitioner’s View of Changing Conceptions, Policies and Practice' (2015) 27(2) Practice 97-112 google scholar
CR  - Rose J, 'Dilemmas of Inter-Professional Collaboration: Can They Be Resolved?' (2011) 25(2) Children & Society 151-163 google scholar
CR  - Ryan J, Williams A and Courtney M, 'Adolescent Neglect, Juvenile Delinquency and the Risk of Recidivism' (2013) 42 Journal of Youth and Adolescence 454-465 google scholar
CR  - Ryan JP, Hong JS, Herz D and Hernandez P, ‘Kinship Foster Care and the Risk of Juvenile Delinquency’ (2010) 32(12) Children and Youth Services Review 1823-1830 google scholar
CR  - Ryan JP, Marie J, Herz D and Hernandez PM, 'Juvenile Delinquency in Child Welfare: Investigating Group Home Effects' (2008) 30(9) Children and Youth Services Review 1088-1099 google scholar
CR  - SaLganik M, Lundberg I, Kindel A, Ahearn C, Al-Ghoneim K, Almaatouq A and Altschul D, 'Measuring the Predictability of Life Outcomes with a Scientific Mass Collaboration' (2020) 117(15) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8398-8403 google scholar
CR  - Sandersen M, Mouton C, Liu Blot M and Hargreaves M, 'Adverse Childhood Experiences and Chronic Disease Risk in the Southern Community Cohort Study' (2021) 32(3) Journal of Health Çare for the Poor and Underserved 1384-1402 google scholar
CR  - Saruç S and Kayma-Güneş D, ‘Suça Sürüklenen Çocuklar Hakkında Hazırlanan Sosyal İnceleme Raporlarının Mahkeme Kararlarına Etkisi’ (2014) 25(l) Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 109-122 google scholar
CR  - Schober P and Spiess K, ‘Early Childhood Education Activities and Care Arrangements of Disadvantaged Children in Germany' (2013) 6 Child Indicators Research 709-717 google scholar
CR  - Schwartz J, Savolainen J, Aaltonen M, Merikukka M, Paananen R and Gissler M, ‘Intelligence and Criminal Behavior in a Total Birth Cohort: An Examination of Functional Form, Dimensions of Intelligence, and the Nature of Offending’ (2015) 5l(l) Intelligence 109-118. google scholar
CR  - Sela-Shayovitz R ve Haviv N, 'Juvenile Delinquency and COVID-19: The Effect of Social Distancing Restrictions on Juvenile Crime Rates in Israel' (2022) 22(3) Journal of Experimental Criminology 785-808. 4.2 [JP] google scholar
CR  - Shoemaker D. Juvenile Delinquency (6th edn, Rowman & Littlefield 2017) google scholar
CR  - Sinanan A, ‘The Impact of Child, Family, and Child Protective Services Factors on Reports of Child Sexual Abuse Recurrence’ (2011) 20(6) Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 657-676. google scholar
CR  - Smeets E, 'Education in Young Offender Institutions and Secure Youth Care Institutions' (2014) 20(1) Educational Research and Evalu-ation, 67-80. google scholar
CR  - Smyke A, Zeanah C, Margaret M, Drury S, Fox NA, Nelson CA and Guthrie D, 'A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care and Institutional Çare for Children with Signs of Reactive Attachment Disorder' (2012) 169(5) American Journal of Psychiatry 508-514 google scholar
CR  - Snyder-Hall C, 'What’s the Matter with College? Exploring White Working-Class Resentment Toward Higher Education' (2018) 40(3) New Political Science 605-612 google scholar
CR  - Staff J, Osgood W, Schulenberg J, Bachman J and Messersmith E (2010) ‘Explaining the Relationship Between Employment and Juvenile Delinquency' (2010) 4 Criminology 1101-1131 google scholar
CR  - Stewart A, Livingston M and Dennison S, ‘Transitions and Turning Points: Examining the links between child maltreatment and juvenile offending’ (2008) 32(l) Child Abuse & Neglect 51-66 google scholar
CR  - Tarolla S, Wagner E, Rabinowitz J and Tubman J, ‘Understanding and Treating Juvenile Offenders: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Directions’ (2002) 7(2) Aggression and Violent Behavior 125-143 google scholar
CR  - Taussig H, Harpin S and Maguire SA, ‘Suicidality Among Preadolescent Maltreated Children in Foster Care’ (2014) 19(1) Child Maltreatment 17-26 google scholar
CR  - Tavormina M and Clossey L, ‘Exploring Crisis and Its Effects on Workers in Child Protective Services Work’ (2017) 22(1) Child & Family Social WorK 126-136 google scholar
CR  - Tilak S and others, ‘A Case-control Analysis of Significant Mental Health Risk Factors Among Children in Conflict with the Law in Mumbai, India’ (2025) Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health 1-7. google scholar
CR  - Toth S and Cicchetti D, ‘The Impact of Relatedness with Mother on School Functioning in Maltreated Children’ (1996) 34(3) Journal of School Psychology 247-266 google scholar
CR  - Turnbull P, Summers J, Turnbull R, Brotherson M, Winton P, Roberts R and Snyder P, ‘Family Supports and Services in Early Intervention: A Bold Vision’ (2007) 29(3) Journal of Early Intervention 187-206 google scholar
CR  - Tymoshenko V, ‘The role of the concept of “legal awareness” in the study of delinquent behavior’ (2025) 15(1) Law Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs 18-24. google scholar
CR  - van der Laan A, Rokven J, Weijters G and Beerthuizen M, 'The Drop in Juvenile Delinquency in the Netherlands: Changes in Exposure to Risk and Protection' (2021) 38(3) Justice Quarterly 433-453 google scholar
CR  - Webber M, McCree C and Angeli P, 'Inter-Agency Joint Protocols for Safeguarding Children in Social Çare and Adult Mental-Health Agencies: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Practitioner Experiences' (2013) 18(2) Child & Family Social WorK 149-158 google scholar
CR  - Welsh B C, Sullivan C J and Olds D L, 'When Early Crime Prevention Goes to Scale: A New Look at the Evidence' (2010) 11(2) Prevention Science 115-125. google scholar
CR  - Williams-Butler A, Liu FY, Howell T, Menon S and Quinn C, 'Racialized Gender Differences in Mental Health Service Use, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Recidivism Among Justice-lnvolved African American Youth' (2023) 15(2) Race and Social Problems 101-114 google scholar
CR  - Wilson DB and Lipsey MW, ‘Scaling up Effective Juvenile Delinquency Programs by Focusing on Change Levers: Evidence from a Large Meta-Analysis’ (2024) 23 Criminology & Public Policy 261-286. google scholar
CR  - World Bank, 'Educated Girls, Ending Child Marriage' (World Bank, 2017) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2017/ 08/22/educating-girls-ending-child-marriage accessed 8 July 2023 google scholar
CR  - Yolcuoğlu İ, 'Türkiye'de Çocuk Koruma Sisteminin Genel Olarak Değerlendirilmesi' (2009) 18(18) Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 43-58 Yoshikawa H, 'Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Social Outcomes and Delinquency' (1995) 5(3) The Future of Children 51-75 google scholar
CR  - Young, S., Greer, B. and Church R, 'Juvenile Delinquency, Welfare, Justice and Therapeutic Interventions: A Global Perspective' (2016) 41(1) BJPsych Bulletin, 21-29. google scholar
CR  - Zhang D, Barrett D, Katsiyannis A and Yoon M, 'Juvenile Offenders with and without Disabilities: Risks and Patterns of Recidivism' (2011) 2l(l) Learning and Individual Differences 12-18 google scholar
CR  - Zschirnt E and Fibbi R, ‘Do Swiss Citizens of Immigrant Origin Face Hiring Discrimination in the Labor Market?’ (2019) 20(l) Üniversite de Neuchâtel WorKing Paper 1-38 google scholar
UR  - https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2024-1582996
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4356076
ER  -