TY  - JOUR
T1  - A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL PROFILE OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN NARCISSUS TAZETTA L. SUBSP. TAZETTA THROUGH HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING METHODS
TT  - NARCISSUS TAZETTA L. SUBSP. TAZETTA UÇUCU BİLEŞİKLERİNİN KİMYASAL PROFİLİNİN HİYERARŞİK KÜMELEME YÖNTEMLERİYLE KAPSAMLI ANALİZİ
AU  - Kırcı, Damla
AU  - Tugay, Osman
AU  - Ulukuş, Deniz
AU  - Demirci, Betül
PY  - 2025
DA  - May
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.33483/jfpau.1587356
JF  - Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University
JO  - J. Fac. Pharm. Ankara
PB  - Ankara Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1015-3918
SP  - 301
EP  - 308
VL  - 49
IS  - 2
LA  - en
AB  - Objective: This study aimed to analyze the chemical profile of volatile and non-volatile components of Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta (daffodil) is grown in Türkiye. The chemical profiles of fresh and dried flowers were analyzed using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The study also aimed to investigate the effects of the drying process on the chemical profile and contribute to the plant's pharmacological, commercial, and ecological potential.Material and Method: Fresh and dried flower samples collected from the Muğla region were analyzed using the HS-SPME method. Fresh samples were immediately analyzed to prevent the loss of volatile compounds, while dried samples were air-dried at room temperature until they reached a constant weight and stored at 4°C. The mass spectra of volatile compounds were evaluated using GC/MS in conjunction with the Başer Library and other reference databases. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was applied for statistical analysis and clustering.Result and Discussion: The main volatile compounds identified in fresh flowers were (E)-β-ocimene (62.8%), 1,8-cineole (12.9%), and linalool (7.6%). In dried flowers, (E)-β-ocimene (43.1%), (Z)-3-hexenal (18.7%), and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (9.8%) were prominent. Significant changes were observed in volatile compounds after drying, with monoterpene hydrocarbons decreasing and new aldehyde and ester compounds emerging. The influence of regional and environmental factors on the chemical profile was emphasized. The Muğla samples showed differences compared to samples from İzmir, Siirt, and Şırnak. HCA successfully grouped the compounds based on structural and functional similarities, statistically highlighting the chemical differences between fresh and dried flowers.
KW  - Chemical profile
KW  - hierarchical cluster analysis
KW  - Narcissus tazetta
KW  - volatile compounds
N2  - Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de yetişen Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta (nergis) bitkisinin uçucu ve uçucu olmayan bileşenlerinin kimyasal profili incelenmiştir. Taze ve kurutulmuş çiçeklerin kimyasal profilleri, Tepe Boşluklu- Katı Faz Mikroekstraksiyon (TB-KFME) ve Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GK-KS) yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma, kurutma işleminin kimyasal profil üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı ve bitkinin farmakolojik, ticari ve ekolojik potansiyeline katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Muğla bölgesinden toplanan taze ve kurutulmuş çiçek örnekleri, HS-SPME yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Taze örnekler uçucu bileşik kaybını önlemek için hemen analiz edilirken, kurutulmuş örnekler gölgede, oda sıcaklığında sabit ağırlığa gelene kadar kurutulmuş ve 4°C'de saklanmıştır. Uçucu bileşiklerin kütle spektrumu, GK-KS ile Başer Library ve diğer referans kütüphaneler kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin istatistiksel analizi ve kümelenmesi için Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Analizi (HCA) uygulanmıştır. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Taze çiçeklerde ana uçucu bileşikler arasında (E)-β-osimen (%62.8), 1,8-sineol (%12.9) ve linalol (%7.6) bulunmuştur. Kurutulmuş çiçeklerde, (E)-β-osimen (%43.1), (Z)-3-hekzenal (%18.7) ve (Z)-3-hekzenil asetat (%9.8) ön plana çıkmıştır. Kurutma işlemiyle uçucu bileşiklerde önemli değişimler gözlemlenmiş, özellikle monoterpen hidrokarbonlar azalırken, yeni aldehit ve ester bileşikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bölgesel ve çevresel faktörlerin kimyasal profil üzerindeki etkisi vurgulanmıştır. Muğla örnekleri, İzmir, Siirt ve Şırnak'taki örneklerle karşılaştırıldığında farklılık göstermiştir. HCA, bileşiklerin yapısal ve işlevsel benzerliklerine göre gruplandırılmasını sağlayarak, taze ve kurutulmuş çiçekler arasındaki kimyasal farklılıkları istatistiksel olarak ortaya koymuştur.
CR  - 1.	Davis, P.H. (1970). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburg: Edinburg Üniversitesi.
CR  - 2.	Al-Snafi, A. E. (2020). Constituents and pharmacology of Narcissus tazetta. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 10(9), 44-53.
CR  - 3.	Karakoyun, Ç., Bozkurt, B., Çoban, G., Masi, M., Cimmino, A., Evidente, A., Unver Somer, N. (2020). A comprehensive study on Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta L.: Chemo-profiling, isolation, anticholinesterase activity, and molecular docking of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. South African Journal of Botany, 130, 148-154. [CrossRef]
CR  - 4.	Chen, H.C., Chi, H.S., Lin, L.Y. (2013). Headspace solid-phase microextraction analysis of volatile components in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem. Molecules, 18(11), 13723-13734. [CrossRef]
CR  - 5.	Zarıfıkhosroshahı, M., Alp, Ş., Kafkas, E. (2021). Characterization of aroma compounds of Daffodil (Narcissus tazetta L.) ecotypes from Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, 5(1), 101-105.
CR  - 6.	Salem, S.M.M., Seleem, F.M. (2020). Effect of cold storage of bulbs and bulb weight on growth, flowering, essential oil components and bulb active ıngredients of Narcissus tazetta plant. Hortscience Journal of Suez Canal University, 9(1), 1-12. [CrossRef]
CR  - 7.	Demirci, B., Kırcı, D., Öztürk, G., Demirci, F. (2022). Effect of extraction time on Origanum onites L. ınfusions and essential oils-biological evaluation, statistical principal component and hierarchial cluster analyses. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 19(12), e202200482. [CrossRef]
CR  - 8.	Demirci, F., Bayramiç, P., Göger, G., Demirci, B., Başer, K.H.C. (2015). Characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of the essential oil of Pinus pinea L. from Turkey. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 2(2), 39-44.
CR  - 9.	Fan, S., Chang, J., Zong, Y., Hu, G., Jia, J. (2018). GC-MS analysis of the composition of the essential oil from Dendranthema indicum var. Aromaticum using three extraction methods and two columns. Molecules, 23(3), 576. [CrossRef]
CR  - 10.	Melliou, E., Kalpoutzakis, E., Tsitsa, E., Magiatis, P. (2007). Composition of the essential oils of Narcissus tazetta and Narcissus serotinus from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 10(2), 101-103. [CrossRef]
CR  - 11.	Sousa, J.M.S.D., Nunes, T.A.D.L., Rodrigues, R.R.L., Sousa, J.P.A.D., Val, M.D.C.A., Coelho, F.A.D.R., Santos, A.L.S.D., Maciel, N.B., Souza, V.M.R.D., Machado, Y.A.A., Sousa, P.S.D.A., Araujo, A.R.D., Rocha, J.A., Sousa, D.P.D., Silva, M.V.D., Arcanjo, D.D.R., Rodrigues, K.A.D.F. (2023). Cytotoxic and antileishmanial effects of the monoterpene β-ocimene. Pharmaceuticals, 16(2), 183. [CrossRef]
CR  - 12.	Farré-Armengol, G., Filella, I., Llusià, J., Peñuelas, J. (2017). β-Ocimene, a key floral and foliar volatile involved in multiple interactions between plants and other organisms. Molecules, 22(7), 1148. [CrossRef]
CR  - 13.	Barba-Ostria, C., Carrera-Pacheco, S.E., Gonzalez-Pastor, R., Heredia-Moya, J., Mayorga-Ramos, A., Rodríguez-Pólit, C., Zuniga-Miranda, J., Arias-Almeida, B., Guamán, L.P. (2022). Evaluation of biological activity of natural compounds: Current trends and methods. Molecules, 27(14), 4490. [CrossRef]
CR  - 14.	Mamilla, D., Rajkumar, P., Mamidala, E. (2023). In silico evaluation of compounds from Hypericum perforetum for anti-HIV activity. The American Journal of Science and Medical Research, 9(1), 6-10. [CrossRef]
UR  - https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1587356
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4375602
ER  -