TY - JOUR T1 - From Stress to Support: How Technostress Inhibitors Drive Task Productivity in Public Institutions TT - Stresten Desteğe: Kamu Kurumlarında Teknostres İnhibitörlerinin Görev Üretkenliğe Etkisi AU - Demirel, Hatice Gökçe AU - Şahan, Esra PY - 2025 DA - October Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.51551/verimlilik.1594897 JF - Verimlilik Dergisi PB - Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı WT - DergiPark SN - 1013-1388 SP - 1003 EP - 1018 VL - 59 IS - 4 LA - en AB - Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of technostress creating factors (creators) and inhibitors on the task productivity of employees.Method: In this study, the survey method, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used. The field application was conducted on academic and administrative staff of Fırat University (Elazıg). A total of 356 surveys suitable for data analysis were obtained. The data were analyzed in the SPSS statistics program.Findings: According to the regression analysis findings, the effect of technostress creators on task productivity is statistically non-significant, and technostress creators explain only 2% of the variance in task productivity. However, it was observed that techno-uncertainty, which is one of the factors contributing to technostress, had a significant effect. The effect of technostress inhibitors on task productivity was significant and explained 21% of the variance. It has also been found that job satisfaction had the highest effect among technostress inhibitors and continuance commitment did not have a significant effect.Originality: Studies in the literature mainly focus on the effects of technostress creators and inhibitors on motivation, burnout, productivity and performance. Our research examines the effects of technostress creators and inhibitors on task productivity. KW - Technostress KW - Task Productivity KW - Digitalization KW - Organizational Behavior KW - Technology Management N2 - Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, teknostres yaratan faktörlerin (yaratıcılar) ve engelleyicilerinin (inhibitörler) çalışanların görev verimliliği üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Bu araştırmada nicel araştırma tekniklerinden anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Saha uygulaması Fırat Üniversitesi (Elazığ) akademik ve idari personellere yönelik yapılmıştır. Toplamda veri analizine uygun 356 anket elde edilmiştir. Veriler SPSS istatistik programında analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Regresyon analizi bulgularına göre, teknostres yaratıcılarının görev üretkenliği üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır ve teknostres yaratıcıları görev üretkenliğindeki varyansın yalnızca %2'sini açıklamaktadır. Ancak, teknostrese katkıda bulunan faktörlerden biri olan tekno-belirsizliğin anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Teknostres inhibitörlerinin görev üretkenliği üzerindeki etkisi anlamlıdır ve varyansın %21'ini açıklamıştır. Ayrıca, teknostres inhibitörleri arasında iş memnuniyetinin en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu ve devam bağlılığının anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı bulunmuştur.Orijinallik: Literatürde çalışmalar ağırlıklı olarak teknostres yaratıcılarının ve engelleyicilerinin motivasyon, tükenmişlik, üretkenlik ve performans üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Araştırmamız, teknostres yaratıcılarının ve engelleyicilerinin görev üretkenliği üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. CR - Alam, M.A. (2016). “Techno-Stress and Productivity: Survey Evidence from the Aviation Industry”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 50, 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.10.003 CR - Al-Fudail, M. and Mellar, H. (2008). “Investigating Teacher Stress When Using Technology”, Computers and Education, 51(3), 1103-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.11.004 CR - Arnetz, B.B. and Wiholm, C. (1997). “Technological Stress: Psychophysiological Symptoms in Modern Offices”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00303-3 CR - Ayyagari, R., Grover, V. and Purvis, R. (2011). “Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications”, MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831-858. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409963 CR - Aziz, N.N.A. and Yazid, Z.N.A. (2021). “Exploratory Factor Analysis of Technostress among University Students”, International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(3), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v10-i3/10396 CR - Barley, S. (1990). “Images of Imaging: Notes on Doing Longitudinal Field Work”, Organization Science, 1(3), 220-249. CR - Berger, M., Schäfer, R., Schmidt, M., Regal, C. and Gimpel, H. (2023). “How to Prevent Technostress at the Digital Workplace: A Delphi Study”, Journal of Business Economics, 94, 1051-1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-023-01159-3 CR - Boonjing, V. and Chanvarasuth, P. (2017). “Risk of Overusing Mobile Phones: Technostress Effect”, Procedia Computer Science, 111, 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.06.053 CR - Bowker, G. (2019). “The Computerization Time Crunch”, IEEE Computer, 52, 67-71. Braverman, H. (1974). Labor and Monopoly Capital, Monthly Review Press. CR - Brillhart, P.E. (2004). “Technostress in the Workplace: Managing Stress in the Electronic Workplace”, Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 5, 302-307. CR - Brod, C. (1984). “Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution”, Addison-Wesley. CR - Brown, R., Duck, J. and Jimmieson, N. (2014). “E-mail in the Workplace: The Role of Stress Appraisals and Normative Response Pressure in the Relationship between E-Mail Stressors and Employee Strain”, International Journal of Stress Management, 21(4), 325-347. CR - Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (1997). “Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows: A Guide for Social Scientists”, Routledge. CR - Bucher, E., Fieseler, C. and Suphan, A. (2013). “The Stress Potential of Social Media in the Workplace”, Information, Communication and Society, 16(10), 1639-1667. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.710245 CR - Burke, M.K. (2008). “The Incidence of Technological Stress among Baccalaureate Nurse Educators Using Technology during Nurse Preparation and Delivery”, New Education Today, 29(1), 57-64. CR - Calvo-Porral, C. and Pesqueira-Sanchez, R. (2022). “Does the Use of Technology Create Technology Engagement? Comparing Three Structural Models”, Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC, 26(3), 385-404. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-03-2022-0033 CR - Cannon, W.B. (1935). “Stresses and Strains of Homeostasis”, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 189(1), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-193501000-00001 CR - Carlotto, M.S., Wendt, G.W. and Jones, A.P. (2017). “Technostress, Career Commitment, Satisfaction with Life, and Work-Family Interaction among Workers in Information and Communication Technologies”, Actualidades en Psicología, 31(122), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v31i122.22729 CR - Cheng, C., Li, A.Y. and Zeng, C. (2015). “Internet Addiction and Psychosocial Maladjustment: Avoidant Coping and Coping Inflexibility As Psychological Mechanisms”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0117 CR - Curley, K.F. and Pyburn, P.J. (1982). “‘Intellectual’ Technologies: The Key to Improving White-Collar Productivity”, Sloan Management Review, 23, 31-39. CR - Çoklar, A.N. and Şahin, Y.L. (2011). “Technostress Levels of Social Network Users Based on ICTs in Turkey”, European Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2), 171-182. CR - Danziger, J.N. (1985). “Social Science and the Social Impacts of Computer Technology”, Social Science Quarterly, 66(1), 3-21. CR - Davis, F.D. (1989). “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology”, MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-342. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008 CR - Davis, T R.V. (1991). “Information Technology and White-Collar Productivity”, Academy of Management Executive, 5(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1991.4274456 CR - Estrada-Muñoz, C., Castillo, D., Vega-Muñoz, A. and Boada-Grau, J. (2020). “Teacher Technostress in the Chilean School System”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155280 CR - Fuglseth, A.M. and Sørebø, Ø. (2014). “The Effects of Technostress within the Context of Employee Use of ICT”, Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.040 CR - Galluch, P.S., Grover, V. and Thatcher, J.B. (2015). “Interrupting the Workplace: Examining Stressors in An Information Technology Context”, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00387 CR - Golz, C., Peter, K.A., Müller, T., Mutschler, J., Zwakhalen, S. and Hahn, S. (2021). “Technostress and Digital Competence among Health Professionals in Swiss Psychiatric Hospitals: Cross-Sectional Study”, JMIR Mental Health, 8(11), e31408. https://doi.org/10.2196/31408 CR - González-López, Ó.R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M. and Hernández, M.I.S. (2021). “Overwhelmed by Technostress? Sensitive Archetypes and Effects in Times of Forced Digitalization”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084216 CR - Harris, K.J., Harris, R.B., Valle, M., Carlson, J.R., Carlson, D.S., Zivnuska, S. and Wiley, B. (2021). “Technostress and the Entitled Employee: Impacts on Work and Family”, Information Technology and People, 35(3), 1073-1095. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-07-2019-0348 CR - Hsiao, K.L. (2017). “Compulsive Mobile Application Usage and Technostress: The Role of Personality Traits”, Online Information Review, 41(2), 272-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-03-2016-0091 CR - Hsiao, K.L., Shu, Y. and Huang, T.C. (2017). “Exploring the Effect of Compulsive Social App Usage on Technostress and Academic Performance: Perspectives from Personality Traits”, Telematics and Informatics, 34(2), 679-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.11.001 CR - Hung, W.H., Chen, K. and Lin, C.P. (2015). “Does the Proactive Personality Mitigate the Adverse Effect of Technostress on Productivity in the Mobile Environment?”, Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.06.002 CR - Ibrahim, H. and Othman, N.Z. (2014). “The Influence of Techno Stress and Organizational-Related Support on User Satisfaction in Government Organizations: A Proposed Model and Literature Review”, Information Management and Business Review, 6(2), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v6i2.1101 CR - Jena, R.K. and Mahanti, P.K. (2014). “An Empirical Study of Technostress among Indian Academicians”, International Journal of Education and Learning, 3(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijel.2014.3.2.01 CR - Karr-Wisniewski, P. and Lu, Y. (2010). “When More Is Too Much: Operationalizing Technology Overload and Exploring Its Impact on Knowledge Worker Productivity”, Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.008 CR - Khuzaini, K. and Zamrudi, Z. (2021). “Technostress among Marketing Employee during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Role of Technology Usability and Presenteeism”, JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 18(1), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v18i1.10050 CR - Kim, H.J., Lee, C.C., Yun, H. and Shin, I.K. (2015). “An Examination of Work Exhaustion in the Mobile Enterprise Environment”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 100, 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.07.009 CR - King, J.L. and Ehrenberg, A.J. (2020). “The Productivity Vampires”, Information Systems Frontiers, 22(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09943-9 CR - Kling, R. and Scacchi, W. (1982). “The Web of Computing: Computing Technology as Social Organization”, Advances in Computers, 21, 1-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60567-7 CR - Kotek, M. and Vranješ, I. (2022). “Exploring the Antecedents of Technostress at Work: A Meta-Analysis”, Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1666834/v1 CR - Kummer, T.F., Recker, J. and Bick, M. (2017). “Technology-Induced Anxiety: Manifestations, Cultural Influences, and Its Effect on the Adoption of Sensor-Based Technology in German and Australian Hospitals”, Information and Management, 54(1), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.04.002 CR - Lee, J. (2016). “Does Stress from Cell Phone Use Increase Negative Emotions at Work?”, Social Behavior and Personality, 44(5), 705-715. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.5.705 CR - Liff, S. (1990). “Clerical Workers and Information Technology: Gender Relations and Occupational Change”, New Technology, Work and Employment, 5(1), 4-28. CR - Liu, C.F., Cheng, T.J. and Chen, C.T. (2019). “Exploring the Factors That Influence Physician Technostress from Using Mobile Electronic Medical Records”, Informatics for Health and Social Care, 44(1), 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538157.2017.1364250 CR - Lu, S., Wei, F. and Li, G. (2021). “The Evolution of the Concept of Stress and the Framework of the Stress System”, Cell Stress, 5(6), 76. https://doi.org/10.15698/cst2021.06.250 CR - Nisafani, A.S., Kiely, G. and Mahony, C. (2020). “Workers’ Technostress: A Review of Its Causes, Strains, Inhibitors, and Impacts”, Journal of Decision Systems, 29(sup1), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2020.1796286 CR - Norulkamar, U., Ahmad, U. and Amin, S.M. (2012). “The Dimensions of Technostress among Academic Librarians”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.121 CR - Okolo, D., Kamarudin, S. and Norulkamar, U. (2018). “An Exploration of the Relationship between Technostress, Employee Engagement and Job Design from the Nigerian Banking Employee’s Perspective”, Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 511-530. https://doi.org/10.25019/MDKE/6.4.01 CR - Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B.S. and Tu, Q. (2008). “The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation”, Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165 CR - Riedl, R. (2013). “On the Biology of Technostress: Literature Review and Research Agenda”, The Database for Advances in Information Systems, 44(1), 18-55. https://doi.org/10.1145/2436239.2436242 CR - Riedl, R. and Léger, P-M. (2016). “Fundamentals of Neurosis: Information Systems and the Brain”, Springer. CR - Riedl, R., Kindermann, H., Auinger, A. and Javor, A. (2012). “Technostress from A Neurobiological Perspective: System Breakdown Increases the Stress Hormone Cortisol in Computer Users”, Business and Information Systems Engineering, 4(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-012-0207-7 CR - Sagarin, B.J., Britt, M.A., Heider, J.D., Wood, S.E. and Lynch, J.E. (2003). Bartering Our Attention: The Distraction and Persuasion Effects of On-Line Advertisements. International Journal of Cognitive Technology, 8(2), 4-17. CR - Saka, A.O., Alaba, A.O. and Hassan, O.A. (2020). “The Impact of Technostressors on the Job Productivity of Senior Secondary Teachers in Nigeria”, Journal of Teaching and Teacher Education, 8(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.12785/jtte/080205 CR - Saleem, F. and Malik, M.I. (2023). “Technostress, Quality of Work Life, and Job Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model”, Behavioral Sciences, 13(12), 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121014 CR - Sarabadani, J., Compeau, D.R. and Carter, M. (2020). “An Investigation of IT Users' Emotional Responses to Technostress Creators”, Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Access: 01.10.2024). CR - Sellberg, C. and Susi, T. (2014). “Technostress in the Office: A Distributed Cognition Perspective on Human-Technology Interaction”, Cognition, Technology and Work, 16(2), 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-013-0256-9 CR - Shotton, M.A. (2007). “The Costs and Benefits of ‘Computer Addiction’”, Behaviour and Information Technology, 10(3), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299108924284 CR - Shu, Q., Tu, Q. and Wang, K. (2011). “The Impact of Computer Self-Efficacy and Technology Dependence on Computer-Related Technostress: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective”, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 27(10), 923-939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.55531 CR - Spira, J.B. and Feintuch, J.B. (2005). “The Cost of Not Paying Attention: How Interruptions Impact Knowledge Worker Productivity”, Basex. CR - Sumiyana, S. and Sriwidharmanely, S. (2020). “Mitigating the Harmful Effects of Technostress: Inducing Chaos Theory in An Experimental Setting”, Behaviour and Information Technology, 39(10), 1079-1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1641228 CR - Tak, S. and Park, S. (2016). “A Study of the Connected Smart Worker’s Techno-Stress”, Procedia Computer Science, 91, 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.065 CR - Tams, S. (2017). “Linking User Age and Stress in the Interruption Era: The Role of Computer Experience”, Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 5660-5667, Association for Information Systems. CR - Tams, S. and Dulipovici, A. (2019). “The Creativity Model of Age and Innovation with IT: How to Counteract the Effects of Age Stereotyping on User Innovation”, Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), 6549-6558. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/60089 CR - Tams, S., Ahuja, M., Thatcher, J. and Grover, V. (2020). “Worker Stress in the Age of Mobile Technology: The Combined Effects of Perceived Interruption Overload and Worker Control”, The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 29(1), 101595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2020.101595 CR - Tams, S., Thatcher, J.B. and Grover, V. (2018). “Concentration, Competence, Confidence, and Capture: An Experimental Study of Age, Interruption-Based Technostress, and Task Performance”, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(9), 857-908. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00511 CR - Tarafdar, M., Pullins, E.B. and Ragu-Nathan, T.S. (2014). “Technostress: Negative Effect on Performance and Possible Mitigations”, Information Systems Journal, 25(2), 103-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12042 CR - Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B.S. and Ragu-Nathan, T.S. (2007). “The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity”, Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109 CR - Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, T.S. and Ragu-Nathan, B.S. (2011). “Crossing to the Dark Side: Examining Creators, Outcomes, and Inhibitors of Technostress”, Communications of the ACM, 54(9), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1145/1995376.1995403 CR - Thatcher, J.B. and Perrewé, P.L. (2002). “An Empirical Examination of Individual Traits As Antecedents to Computer Anxiety and Computer Self-Efficacy”, MIS Quarterly, 26(4), 381-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/4132314 CR - Torkzadeh, G. and Doll, W. (1999). “The Development of a Tool for Measuring the Perceived Impact of Information Technology on Work”, Omega, 27(3), 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00049-8 CR - Tuan, L.T. (2022). “Employee Mindfulness and Proactive Coping for Technostress in the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Roles of Regulatory Foci, Technostress, and Job Insecurity”, Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107148 CR - Turel, O. and Gaudioso, F. (2018). “Techno-Stressors, Distress and Strain: The Roles of Leadership and Competitive Climates”, Cognition, Technology and Work, 20(2), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-018-0461-7 CR - Vallone, F., Galvin, J., Cattaneo Della Volta, M.F., Akhtar, A., Chua, S., Ghio, E. and Zurlo, M.C. (2023). “Technostress and Academic Motivation: Direct and Indirect effects on University Students' Psychological Health”, Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1211134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1211134 CR - Wang, K., Shu, Q. and Tu, Q. (2008). “Technostress under Different Organizational Environments: An Empirical Investigation”, Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 3002-3013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.007 CR - Wang, Q., Zhong, Y., Zhao, G., Song, R., and Zeng, C. (2023). “Relationship among Content Type of Smartphone Use, Technostress, and Sleep Difficulty: A Study of University Students in China”, Education and Information Technologies, 28(3), 1697-1714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11222-1 CR - Weick, K.E. (1990). “Technology As Equivoque: Sensemaking in New Technologies”, , Technology and Organizations, (Editors: P.S. Goodman and L.S. Sproull), 1-44, Jossey-Bass. CR - Weinstein, A. and Lejoyeux, M. (2010). “Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use”, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491880 CR - Westergren, U.H., Mähler, V. and Jadaan, T. (2024). “Enabling Digital Transformation: Organizational Implementation of the Internet of Things”, Information and Management, 61(1), 103996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2024.103996 CR - Yang, R-J., Yang, J-Y., Yuan, H-R. and Li, J-T. (2017). “Techno-Stress of Teachers: An Empirical Investigation from China”, The 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017), Xi’an, China. CR - Yates, J. (1988). “Control Through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management”, Johns Hopkins University Press. CR - Yates, J. and Van Maanen, J.(1996). “Editorial Notes for the Special Issue”, Information Systems Research,7(4),1-4. CR - Yin, P., Ou, C.X.J., Davison, R.M. and Wu, J. (2018). “Coping with Mobile Technology Overload in the Workplace”, Internet Research, 28(5), 1189-1212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-01-2017-0016 CR - Yun, H., Kettinger, W.J. and Lee, C.C. (2012). “A New Open Door: The Smartphone’s Impact on Work-to-Life Conflict, Stress, and Resistance”, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 121-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415160405 CR - Zhao, X., Xia, Q. and Huang, W. (2020). “Impact of Technostress on Productivity from the Theoretical Perspective of Appraisal and Coping Processes”, Information and Management, 57(8), 103265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103265 CR - Zuboff, S. (1988). “In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power”, Basic Books. UR - https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1594897 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4410146 ER -