TY  - JOUR
T1  - DEEPFAKE TEKNOLOJİSİ,  SİBER ŞİDDET VE DİJİTAL İLETİŞİM: ETKİLEŞİMLİ TEHDİTLER VE TOPLUMSAL SONUÇLAR
TT  - Artificial Intelligence and Dark Side of Communication: Deepfake As A Weapon of Cyber-Harassment
AU  - Turan, Seda Gökçe
PY  - 2025
DA  - June
Y2  - 2025
JF  - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi
JO  - Nohu İfad
PB  - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2822-5422
SP  - 49
EP  - 61
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
LA  - tr
AB  - Yapay zeka teknolojilerinin bireylerin yaşamlarını kolaylaştıran etkilerinin yanı sıra siber şiddet gibi olumsuz etkileri de olabilmektedir. Doğası gereği her zaman doğrudan, olumlu ve sağlıklı kurulamayan kişiler arası iletişim, yapay zeka teknolojilerinin de dahil olması ile birlikte değişmeye ve dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Bu değişimin ve dönüşümün iletişimde en belirgin olduğu alan hiç şüphesiz siber şiddettir. Siber şiddet ile ilgili çalışmalar incelendiğinde, bireylerin yüz yüze olan şiddeti sanal ortama taşıdıkları veya tersi olduğu, kişilerin hakaret veya küçük düşürücü davranışlar ile zorbalığı gerçekleştirdiği görülmektedir. Fakat, gelişen yapay zeka teknolojileri ile birlikte artık kişiye yönelik hakaret veya sözlü şiddet olmadan, sadece kişilerin fotoğraf ve sesleri ile oluşturulmuş Deepfake videoları ile tamamen sahte görüntüler üzerinden siber şiddet uygulanmaktadır. Özellikle ünlülere veya siyasetçilere yönelik hazırlanmış intikam videoları ile kişiler zan altında kalmakta, kişilik hakları ve onurları zedelenmektedir. Buradan yola çıkılarak, bu araştırmada, Deepfake teknolojilerinin siber şiddet aracı olarak nasıl kullanıldığı, insan-bilgisayar etkileşimi ve iletişim bağlamında betimleyici bir çerçeve sunularak değerlendirilecektir.
KW  - Yapay Zeka
KW  - İletişim
KW  - Deepfake
KW  - Siber Şiddet
N2  - Artificial Intelligence technologies make individuals’ lives easier, but they have negative effects such as cyber-harassment. Due to its’ nature, communication cannot always be direct, positive and healthy but as a result of pervasiveness of artificial intelligence technologies into interpersonal communication, it has begun to change and transform. There is no doubt that, this change and transformation in communication is significant in cyber-harassment.  When studies on cyber harassment are examined, it is seen that individuals pursue face-to-face violence to the digital environment or vice versa, and perpetrators bully others through insults or humiliating behaviors. However, with the rapid development in artificial intelligence technologies, cyber-harassment is now implemented through completely fake images and Deepfake videos created only with people's photos and voices, without insults or verbal violence against to the individuals. Especially with revenge videos and fake videos that target celebrities or politicians, individuals’ dignity and privacy are damaged.  Based on those realities about artificial intelligence technologies, in this research, Deepfake Technologies role as weapon of cyber-harassment will be evaluated through descriptive framework in the context of human-computer interaction and communication.
CR  - Bykov, I. A., & Gladchenko, I. A. (2024). Deepfake Problem in Digital Communication: Research Approaches in Russia. Herald of Journalism/Habaršy Žurnalistika Seriâsy, 72 (2), 14-24 https:// doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2024.v72.i2.2
CR  - Bykov I.A., Gladchenko, I. A., Ibrayeva, G. Z., & Myssayeva, K. N. (2019). Digital Literacy and Strategy of PR-education in Russia and Kazakhstan: Comparative analysis. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Communication Strategies in Digital Society Workshop, 47-49.
CR  - Can, Ö., & Sezgin, M. (2024). Yapay Zeka Teknolojilerinin Kurumsal İletişimdeki Rolünün Değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 103-114.
CR  - Citron, D. K. & Chesney, R. (2018). Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge For Privacy, Democracy, and National Security. California Law Review, 107, 1753–1820
CR  - Coduto, K. D. (2024). The Development of Imagined Interactions in Online Text-Based Initial Interactions. Communication Research Reports, 41(1), 49-59.
CR  - Day, C. (2019). The Future of Misinformation. Computing in Science & Engineering, 21 (1), 108.
CR  - Delfino, R. (2019). Pornographic Deepfakes — Revenge Porn’s Next Tragic Act — The Case For Federal Criminalization. Fordham Law Review, 88 (3), 887–938. http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ ssrn.3341593
CR  - Diakopoulos, N., & Johnson, D. (2021). Anticipating and Addressing The Ethical Implicationsof Deepfakes in the Context of Elections. New media & society, 23(7), 2072-2098.
CR  - Douglas, H. (2019). Deepfakes: False Pornography is Here and The Law Cannot Protect You. Duke Law & Technology Review, 17, 99–127.
CR  - Durmuş, Y., & Yıldız, E. (2023). Reconstruction of Discourses in Victims of Cyber Abuse in New Media: Derya Kuş Case. Media and Communication in the Digital Age: Changes and Dynamics, 15.
CR  - Floridi, L. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes and a Future of Ectypes. Philosophy & Technology, 31(3), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0325-3
CR  - Fletcher, J. (2018). Deepfakes, Artificial Intelligence, and Some Kind of Dystopia: The New Faces of Online Postfact performance. Theatre Journal, 70(4), 455–471.
CR  - Fortunati, L. & Edwards, A. (2020). Opening Space for Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Issues in Human-Machine Communication. Human- Machine Communication, 1, 7–18.
CR  - Franks, M. A. & Waldman, A. E. (2019). Sex, Lies, and Videotape: Deep Fakes and Free Speech Delusions. 
Maryland Law Review, 78(4), 892–898.
CR  - Godulla, A., Hoffmann, C. P., & Seibert, D. (2021). Dealing With Deepfakes–An Interdisciplinary Examination of the State of Research and Implications for Communication Studies. SCM Studies in Communication and Media, 10 (1), 72-96.
CR  - Gutsche Jr., R. E. (2019). The State and Future of Television News Studies: Theoretical Perspectives, Methodological Problems, and Practice. Journalism Practice, 13(9), 1034–1041. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1644965
CR  - Hall, H. K. (2018). Deepfake Videos: When Seeing Isn’t Believing. Catholic University Journal of Law & Technology, 27(1), 51–76
CR  - Hancock, J. T., Naaman, M., & Levy, K. (2020). AI-Mediated Communication: Definition, Research Agenda, and Ethical Considerations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(1), 89-100.
CR  - Hasan, H. R., & Salah, K. (2019). Combating Deepfake Videos Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts. IEEE Access, 7, 41596–41606. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ACCESS.2019.2905689
CR  - Herring, S. C. (2002). Computer-mediated Communication on the Internet. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36(1), 109–168.
CR  - Khodabakhsh, A., Ramachandra, R., & Busch, C. (2019). Subjective Evaluation of Media Consumer Vulnerability to Fake Audiovisual Content. IEEE 11th International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/QoMEX.2019.8743316
CR  - Kietzmann, J., Lee, L. W., McCarthy, I. P., & Kietzmann, T. C. (2020). Deepfakes: Trick or Treat?. Business Horizons, 63(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.11.006
CR  - Koçyiğit, A., & Darı, A. B. (2023). Yapay Zekâ İletişiminde Chatgpt: İnsanlaşan Dijitalleşmenin Geleceği. Stratejik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 427-438.
CR  - Liu, Y., Chen, W., Liu, L., & Lew, M. S. (2019). SwapGAN: A Multistage Generative Approach for Person-to-Person Fashion Style Transfer. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 21(9), 2209–2222. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2019.2897897
CR  - Maddocks, S., (2020). ‘A Deepfake Porn Plot Intended to Silence Me’: Exploring Continuities Between Pornographic and ‘Political’ Deep Fakes, Porn Studies, 415-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/2 3268743.2020.1757499
CR  - Mania, K. (2024). Legal Protection of Revenge and Deepfake Porn Victims in the European Union: Findings From a Comparative Legal Study. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), 117-129.
CR  - Maras, M. H. & Alexandrou, A. (2019). ‘Determining Authenticity of Video Evidence in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and in the Wake of Deepfake Videos.’ The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 23 (3), 255–262.
CR  - Mirsky, Y., & Lee, W. (2021). The Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: a Survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3425780
CR  - Ojha, M., Patil, N. M., & Joshi, M. (2024). Cyberbullying Detection and Prevention using Machine Learning. Grenze International Journal of Engineering & Technology (GIJET), 10.
CR  - Öhman, C. (2019). Introducing the Pervert’s Dilemma: A Contribution to the Critique of Deepfake Pornography. Ethics and Information Technology 2019, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-019-09522-1
CR  - Özdemir, Ş. (2021). Yeni Nesil Tehdit: Derin Kurgu (DeepFake). TRT Akademi, 6(13), 904-917.https://
doi.org/10.37679/trta.1002526
CR  - Patel, M, Gupta, A., Tanwar, S. & M. S. Obaidat. (2020). Trans-DF: A Transfer Learning-Based End-to-End Deepfake Detector. IEEE 5th International Conference on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA), Greater Noida, India, pp. 796-801, doi: 10.1109/ICCCA49541.2020.9250803.
CR  - Perez Dasilva, J., Meso Ayerdi, K., & Mendiguren Galdospin, T. (2021). Deepfakes on Twitter: Which Actors Control Their Spread?. Media and Communication, 9 (1), 301-312.
CR  - Pierini, F. (2023). Deepfakes and Depiction: From Evidence to Communication. Synthese 201, 97, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-023-04093-7
CR  - Razavi, S. Z., Ali, M. R., Smith, T. H., Schubert, L. K., & Hoque, M. E. (2016). The LISSA Virtual Human
and ASD Teens: An Overview of Initial Experiments. In International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (pp. 460–463). Cham: Springer.
CR  - Silbey, J. & Hartzog, W. (2019). The Upside of Deepfakes. Maryland Law Review, Vol. 78, 960-966.
CR  - Stover, D. (2018). Garlin Gilchrist: Fighting Fake News and The Information Apocalypse. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74(4), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00963402.2018.1486618
CR  - Suwajanakorn, S., Seitz, S. M., & Kemelmacher- Shlizerman, I. (2017). Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync From Audio. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36, 95.
CR  - Tahincioğlu, A. N. Y. (2010). Namusun ve Namus Cinayetlerinin Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri Bağlamında Analizi. Kültür ve İletişim, 13(26), 131-158.
CR  - Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News”: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions. Digital journalism, 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.20 17.1360143
CR  - Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: New Era in the Age of Disinformation & End of Reliable Journalism. Selçuk İletişim, 13(2), 1009-1024. DOI: 10.18094/JOSC.685338
CR  - Thies, J., Zollhofer, M., Stamminger, M., Theobalt, C., & Niessner, M. (2016). Face2Face: Real- Time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos. 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2387–2395.
CR  - Thurlow, C., Lengel, L., and Tomic, A. (2004). Computer mediated communication: Social interaction and the internet. Thousand Oaks, CA: 
Sage.
CR  - Tolosana, R., Vera-Rodriguez, R., Fierrez, J., Morales, A., & Ortega-Garcia, J. (2020). Deepfakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detection. Information Fusion, 64, 131–148.
CR  - Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring The Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1-13 https://doi.org/ 10.1177/2056305120903408
CR  - Yadav, D. & Salmani, S. (2019, May). Deepfake: A Survey on Facial Forgery Technique Using Generative Adversarial Network. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems, 852–857. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ICCS45141.2019.9065881
CR  - Walker, A. S. (2019). Preparing Students For the Fight Against False Information With Visual Verification and Open Source Reporting. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, Vol. 74(2), 227–239. https://doi. org/10.1177/1077695819831098
CR  - Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of Computer-Mediated Communication and Interpersonal Relations. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Interpersonal Communication. (pp. 443–479). Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA
CR  - Westerlund, M. (2019). The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(11): 40-53. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/12
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nohuifad/issue//1621561
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4528011
ER  -