TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik Sıkıntı Arasındaki İlişki:  Meta-Analitik Bir Çalışma
TT  - The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Psychological Distress: A Meta-Analytic Study
AU  - Hoşgör, Haydar Kerem
AU  - Güngördü, Hacer
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.35365/ctjpp.25.3.01
JF  - Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi
JO  - Cyp Turk J Psychiatry and Psychol
PB  - Kıbrıs Ruh Sağlığı Enstitüsü
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1302-7840
SP  - 226
EP  - 235
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu çalışmada sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve psikolojik sıkıntı arasındaki ilişkinin meta-analitik bir yaklaşımla incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Web of Science, Scopus ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında Ocak 2020-2025 tarihlerini kapsayan bir literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Buradan hareketle, dâhil edilme kriterlerine uyan ve toplam örneklem büyüklüğünün 26.671 olan 28 çalışma meta-analiz sürecinde değerlendirilmeye uygun bulunmuştur. Verilerin analizinde açık kaynak kodlu ve ücretsiz bir yazılım olan Jamovi 2.6.23 programı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın tanımlayıcı özellikleri incelendiğinde, yayınların %35,7’sinin 2024 yılına ait olduğu, %21,4’ünün Çin’de gerçekleştirildiği, %60,7’sinin SSCI indeksli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Rastsal etkiler modeline göre %95 güven aralığında, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile psikolojik sıkıntı arasında orta düzeyde (r: 0,382) bir etkinin mevcut olduğu saptanmıştır. Bir diğer ifadeyle, sosyal medya kullanıcılarının bağımlılık düzeyleri arttıkça depresyon, anksiyete ve stres temelli psikolojik sıkıntı düzeylerinin de arttığı anlaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın bulguları, sosyal medya kullanıcılarının ruh sağlığını korumaya yönelik bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde önleyici müdahalelerin ve bilinçlendirme çalışmalarının önemini vurgulamaktadır.
KW  - Sosyal ağ siteleri
KW  - Bağımlılık davranışı
KW  - Depresyon
KW  - Stres
KW  - Anksiyete
N2  - This study aims to examine the relationship between social media addiction and psychological distress using a meta-analytical approach. To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering the period from January 2020 to 2025. Based on the inclusion criteria, 28 studies with a total sample size of 26,671 were deemed suitable for the meta-analysis process. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi 2.6.23, an open-source and free software. When examining the descriptive characteristics of the studies, it was revealed that 35.7% of the publications were published in 2024, 21.4% were conducted in China, and 60.7% were indexed in SSCI. According to the random-effects model, a moderate effect (r = 0.382) was found between social media addiction and psychological distress within a 95% confidence interval. In other words, as the level of social media addiction increases, the levels of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and stress, also tend to rise. Therefore, the findings of this study highlight the importance of preventive interventions and awareness programs at both individual and societal levels to protect the mental health of social media users.
CR  - Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Zamani, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024). The risk of exercise addiction mediates the relationship between social media use and mental health indices among young Iranians. Addiction Research & Theory, 32(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2022.2149742
CR  - Al-Samarraie, H., Bello, K. A., Alzahrani, A. I., Smith, A. P., & Emele, C. (2022). Young users' social media addiction: causes, consequences and preventions. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2314-2343. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-11-2020-0753
CR  - Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x
CR  - Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994). Operating characteristics of a rank Correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics, 50(4),1088-1101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2533446
CR  - Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020) Facing loneliness and anxiety during the Covid-19 ısolation: the role of excessive social media use in a sample of Italian adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 586222. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222
CR  - Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2021). The relationship between burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19), addictive social media use, sense of control and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 106720. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106720
CR  - Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2023). Physical activity mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and problematic smartphone use (PSU) in Germany. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 12, 100505. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100505
CR  - Brailovskaia, J., Frahsek, M., & Margraf, J. (2022). Work overload and addictive social media use: a relationship with depression symptoms and life satisfaction. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 7(3), 358-367. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-022-00258-2
CR  - Brailovskaia, J., Margraf, J., Ceccatelli, S., & Cosci, F. (2023). The relationship among psychological distress, well‐being and excessive social media use during the outbreak of Covid‐19: a longitudinal investigation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(5), 1013-1019.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2853
CR  - Çi̇çek, I., Şanlı, M. E., Gökmen, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2024). Problematic social media use, satisfaction with life, and levels of depressive symptoms in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: mediation role of social support. Psihologija, 57(2), 177-197. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI220613009C
CR  - Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
CR  - Gillespie, B. M., Chaboyer, W., Thalib, L., John, M., Fairweather, N., & Slater, K. (2014). Effect of using a safety checklist on patient complications after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Survey of Anesthesiology, 58(6), 298. 
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.SA.0000455296.11041.bd
CR  - Griffiths, M. D. (1996). Behavioral addictions: An issue for everybody? Employee Councelling Today, 8(3), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665629610116872
CR  - Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495–525. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019486
CR  - Huang, C. (2022). A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(1), 12-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020978434
CR  - Huang, L., Zhang, J., Duan, W., & He, L. (2023b). Peer relationship increasing the risk of social media addiction among Chinese adolescents who have negative emotions. Current Psychology, 42, 7673–7681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01997-w
CR  - Huang, P. C., Latner, J. D., O’Brien, K. S., Chang, Y. L., Hung, C. H., Chen, J. S., & Lin, C. Y. (2023a). Associations between social media addiction, psychological distress, and food addiction among Taiwanese university students. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1), 43.   https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00769-0
CR  - Jafari, E., Huang, P. C., Zanjanchi, F., Potenza, M. N., Lin, C. Y., & Pakpour, A. H. (2024). Comparison between problematic use of social media and YouTube to insomnia among Iranian adolescents: a mediating role of psychological distress. Digital Health, 10, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241261914
CR  - Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 597–605. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K
CR  - Karaköse, T., Yirci, R., & Papadakis, S. (2022). Examining the associations between COVID-19-related psychological distress, social media addiction, COVID-19-related burnout, and depression among school principals and teachers through structural equation modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041951
CR  - Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528
CR  - Kuşci, I., & Çavusoglu, H. (2024). Understanding the theology students’ positive religious coping, problematic social media use and depression levels effect on flourishing: A hybrid SEM-ANN approach. Current Psychology, 43(35), 28352-28362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06486-4
CR  - Landis, J. R., Koch, G. G. (1977). The Measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
CR  - Lau, J., Ioannidis, J. P., Terrin, N., Schmid, C. H., & Olkin, I. (2006). The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ, 333(7568), 597-600. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7568.597
CR  - Maftei, A., & Pătrăușanu, A. M. (2024). Digital reflections: narcissism, stress, social media addiction, and nomophobia. The Journal of Psychology, 158(2), 147-160.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2023.2256453
CR  - Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2018). The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 274-281. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.007
CR  - Mitropoulou, E. M., Karagianni, M., & Thomadakis, C. (2022). Social media addiction, self-compassion, and psychological well-being: a structural equation model. Alpha Psychiatry, 23(6), 298-304. https://doi.org/10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22957
CR  - Oppong, D., Adjaottor, E. S., Addo, F. M., Nyaledzigbor, W., Ofori-Amanfo, A. S., Chen, H. P., & Ahorsu, D. K. (2022). The mediating role of selfitis in the associations between self-esteem, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, body-self appearance, and psychological distress among young Ghanaian adults. Healthcare, 10, 2500. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122500
CR  - Ozimek, P., Brailovskaia, J., Bierhoff, H. W., & Rohmann, E. (2024). Materialism in social media–more social media addiction and stress symptoms, less satisfaction with life. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 13, 100117. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2024.100117
CR  - Paul, J., & Barari, M. (2022). Meta‐analysis and traditional systematic literature reviews—what, why, when, where, and how? Psychology & Marketing, 39(6), 1099-1115. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21657
CR  - Pramukti, I., Nurmala, I., Nadhiroh, S. R., Tung, S. E. H., Gan, W. Y., Siaw, Y. L., & Pakpour, A. H. (2023). Problematic use of internet among Indonesia university students: psychometric evaluation of Bergen social media addiction scale and internet gaming disorder scale-short form. Psychiatry Investigation, 20(12), 1103. 
https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0304
CR  - Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer’ problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638-641. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638
CR  - Ruckwongpatr, K., Lee, Y. H., Tran, N. D., Pham, L. A., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H., & Lin, C. Y. (2024). The gaming disorder test and gaming disorder scale for adolescents: translation and validation among Vietnamese young adults. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 37(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-024-00328-9
CR  - Sánchez-Fernández, M., Borda-Mas, M., Horvath, Z., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024). Similarities and differences in the psychological factors associated with generalised problematic internet use, problematic social media use, and problematic online gaming. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 134, 152512. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152512
CR  - Sepas, A., Bangash, A. H., Nielsen, R. E., Yang, W., & El-Hussuna, A. (2024). The association between problematic instagram use, psychological distress, and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 27(9), 641-650. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0222
CR  - Sommantico, M., Ramaglia, F., & Lacatena, M. (2023). Relationships between depression, fear of missing out and social media addiction: the mediating role of self-esteem. Healthcare, 11(12), 1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121667
CR  - Soraci, P., Demetrovics, Z., Bevan, N., Pisanti, R., Servidio, R., Di Bernardo, C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2025). FoMO and psychological distress mediate the relationship between life satisfaction, problematic smartphone use, and problematic social media use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01432-8
CR  - Sun, R., Zhang, M. X., Yeh, C., Ung, C. O. L., & Wu, A. M. (2024). The metacognitive-motivational links between stress and short-form video addiction. Technology in Society, 77, 102548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102548
CR  - Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7
CR  - T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı (2024). https://www.uab.gov.tr/haberler/turkiye-de-303-milyon-aktif-sosyal-medya-hesabi-var, Date of Access: 03.02.2025.
CR  - Taşkıran, A. (2025). A Review on the impact of social media use on the development of social bonds and access to information in elderly individuals. European Archives of Social Sciences, 2(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.35365/eass.25.2.05
CR  - The Jamovi Project (2024). Jamovi. (Version 2.6) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org., Date of Access: 15.01.2025.
CR  - Vally, Z., & Helmy, M. (2022). The association between psychological burden related to COVID-19 and addictive social media use: testing the mediational role of anxious affect. Plos One, 17(7), e0271332. 
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271332
CR  - Vally, Z., Helmy, M., & Fourie, L. (2023). The association between depression and addictive social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating role of sense of control. Plos One, 18(9), e0291034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0291034
CR  - Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206–222. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047
CR  - Yang, Z., Xu, W., Yan, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2025). Problematic social media use and psychological distress: a symptom-focused network analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-025-01446-w
CR  - Yi, J., Chen, I. H., Lin, C. Y., Li, C. C., Liao, X. L., Wei, Z. H., & Gamble, J. H. (2021). The effect of primary and middle school teachers’ problematic internet use and fear of Covid-19 on psychological need thwarting of online teaching and psychological distress. Healthcare, 9, 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091199
CR  - Yu, Z., Zhu, X., & Li, Y. (2024). The association between problematic short video use and suicidal ideation and self-injurious behaviors: the mediating roles of sleep disturbance and depression. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1689. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19191-5
CR  - Zhang, K., Li, P., Zhao, Y., Griffiths, M. D., Wang, J., & Zhang, M. X. (2023). Effect of social media addiction on executive functioning among young adults: the mediating roles of emotional disturbance and sleep quality. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1911-1920. 
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S414625
CR  - Zhao, L. (2023). Social media addiction and its impact on college students' academic performance: the mediating role of stress. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 32(1), 81-90. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00635-0
UR  - https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.25.3.01
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4600629
ER  -