TY  - JOUR
T1  - Nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda bilgisayar tabanlı bilişsel  rehabilitasyon
AU  - Şeflek, Zühal
AU  - Saygılı Düzova, Ülkü
AU  - Karpuz, Savaş
AU  - Duran, Tuğçe
PY  - 2025
DA  - August
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.59244/ktokusbd.1655977
JF  - KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi
JO  - KTOKUSB-D
PB  - KTO Karatay Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2717-8501
SP  - 359
EP  - 376
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
LA  - tr
AB  - Nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin etkileşimi sonucu ortaya çıkan, sinir sistemi yapılarında ilerleyici dejenerasyon ile karakterize edilen klinik tablolardır. Alzheimer hastalığı, Parkinson hastalığı ve Multipl Skleroz gibi hastalıklar, nöronal kayıplarla ilişkili olup, özellikle bellek, dikkat ve yürütücü işlevlerde belirgin bozulmalara yol açmaktadır. Bilişsel rehabilitasyon, nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda bilişsel işlevleri desteklemek ve günlük yaşam aktivitelerindeki bağımsızlığı artırmak amacıyla uygulanan farmakolojik olmayan bir müdahale stratejisidir. Geleneksel yöntemlere ek olarak bilgisayar destekli bilişsel rehabilitasyon yazılımları, bireyselleştirilmiş eğitim programları sunarak nöroplastisiteyi artırmakta ve uzun vadeli bilişsel iyileşmelere katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemenin  amacı, nörodejeneratif hastalıkların neden olduğu bilişsel bozuklukları incelemek ve bu bozuklukların yönetiminde kullanılan bilişsel rehabilitasyon yaklaşımlarını değerlendirmektir. RehaCom, HeadApp ve BrainHQ gibi dijital platformlar, dikkat, hafıza ve yürütücü işlevler üzerinde olumlu etkiler sağlarken, teknolojik gelişmelerin rehabilitasyon süreçlerine entegrasyonu, terapi etkinliğini artırmaktadır. Ancak, bilişsel rehabilitasyonun uzun vadeli etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için büyük ölçekli  çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır
KW  - Nörodejeneratif Hastalık
KW  - Bilgisayar Destekli Bilişsel Proğram
KW  - RehaCom
KW  - HeadApp
CR  - Albert, M. S. (2011). Changes in cognition. Neurobiology of Aging, 32(SUPPL. 1), S58–S63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.010
CR  - Amatya, B., Galea, M. P., Kesselring, J., & Khan, F. (2015). Effectiveness of telerehabilitation interventions in persons with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 4(4), 358–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2015.06.011
CR  - Angelucci, F., Peppe, A., Carlesimo, G. A., Serafini, F., Zabberoni, S., Barban, F., Shofany, J., Caltagirone, C., & Costa, A. (2015). A pilot study on the effect of cognitive training on BDNF serum levels in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9(130), 1-11.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00130
CR  - Arian Darestani, A., Naeeni Davarani, M., Hassani-Abharian, P., Zarrindast, M. R., & Nasehi, M. (2020). The therapeutic effect of treatment with RehaCom software on verbal performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 72, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.01.007
CR  - Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 288(18), 2271–2281. https://doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2271
CR  - Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., Bellander, M., Fürth, D., Karlsson, S., & Bäckman, L. (2009). Working memory plasticity modulated by dopamine transporter genotype. Neuroscience Letters, 467(2), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.018
CR  - Breijyeh, Z., Karaman, R., Muñoz-Torrero, D., & Dembinski, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules 2020, Vol. 25, Page 5789, 25(24), 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245789
CR  - Brissart, H., Leroy, M., Morele, E., Baumann, C., Spitz, E., & Debouverie, M. (2013). Cognitive rehabilitation in Multiple sclerosis. Neurocase, 19(6), 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2012.701644
CR  - Buschert, V., Bokde, A. L. W., & Hampel, H. (2010) Cognitive intervention in Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 2010 6:9, 6(9), 508–517. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2010.113
CR  - Cacciante, L., Pietà, C. della, Rutkowski, S., Cieślik, B., Szczepańska-Gieracha, J., Agostini, M., & Kiper, P. (2022). Cognitive telerehabilitation in neurological patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 43(2), 847–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10072-021-05770-6
CR  - Campbell, J., Langdon, D., Cercignani, M., & Rashid, W. (2016a). A Randomised Controlled Trial of Efficacy of Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cognitive, Behavioural, and MRI Study. Neural Plasticity, 2016(1), 4292585. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4292585
CR  - Caplan, B. (2016). Rehabilitation psychology and neuropsychology with stroke survivors. Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology., 63–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/15972-004
CR  - Cavallo, M., Hunter, E. M., Van Der Hiele, K., & Angilletta, C. (2016). Computerized Structured Cognitive Training in Patients Affected by Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease is Feasible and Effective: A Randomized Controlled Study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(8), 868–876. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw072
CR  - Cerasa, A., Gioia, M. C., Salsone, M., Donzuso, G., Chiriaco, C., Realmuto, S., Nicoletti, A., Bellavia, G., Banco, A., D’amelio, M., Zappia, M., & Quattrone, A. (2014). Neurofunctional correlates of attention rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: an explorative study. Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 35(8), 1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10072-014-1666-Z
CR  - Chen, M. H., Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2021). Neurological update: cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 268(12), 4908–4914. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-021-10618-2
CR  - Chen, S. H. A., Thomas, J. D., Glueckauf, R. L., & Bracy, O. L. (1997). The effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation for persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 11(3), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990597123647
CR  - Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2008). Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology, 7(12), 1139–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70259-X
CR  - Chiaravalloti, N. D., Wylie, G., Leavitt, V., & DeLuca, J. (2012). Increased cerebral activation after behavioral treatment for memory deficits in MS. Journal of Neurology, 259(7), 1337–1346. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-011-6353-X
CR  - Cicerone, K. D., Langenbahn, D. M., Braden, C., Malec, J. F., Kalmar, K., Fraas, M., Felicetti, T., Laatsch, L., Harley, J. P., Bergquist, T., Azulay, J., Cantor, J., & Ashman, T. (2011). Evidence-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation: Updated Review of the Literature From 2003 Through 2008. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(4), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APMR.2010.11.015
CR  - Ciddi, P. K. (2023). Psychosocial Aspects of Rehabilitation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fields of Approach. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 15(3), 385–397. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1133369
CR  - Clare, L., Linden, D. E. J., Woods, R. T., Whitaker, R., Evans, S. J., Parkinson, C. H., Van Paasschen, J., Nelis, S. M., Hoare, Z., Yuen, K. S. L., & Rugg, M. D. (2010). Goal-Oriented Cognitive Rehabilitation for People With Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Clinical Efficacy. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(10), 928–939. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0B013E3181D5792A
CR  - Clare, L., & Woods, R. T. (2004). Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 14(4), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010443000074
CR  - Cronin, A. H., Sterzi, R., Perteghella, D., Agostoni, E. C., & Frediani, F. (2018). Can the app HeadApp!© be useful in migraine epidemiology? A proposal of a digital algorithm for migraine criteria. Neurological Sciences 2018 39:1, 39(1), 141–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10072-018-3364-8
CR  - Dams-O’Connor, K., & Gordon, W. A. (2010). Role and Impact of Cognitive Rehabilitation. Psychiatric Clinics, 33(4), 893–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSC.2010.08.002
CR  - Dardiotis, E., Nousia, A., Siokas, V., Tsouris, Z., Andravizou, A., Mentis, A. F. A., Florou, D., Messinis, L., & Nasios, G. (2018). Efficacy of computer-based cognitive training in neuropsychological performance of patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 20, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.12.017
CR  - Dugger, B. N., & Dickson, D. W. (2017). Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 9(7), a028035. https://doi.org/10.1101/CSHPERSPECT.A028035
CR  - Duzova, U. S., Seflek, Z., Eren, F., Ozturk, S., & Tutar, M. F. (2025). A computer-assisted rehabilitation program improves self-management, cognition, and quality of life in epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior, 164, 110277. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YEBEH.2025.110277
CR  - El Semary, M. M., Abdelmageed, S. M., El-Serougy, H. R., Elzanaty, M. Y., Ragab, W. M., Salama, A. M., Sheha, S. M., Elheneidi, E. B. I., & Taha, S. I. (2020). Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation on functional outcomes & quality of life in parkinson’s patients. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12, 1305–1309. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP2.123
CR  - Fernández E., Bringas M. L., Salazar S., Rodriguez D., Garcia M. E., Torres M. (2012). Clinical Impact of RehaCom Software for Cognitive Rehabilitation of Patients with Acquired Brain Injury. MEDICC, 14 https://doi.org/10.37757/MR2012V14.N4.8
CR  - Gabele, M. (2022). Development and design of software-based methods to promote motivation of patients in cognitive rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.25673/101862
CR  - Gich, J., Freixanet, J., García, R., Vilanova, J. C., Genís, D., Silva, Y., Montalban, X., & Ramió-Torrentà, L. (2015). A randomized, controlled, single-blind, 6-month pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of MS-Line!: A cognitive rehabilitation programme for patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 21(10), 1332–1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458515572405
CR  - Gil-Pagés, M., Solana, J., Sánchez-Carrión, R., Tormos, J. M., Enseñat-Cantallops, A., & García-Molina, A. (2022). Functional improvement in chronic stroke patients when following a supervised home-based computerized cognitive training. Brain Injury, 36(12–14), 1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2022.2140832 
Gün, N., & Karcı, M. (2024). Parkinson Hastalığında Bilişsel Rehabilitasyon Yaklaşımları: Derleme. Balkan Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.61830/BALKANSBD.1461598
CR  - Hu, M., Wu, X., Shu, X., Hu, H., Chen, Q., Peng, L., & Feng, H. (2019). Effects of computerised cognitive training on cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, 268(5), 1680–1688. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-019-09522-7
CR  - Huang, Y. J., Lin, G. H., Lee, S. C., & Hsieh, C. L. (2020). A comparison of the responsiveness of the postural assessment scale for stroke and the berg balance scale in patients with severe balance deficits after stroke. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 43(4), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000247 
Jellinger, K. A. (2010). Basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration: A critical update. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 14(3), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01010.x
CR  - Kalb, R., Beier, M., Benedict, R. H. B., Charvet, L., Costello, K., Feinstein, A., Gingold, J., Goverover, Y., Halper, J., Harris, C., Kostich, L., Krupp, L., Lathi, E., LaRocca, N., Thrower, B., & DeLuca, J. (2018a). Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1352458518803785, 24(13), 1665–1680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458518803785
CR  - Kalb, R., Beier, M., Benedict, R. H. B., Charvet, L., Costello, K., Feinstein, A., Gingold, J., Goverover, Y., Halper, J., Harris, C., Kostich, L., Krupp, L., Lathi, E., LaRocca, N., Thrower, B., & DeLuca, J. (2018c). Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1352458518803785, 24(13), 1665–1680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458518803785
CR  - Karakaya, T., Fußer, F., Schroder, J., & Pantel, J. (2013). Pharmacological Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Prodromal Syndrome of Alzheimer’s Disease. Current Neuropharmacology, 11(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015913804999487
CR  - Koçancı, F. (n.d.). İleri Hücre Kültür Sistemleri: 4 Boyutlu (4B) Sistemlerin Getirdiği Yenilikler Ve Nörodejeneratif Hastalıklardaki Potansiyel Uygulamaları. https://www.net/publication/385765805
CR  - Koch-Henriksen, N., & Sørensen, P. S. (2010). The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. The Lancet Neurology, 9(5), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70064-8
CR  - Koepsell, T. D., & Monsell, S. E. (2012). Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-Normal cognition; Risk factors and prognosis. Neurology, 79(15), 1591–1598.https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0B013E31826E26B7/SUPPL_FILE/KOEPSELL.PDF
CR  - LaRocca, N. G., Hudson, L. D., Rudick, R., Amtmann, D., Balcer, L., Benedict, R., Bermel, R., Chang, I., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Chin, P., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Davis, M. D., DeLuca, J., Feys, P., Francis, G., Goldman, M. D., Hartley, E., Kapoor, R., … Weaver, J. (2018). The MSOAC approach to developing performance outcomes to measure and monitor multiple sclerosis disability. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 24(11), 1469–1484. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517723718
 
Lasaponara, S., Marson, F., Doricchi, F., & Cavallo, M. (2021). A Scoping Review of Cognitive Training in Neurodegenerative Diseases via Computerized and Virtual Reality Tools: What We Know So Far. Brain Sciences 2021, Vol. 11, Page 528, 11(5), 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/BRAINSCI11050528
CR  - Leung, I. H. K., Walton, C. C., Hallock, H., Lewis, S. J. G., Valenzuela, M., & Lampit, A. (2015a). Cognitive training in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology, 85(21), 1843–1851. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002145
CR  - Leung, N. T. Y., Tam, H. M. K., Chu, L. W., Kwok, T. C. Y., Chan, F., Lam, L. C. W., Woo, J., & Lee, T. M. C. (2015a). Neural Plastic Effects of Cognitive Training on Aging Brain. Neural Plasticity, 2015(1), 535618. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/535618
CR  - Li, R., Geng, J., Yang, R., Ge, Y., & Hesketh, T. (2022). Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training in Delaying Cognitive Function Decline in People With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(10). https://doi.org/10.2196/38624
CR  - Loewenstein, D. A., Acevedo, A., Czaja, S. J., & Duara, R. (2004a). Cognitive Rehabilitation of Mildly Impaired Alzheimer Disease Patients on Cholinesterase Inhibitors. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(4), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200407000-00007
CR  - Macías-García, D., Méndez-Del Barrio, C., Jesús, S., Labrador, M. A., Adarmes-Gómez, A., Vargas-González, L., Carrillo, F., Gómez-Garre, P., & Mir, P. (2019). Increased bilirubin levels in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 63, 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.012
CR  - Maggio, M. G., De Bartolo, D., Calabrò, R. S., Ciancarelli, I., Cerasa, A., Tonin, P., Di Iulio, F., Paolucci, S., Antonucci, G., Morone, G., & Iosa, M. (2023). Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation in neurological patients: state-of-art and future perspectives. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1255319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1255319
CR  - Mahncke, H. W., Bronstone, A., & Merzenich, M. M. (2006). Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention. Progress in Brain Research, 157, 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)57006-2
CR  - Marson, F., Lasaponara, S., & Cavallo, M. (2021). A Scoping Review of Neuromodulation Techniques in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Useful Tool for Clinical Practice? Medicina 2021, Vol. 57, Page 215, 57(3), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030215
CR  - Messinis, L., Kosmidis, M. H., Nasios, G., Konitsiotis, S., Ntoskou, A., Bakirtzis, C., Grigoriadis, N., Patrikelis, P., Panagiotopoulos, E., Gourzis, P., Malefaki, S., & Papathanasopoulos, P. (2020a). Do Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis patients benefit from Computer- based cognitive neurorehabilitation? A randomized sham controlled trial. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.101932
CR  - Messinis, L., Nasios, G., Kosmidis, M. H., Zampakis, P., Malefaki, S., Ntoskou, K., Nousia, A., Bakirtzis, C., Grigoriadis, N., Gourzis, P., & Papathanasopoulos, P. (2017). Efficacy of a Computer-Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation Intervention in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Behavioural Neurology, 2017(1), 5919841. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5919841
CR  - Mestre, T. A., & Shannon, K. (2017). Huntington disease care: From the past to the present, to the future. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 44, 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.08.009
CR  - Moustafaa, E. B. E. S., Darwish, M. H., El-Tamawy, M. S., & Abu Elkasem, S. T. (2022). Fatigue, cognition and inflammatory biomarkers changes in response to computer-based cognitive training in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation, 51(2), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-220001
CR  - Naeeni Davarani, M., Arian Darestani, A., Hassani-Abharian, P., Vaseghi, S., Zarrindast, M. R., & Nasehi, M. (2022a). RehaCom rehabilitation training improves a wide-range of cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 29(2), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2020.1747070
CR  - Nombela, C., Bustillo, P. J., Castell, P. F., Sanchez, L., Medina, V., & Herrero, M. T. (2011). Cognitive rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence from neuroimaging. Frontiers in Neurology, DEC, 13788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2011.00082
CR  - Nousia, A., Martzoukou, M., Siokas, V., Aretouli, E., Aloizou, A. M., Folia, V., Peristeri, E., Messinis, L., Nasios, G., & Dardiotis, E. (2019). Beneficial effect of computer-based multidomain cognitive training in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Applied Neuropsychology:Adult, 28, 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1692842
CR  - Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2003). Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature Neuroscience 2003 7:1, 7(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1165
CR  - Pais, R., Ruano, L., Carvalho, O. P., & Barros, H. (2020a). Global cognitive impairment prevalence and incidence in community dwelling older adults—a systematic review. Geriatrics (Switzerland), 5(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040084
CR  - Palmer, K., Fratiglioni, L., & Winblad, B. (2003). What is mild cognitive impairment? Variations in definitions and evolution of nondemented persons with cognitive impairment. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 107(179), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0404.107.S179.2.X
CR  - Parisi, L., Rocca, M. A., Mattioli, F., Copetti, M., Capra, R., Valsasina, P., Stampatori, C., & Filippi, M. (2014). Changes of brain resting state functional connectivity predict the persistence of cognitive rehabilitation effects in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 20(6), 686–694. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1352458513505692
CR  - Pawlukowska, W., Dobrowolska, N., Szylinska, A., Koziarska, D., Meller, A., Rotter, I., & Nowacki, P. (2020). Influence of RehaCom Therapy on the Improvement of Manual Skills in Multiple Sclerosis Subjects. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.5535/ARM.2020.44.2.142
CR  - Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., Ritchie, K., Rossor, M., Thal, L., & Winblad, B. (2001). Current Concepts in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58(12), 1985–1992. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHNEUR.58.12.1985
CR  - Poovaiah, N., Davoudi, Z., Peng, H., Schlichtmann, B., Mallapragada, S., Narasimhan, B., & Wang, Q. (2018). Treatment of neurodegenerative disorders through the blood–brain barrier using nanocarriers. Nanoscale, 10(36), 16962–16983. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR04073G
CR  - Rodríguez-Mora, Á., Cordón, J. R., de la Torre, G. G., & Mestre, J. M. (2020). The Impact of a Twelve-Month Comprehensive Program of Cognitive Training for Alzheimer Patients: A Pilot Study. Psychiatry International 2020, Vol. 1, Pages 83-97, 1(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.3390/PSYCHIATRYINT1020010
CR  - Rolinski, M., Fox, C., Maidment, I., & Mcshane, R. (2012). Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006504.PUB2/INFORMATION/EN
CR  - Rosti-Otajärvi, E., Ruutiainen, J., Huhtala, H., & Hämäläinen, P. (2014). Cognitive performance profile in different phenotypes of MS with cognitive complaints. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 3(4), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSARD.2014.01.003
CR  - Salvadori, E., Poggesi, A., Valenti, R., Della Rocca, E., Diciotti, S., Mascalchi, M., Inzitari, D., & Pantoni, L. (2016). The rehabilitation of attention in patients with mild cognitive impairment and brain subcortical vascular changes using the Attention Process Training-II. The RehAtt Study: rationale, design and methodology. Neurological Sciences, 37(10), 1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10072-016-2649-z.
CR  - Sastre-Garriga, J., Alonso, J., Renom, M., Arévalo, M. J., González, I., Galán, I., Montalban, X., & Rovira, A. (2010). A functional magnetic resonance proof of concept pilot trial of cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/1352458510389219, 17(4), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510389219
CR  - Seppi, K., Weintraub, D., Coelho, M., Perez-Lloret, S., Fox, S. H., Katzenschlager, R., Hametner, E. M., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., Goetz, C. G., & Sampaio, C. (2011). The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 26(S3), S42–S80. https://doi.org/10.1002/MDS.23884
CR  - Shah, Y., Tangalos, E. G., & Petersen, R. C. (2000). Mild cognitive impairment. When is it a precursor to Alzheimer’s disease? Geriatrics, 55(9), 62, 65–68. https://doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.07.006 0q 49-2918/06
CR  - Strober, L. B., Christodoulou, C., Benedict, R. H. B., Westervelt, H. J., Melville, P., Scherl, W. F., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Rizvi, S., Goodman, A. D., & Krupp, L. B. (2011). Unemployment in multiple sclerosis: the contribution of personality and disease. 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458511426735
CR  - Sümeyye, B., Polat, A., & Sarılar, A. C. (2022). The effects of computer-based cognitive training program on reaction times of patients with early stage Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury. Medical Science and Discovery, 9(2), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.36472/MSD.V9I2.683
CR  - Svenningsson, P., Westman, E., Ballard, C., & Aarsland, D. (2012). Cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment. The Lancet Neurology, 11(8), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70152-7
CR  - Walton, C. C., Mowszowski, L., Gilat, M., Hall, J. M., O’Callaghan, C., Muller, A. J., Georgiades, M., Szeto, J. Y. Y., Ehgoetz Martens, K. A., Shine, J. M., Naismith, S. L., & Lewis, S. J. G. (2018). Cognitive training for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Npj Parkinson’s Disease 2018 4:1, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-018-0052-6
CR  - Wüllner, U., Kaut, O., deBoni, L., Piston, D., & Schmitt, I. (2016). DNA methylation in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 139, 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/JNC.13646
CR  - Yamout, B. (2025). Update in multiple sclerosis. ENeurologicalSci, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2025.100553
CR  - Yeh, T. ting, Wu, C. yi, Hsieh, Y. wei, Chang, K. chou, Lee, L. chien, Hung, J. wen, Lin, K. chung, Teng, C. hung, & Liao, Y. han. (2017). Synergistic effects of aerobic exercise and cognitive training on cognition, physiological markers, daily function, and quality of life in stroke survivors with cognitive decline: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13063-017-2153-7
CR  - Zickefoose, S., Hux, K., Brown, J., & Wulf, K. (2013). Let the games begin: A preliminary study using Attention Process Training-3 and LumosityTM brain games to remediate attention deficits following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(6), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.775484
UR  - https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1655977
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4682549
ER  -