TY  - JOUR
T1  - Yeni Genomik Teknikler ve CRISPR-Cas9 Teknolojisi
AU  - Yilmaz, Batuhan Berk
AU  - Sireli, Ufuk Tansel
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
JF  - Akademik Et ve Süt Kurumu Dergisi
JO  - AESKD
PB  - Et ve Süt Kurumu
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2757-5470
SP  - 29
EP  - 38
IS  - 10
LA  - tr
AB  - Genom düzenleme teknolojileri alanında CRISPR-Cas9 (Düzenli Aralıklı Palindromik Tekrar Kümeleri)  teknolojisi devrim niteliğinde bir yenilik olup, tüm canlı hücrelerin genomları üzerinde düzenleme yapmaya imkan tanıyan bir uygulamadır. Bu çığır açıcı genom düzenleme yöntemi 2020 yılında, bu alandaki keşiflerinden ötürü Fransız mikrobiyolog Emmanuelle Charpentier ve Amerikalı biyokimyager Jennifer Doudna'ya Nobel Kimya Ödülü’nü kazandırdı. CRISPR-Cas9 teknolojisi, tıp, tarım ve biyoteknoloji gibi birçok alanda geniş bir uygulama potansiyeline sahiptir. Tarım uygulamalarında, bitkilerin besin değerlerinin iyileştirilmesini sağlarken, tıp alanında kanser, HIV ve Orak Hücre Anemisi gibi önemli hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bunların yanı sıra CRISPR teknolojisi, gen düzenlemeleri ile gen aktivasyonu veya baskılaması gibi işlevsel değişiklikler yapmak için de uygulanabilmektedir. Ancak teknolojinin klinik alanda kullanılmasını engelleyen bazı zorluklar mevcuttur; immün yanıtlar, hedef dışı etkiler ve etik sorunlar bu zorluklar arasında yer almaktadır. Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu’nun bu alanda henüz net bir yaklaşım geliştirememesi ve teknolojinin pratikteki uygulamaları için daha fazla iyileştirme gerekliliği, bu sorunların başlıcalarıdır. Bu derleme, CRISPR-Cas9 teknolojisinin potansiyelini ve karşılaştığı zorlukları ele alarak, gelecekteki gelişim ve uygulamalarına dair bilgiler sunmaktadır.
KW  - CRISPR-Cas9
KW  - Yeni Genomik Teknikler
KW  - Gen Düzenleme
KW  - Genetik Mühendisliği Tekniği
KW  - Gen Terapisi
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CR  - Ansorı̇, A. N., Antonı̇us, Y., Susı̇lo, R. J., Hayaza, S., Kharı̇sma, V. D., Saklanı̇, T., Rebezov, M., Ullah, M. E., Maksı̇mı̇uk, N., Derkho, M. ve Burkov, P. (2023). Application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology in various fields: a review. Narra J, 3(2), e184. https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v3i2.184
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CR  - Cong, L., Ran, F. A., Cox, D., Lı̇n, S., Barretto, R., Habı̇b, N., Hsu, P. D., Wu, X., Jı̇ang, W., Marraffı̇nı̇, L. A. ve Zhang, F. (2013). Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Sci̇ence, 339(6121), 819-823. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
CR  - Domı̇nguez, A. A., Lı̇m, W. A. ve Qı̇, L. S. (2016). Beyond editing: repurposing CRISPR- Cas9 for precision genome regulation and interrogation. Nature Revi̇ews Molecular Cell Bi̇ology, 17, 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2015.2
CR  - Doudna, J. A. ve Charpentier, E. (2014) The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.	 Science,	346(6213).	Article	ID: 1258096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096
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CR  - Hsu, P. D., Scott, D. A., Weı̇nsteı̇n, J. A., Ran, F. A., Konermann, S., Agarwala, V., Lı̇, Y., Fı̇ne, E. J., Wu, X., Shalem, O., Cradı̇ck, T. J., Marraffı̇nı̇, L. A., Bao, G. ve Zhang, F. (2013). DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. Nature, 31, 827–832. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2647
CR  - Jı̇nek, M., Chylı̇nskı̇, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A. ve Charpentı̇er, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Sci̇ence, 337(6096), 816-821. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
CR  - Kahrmann, J. ve Leggewi̇e, G. (2024). European commission’s plans for a special regulation of plants created by new genomic techniques . European Papers, (9), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/740
CR  - Koonı̇n, E. V. ve Makarova, K. S. (2017). Mobile genetic elements and evolution of CRISPR- Cas systems: all the way there and back. Genome Bi̇ology and Evoluti̇on, 9(10), 2812- 2825. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evx192
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CR  - Lı̇u, N. ve Olson, E. N. (2022). CRISPR modeling and correction of cardiovascular disease. Ci̇rculati̇on	Research,	130(12), 1827-1850. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.122.320496
CR  - Manı̇, I. (2021). CRISPR-Cas9 for treating hereditary diseases. Progress In Molecular Bi̇ology	and	Translati̇onal	Sci̇ence,	181, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.017
CR  - Mı̇ntz, R. L., Gao, M. A., Lo, K., Lao, Y., Lı̇, M. ve Leong, K. W. (2018). CRISPR technology for	breast	cancer:	diagnostics,	modeling,	and	therapy. Advanced Bi̇osystems, 2(11), 1800132. https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.201800132
CR  - O'Connell, M. R., Oakes, B. L., Sternberg, S. H., East-Seletsky, A., Kaplan, M. ve Doudna, J. A. (2014). Programmable RNA recognition and cleavage by CRISPR/Cas9. Nature, 516, 263-266. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13769
CR  - Okolı̇, A. S., Blı̇x, T., Myhr, A. I., Xu, W. ve Xu, X. (2022). Sustainable use of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture: the biosafety perspective. Transgeni̇c Research, 31, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-021-00274-7
CR  - Oye, K. A., Esvelt, K., Appleton, E., Catteruccı̇a, F., Church, G., Kuı̇ken, T., Lı̇ghtfoot, S. B., Mcnamara, J., Smı̇dler, A. ve Collı̇ns, J. P. (2014). Biotechnology. Regulating gene drives. Sci̇ence, 345(6197), 626-628. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254287
CR  - Parums, D. V. (2024). First regulatory approvals for CRISPR-Cas9 therapeutic gene editing for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. Medical Sci̇ence Moni̇tor, 30, e944204. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.944204
CR  - Rabaan, A. A., Alsaihati, H., Bukhamsin, R., Bakhrebah, M. A., Nassar, M. ve Alsaleh, A. (2023). Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Cancer Treatment: A Future Direction. Current Oncology, 30(2), 1954–1976. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020152
CR  - Ran, F. A., Hsu, P. D., Wrı̇ght, J., Agarwala, V., Scott, D. A. ve Zhang, F. (2013). Genome engineering using the crispr-cas9 system. Nature Protocols, 8, 2281–2308. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.143
CR  - Rı̇croch, A., Claı̇rand, P. ve Harwood, W. (2017). Use of crispr systems in plant genome editing: toward new opportunities in agriculture. Emergi̇ng Topi̇cs in Li̇fe Sci̇ences, 1(2), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1042/etls20170085
CR  - Roger, C. R., Thibier, M. ve Toppan, A. (2024). It is time to review the EU’s outdated rules on GMOs. Erişim adresi (12 Kasım 2024): https://www.europeanscientist.com/en/features/it-is-time-to- review-the-eus-outdated-rules-on-gmos-interview.
CR  - Sander, J. D. ve Joung, J. K. (2014). CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes. Nature Bi̇otechnology, 32(4), 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2842
CR  - Scheben, A., Wolter, F., Batley, J., Puchta, H. ve Edwards, D. (2017). Towards CRISPR/Cas crops - bringing together genomics and genome editing. The New Phytologi̇st, 216(3), 682-698. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14702
CR  - Schuster, F., Aldag, P., Frenzel, A., Hadeler, K., Lucas-Hahn, A., Nı̇emann, H. ve Petersen, B. (2020). Crispr/cas12a mediated knock-in of the polled celtic variant to produce a polled genotype in dairy cattle. Sci̇enti̇fi̇c Reports, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 020-70531-y
CR  - Selle, K. ve Barrangou, R. (2015). CRISPR-based technologies and the future of food science. Journal of Food Sci̇ence, 80(11), R2367-R2372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13094
CR  - Shan, Q., Wang, Y., Lı̇, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Lı̇ang, Z., Zhang, K., Lı̇u, J., Xı̇, J. J., Qı̇u, J. ve Gao, C. (2013). Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nature Bi̇otechnology, 31, 686-688. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2650
CR  - Shı̇n, J. W. ve Lee, J. (2017). The prospects of CRISPR-based genome engineering in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Therapeuti̇c Advances in Neurologi̇cal Di̇sorders. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285617741837
CR  - Sireli, U. T. (2024). Avrupa Birliği’nin Yeni Genomik Tekniklere Bakışı.
CR  - Wang, J. Y. ve Doudna, J. A. (2023). CRISPR technology: a decade of genome editing is only the beginning. Sci̇ence, 379(6629), eadd8643. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add8643
CR  - Weı̇, Y., Zhao, Z. ve Ma, X. (2022). Description of CRISPR-Cas9 development and its prospects in human papillomavirus-driven cancer treatment. Fronti̇ers in Immunology, 13, 1037124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1037124
CR  - Wolt, J. D., Wang, K. ve Yang, B. (2016). The regulatory status of genome-edited crops. Plant Bi̇otechnology Journal, 14(2), 510-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12444
CR  - Xue, C. ve Greene, E. C. (2021). DNA repair pathway choices in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome	editing. Trends in	Genetics, 37(7), 639-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2021.02.008
CR  - Yan, S., Tu, Z., Lı̇, S. ve Li, X. J. (2018). Use of CRISPR/Cas9 to model brain diseases. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Bi̇ologi̇cal Psychi̇atry, 81(2), 488-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.003
CR  - Zhang, H. ve Mccarty, N. (2016). CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its application in haematological disorders. Bri̇ti̇sh Journal of Haematology, 175(2), 208-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14297
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/aeskd/issue//1665683
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4725930
ER  -