TY  - JOUR
T1  - Kedi ve Köpek Pratiğinde Gözyaşının Tanısal Önemi: Biyobelirteç Olarak Yeni Ufuklar
TT  - Diagnostic Importance of Tears in Dog and Cat Practice: New Horizons as a Biomarker
AU  - Cafer, Said
AU  - Or, M. Erman
PY  - 2025
DA  - June
Y2  - 2025
JF  - Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi
JO  - Antakya Vet. Bil. Derg. (J. Antakya Vet. Sci.)
PB  - Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2979-9805
SP  - 21
EP  - 27
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
LA  - tr
AB  - Biyobelirteçlerin keşfi hem beşeri hem de veteriner tıbbında hastalıkların erken teşhisi ve önlenmesi için oldukça önemlidir. Gözyaşı, gözü dış etkenlerden koruyan ve yapısında belirli proteinler ve metabolitler bulunduran bir vücut sıvısıdır. Kandaki belirli bileşenleri yapısında bulundurur ve bu sebeple hem oküler hem de belirli sistemik hastalıklardan bazı belirteçler taşır. İnvaziv olmayan yollarla elde edilmesi sebebiyle, bir biyobelirteç olma potansiyelinde diğer vücut sıvılarından daha avantajlı bir konumdadır. Bu sebepten dolayı özellikle beşeri tıpta son yıllarda büyük ilgi toplamıştır ve özellikle Diabetes Mellitus, Alzheimer Hastalığı, Parkinson Hastalığı ve hatta Covid-19 alanlarında yeni çalışmalara imza atılmıştır. Fakat veteriner çalışmaları, beşeri tıbba göre oldukça sınırlıdır. Hem pratiklik hem de maliyet bakımından büyük bir potansiyel barındırmaktadır. Fakat sınırlı çalışmalar sebebiyle gözyaşının hem beşeri hem de veteriner tıbbında rutin tanı çalışmalarında kullanılmaya başlanabilmesi için daha fazla çalışmaya ve veriye ihtiyaç vardır. Bu derlemede günümüzde özellikle beşeri tıpta gözyaşının birer biyobelirteç olarak kullanımının, veteriner tıbbındaki konumu ve sistemik hastalıklardaki rolleri değerlendirilecek olup veteriner pratiğinde gözyaşına yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırılması hedeflenmektedir.
KW  - Gözyaşı
KW  - Biyobelirteç
KW  - Diabetes Mellitus.
N2  - The discovery of biomarkers is very important for the early diagnosis and prevention of diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. Tears are a body fluid that protects the eye from external factors and contains certain proteins and metabolites in its structure. It contains certain components in the blood and therefore carries some markers of both ocular and certain systemic diseases. Since it is obtained by non-invasive means, it has a more advantageous position than other body fluids in terms of its potential as a biomarker. For this reason, it has attracted great interest in human medicine in recent years, and new studies have been carried out especially in the fields of Diabetes Mellitus, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and even Covid-19. However, veterinary studies are quite limited compared to human medicine. It has great potential in terms of both practicality and cost. However, due to limited studies, more studies and data are needed before tears can be used in routine diagnostic studies in both human and veterinary medicine. In this review, the current use of tears as biomarkers, especially in human medicine, their position in veterinary medicine and their role in systemic diseases will be evaluated, and it is aimed to provide a new perspective on tears in veterinary practice.
CR  - Aupperle-Lellbach, H., Kehl, A., de Brot, S., & van der Weyden, L. (2024). Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Veterinary sciences, 11(5), 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050199
CR  - Barabino, S., Chen, W., & Dana, M. R. (2004). Tear film and ocular surface tests in animal models of dry eye: uses and limitations. Experimental eye research, 79(5), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.002
CR  - Beckwith-Cohen, B., Elad, D., Bdolah-Abram, T., & Ofri, R. (2014). Comparison of tear pH in dogs, horses, and cattle. American journal of veterinary research, 75(5), 494–499. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.5.494
CR  - Berger, S. L., & King, V. L. (1998). The fluctuation of tear production in the dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 34(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-34-1-79
CR  - Broadwater, J. J., Colitz, C., Carastro, S., & Saville, W. (2010). Tear production in normal juvenile dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology, 13(5), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00820.x
CR  - Cantero, F., Ortillés, Á., Teresa Peña, M., & Leiva, M. (2023). Prevalence of ocular findings and their association with glycemia in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A 10-year clinical study (2009-2019). Open veterinary journal, 13(5), 620–628. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i5.15
CR  - Csősz, É., Boross, P., Csutak, A., Berta, A., Tóth, F., Póliska, S., Török, Z., & Tőzsér, J. (2012). Quantitative analysis of proteins in the tear fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Journal of proteomics, 75(7), 2196–2204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.019
CR  - Davari, A., Tabandeh, M. R., Abarkar, M., & Torkaman, B. (2024). Tear cytokines as potential markers of inflammation in feline conjunctivitis. Veterinary ophthalmology, 10.1111/vop.13261. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13261
CR  - Davis, K., & Townsend, W. (2011). Tear-film osmolarity in normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis. Veterinary ophthalmology, 14 Suppl 1, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00916.x
CR  - de Freitas Campos, C., Cole, N., Van Dyk, D., Walsh, B. J., Diakos, P., Almeida, D., Torrecilhas, A., Laus, J. L., & Willcox, M. D. (2008). Proteomic analysis of dog tears for potential cancer markers. Research in veterinary science, 85(2), 349–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.11.006
CR  - Donat Almagro, L., Moutinho, I., Mendes de Oliveira, V., & Ferreira Gonçalves, G. (2024). Impact of stress on the tear production of healthy cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 26(3), 1098612X241233116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X241233116
CR  - Evans, V., Vockler, C., Friedlander, M., Walsh, B., & Willcox, M. D. (2001). Lacryglobin in human tears, a potential marker for cancer. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 29(3), 161–163. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.00408.x
CR  - Ghaffari, M. S., Malmasi, A., & Bokaie, S. (2010). Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats. Veterinary ophthalmology, 13(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00738.x
CR  - Ghosh, S., Ghosh, S., Azharuddin, M., Bera, S., Datta, H., & Dasgupta, A. (2014). Change in tear protein profile in diabetic retinopathy with duration of diabetes. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 8(4), 233–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2014.09.019
CR  - Guedes, P. E. B., Veloso, J. F., Lacerda, L. C., Santana, J. O., Mora-Ocampo, I. Y., Pirovani, C. P., Cruz, R. D. S., Munhoz, A. D., & Carlos, R. S. A. (2021). Protein expression of the tear film of domestic cats before and after inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii. BMC veterinary research, 17(1), 386. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03080-9
CR  - Hagan, S., Martin, E., & Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A. (2016). Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. The EPMA journal, 7(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13167-016-0065-3
CR  - Hartley, C., Williams, D. L., & Adams, V. J. (2006). Effect of age, gender, weight, and time of day on tear production in normal dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology, 9(1), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00437.x
CR  - Hasırcıoğlu, S., & Aslım, H. P. (2021). Detection of Canine Distemper Virus from Ocular Swab and Blood Samples in Dog by Real-Time RT-PCR Method. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14(4), 415-421.
CR  - Herring, I. P., Pickett, J. P., Champagne, E. S., & Marini, M. (2000). Evaluation of aqueous tear production in dogs following general anesthesia. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 36(5), 427–430. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-5-427
CR  - Inubushi, S., Kawaguchi, H., Mizumoto, S., Kunihisa, T., Baba, M., Kitayama, Y., Takeuchi, T., Hoffman, R. M., Tanino, H., & Sasaki, R. (2020). Oncogenic miRNAs Identified in Tear Exosomes From Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. Anticancer research, 40(6), 3091–3096. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.14290
CR  - Kenny, A., Jiménez-Mateos, E. M., Zea-Sevilla, M. A., Rábano, A., Gili-Manzanaro, P., Prehn, J. H. M., Henshall, D. C., Ávila, J., Engel, T., & Hernández, F. (2019). Proteins and microRNAs are differentially expressed in tear fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Scientific reports, 9(1), 15437. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51837-y
CR  - Knight, L. N., & Ben-Shlomo, G. (2020). Electrolyte composition of tears in normal dogs and its comparison to serum and plasma. Experimental Eye Research, 201, 108265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.108265
CR  - Lebrecht, A., Boehm, D., Schmidt, M., Koelbl, H., & Grus, F. H. (2009). Surface-enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry to Detect Breast Cancer Markers in Tears and Serum. Cancer genomics & proteomics, 6(2), 75–83.
CR  - Madruga, G. M., Ribeiro, A. P., & Martins, L. R. (2023). Effect of 0.15% sodium hyaluronate on tear film breakup time in healthy anesthetized cats. Veterinary ophthalmology, 26(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13030
CR  - Margadant, D. L., Kirkby, K., Andrew, S. E., & Gelatt, K. N. (2003). Effect of topical tropicamide on tear production as measured by Schirmer's tear test in normal dogs and cats. Veterinary ophthalmology, 6(4), 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00313.x
CR  - Nandi, S. K., Singh, D., Upadhay, J., Gupta, N., Dhiman, N., Mittal, S. K., & Mahindroo, N. (2021). Identification of tear-based protein and non-protein biomarkers: Its application in diagnosis of human diseases using biosensors. International journal of biological macromolecules, 193(Pt A), 838–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.198
CR  - Page, L., Allbaugh, R. A., Mochel, J. P., Peraza, J., Bertram, M., & Sebbag, L. (2020). Impact of diurnal variation, sex, tear collection method, and disease state on tear protein levels in dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology, 23(6), 994–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12840
CR  - Peche, N., Köstlin, R., Reese, S., & Pieper, K. (2015). Postanaesthetic tear production and ocular irritation in cats. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere, 43(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.15654/TPK-140182
CR  - Pieczyński, J., Szulc, U., Harazna, J., Szulc, A., & Kiewisz, J. (2021). Tear fluid collection methods: Review of current techniques. European journal of ophthalmology, 31(5), 2245–2251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672121998922
CR  - Proud, D., Sweet, J., Stein, P., Settipane, R. A., Kagey-Sobotka, A., Friedlaender, M. H., & Lichtenstein, L. M. (1990). Inflammatory mediator release on conjunctival provocation of allergic subjects with allergen. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 85(5), 896–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(90)90075-f
CR  - Raposo, A. C., Portela, R. D., Aldrovani, M., Barral, T. D., Cury, D., & Oriá, A. P. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Tear Composition in Humans, Domestic Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00283
CR  - Ritchoo, S., Havanapan, P. O., Phungthanom, N., Rucksaken, R., Muikaew, R., & Sussadee, M. (2022). Analysis and comparison of tear protein profiles in dogs using different tear collection methods. BMC veterinary research, 18(1), 442. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03543-7
CR  - Sebbag, L., Allbaugh, R. A., Wehrman, R. F., Uhl, L. K., Ben-Shlomo, G., Chen, T., & Mochel, J. P. (2019). Fluorophotometric Assessment of Tear Volume and Turnover Rate in Healthy Dogs and Cats. Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 35(9), 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2019.0038
CR  - Sebbag, L., Harrington, D. M., & Mochel, J. P. (2018). Tear fluid collection in dogs and cats using ophthalmic sponges. Veterinary ophthalmology, 21(3), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12502
CR  - Sebbag, L., Kass, P. H., & Maggs, D. J. (2015). Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 246(4), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.246.4.426
CR  - Sebbag, L., McDowell, E. M., Hepner, P. M., & Mochel, J. P. (2018). Effect of tear collection on lacrimal total protein content in dogs and cats: a comparison between Schirmer strips and ophthalmic sponges. BMC veterinary research, 14(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1390-7
CR  - Sebbag, L., Uhl, L. K., Schneider, B., Hayes, B., Olds, J., & Mochel, J. P. (2020). Investigation of Schirmer tear test-1 for measurement of tear production in cats in various environmental settings and with different test durations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 256(6), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.256.6.681
CR  - Shafi, S., Hassan, N., Bashir, S., & Dar, A. A. (2023). Role of biomarkers in veterinary medicine: A mini-review. Int J Vet Sci Anim Husbandry, 8(6S), 29-33.
CR  - Tan, W., Boveland, S., McMichael, M. A., Bustamante, H. A., Christopherson, P. W., Gerken, K. K., & Kuo, K. (2024). Agreement between lacrimal fluid and serum for detecting urea nitrogen and creatinine in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 262(12), 1650–1656. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.06.0391
CR  - Tarhan, D., ÜLGEN, S., ALKAN, F. A., Erdikmen, D. O., YARAMIŞ, Ç. P., Or, M. E., & BARUTÇU, Ü. B. (2016). Evaluation of tear and serum trace elements (copper, selenium, and cobalt) in sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 40(1), 34-39.
CR  - Veloso, J. F., Brandão Guedes, P. E., Lacerda, L. C., Santana, J. O., Mora-Ocampo, I. Y., Pirovani, C. P., Oriá, A. P., Munhoz, A. D., & Alberto Carlos, R. S. (2021). Tear Film Proteome of Healthy Domestic Cats. Veterinary medicine international, 2021, 8708023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8708023
CR  - von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul, N., Funke, S., & Grus, F. H. (2013). Tears as a source of biomarkers for ocular and systemic diseases. Experimental eye research, 117, 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.015
CR  - Winiarczyk, D., Winiarczyk, M., Balicki, I., Szadkowski, M., Michalak, K., Winiarczyk, S., & Adaszek, Ł. (2022). Proteomic Analysis of Tear Film in Canine Diabetic Patients with And Without Retinopathy. Journal of veterinary research, 66(4), 629–635. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0053
CR  - Winiarczyk, D., Winiarczyk, M., Winiarczyk, S., Michalak, K., & Adaszek, Ł. (2020). Proteomic Analysis of Tear Film Obtained from Diabetic Dogs. Animals, 10(12), 2416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122416
CR  - Xia, J., Tong, J., Liu, M., Shen, Y., & Guo, D. (2020). Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of medical virology, 92(6), 589–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25725
CR  - Zapata, G. L., Britos, R. M., Pintos, M. E., Dreizzen, E., Lausada, N. B., & Arauz, S. (2005). Tear urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in horse and their correlation with serum values. Veterinary ophthalmology, 8(3), 207–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00392.x
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/antakyavet/issue//1673250
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4760359
ER  -