TY  - JOUR
T1  - Dinsel Yönelim Depresyonu Nasıl Etkiler? Avusturyalı Müslüman-Türk Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması
TT  - How Does Religious Orientation Affect Depression? A Field Research on Austrian Muslim-Turkish Immigrants
AU  - Koç, Mustafa
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.55709/tetkik.1680195
JF  - Tetkik
JO  - Tetkik
PB  - Oku Okut Derneği
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2822-3322
SP  - 443
EP  - 479
IS  - 8
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu makale, Avrupa’da en yoğun Türkiye kökenli göçmen nüfusa sahip ülkelerden biri olması nedeniyle seçilen Avusturya’da yaşayan Müslüman-Türk göçmen bireylerin dinsel yönelim biçimlerinin depresyon düzeyleri üzerindeki etkilerini çok boyutlu bir yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, iç-güdümlü ve dış-güdümlü dinsel yönelimlerin depresyonun bilişsel, duygusal ve somatik alt boyutlarıyla ilişkilerini betimleyici ve karşılaştırmalı nicel analizlerle değerlendirmektir. 2025 yılında gerçekleştirilen saha araştırmasında, yaş, cinsiyet, sosyo-ekonomik düzey, medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi, meslek türü ve diasporik yaşam süresi açısından çeşitlilik gösteren 560 kişilik Müslüman-Türk göçmen örnekleminden elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Her Yaş İçin Uygun Dinsel Eğilim Ölçeği ve Beck Depresyon Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 26.0 programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiş; korelasyon analizi, bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (anova) gibi parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, iç-güdümlü dinsel yönelimin depresyonun tüm alt boyutlarıyla negatif ve anlamlı ilişkiler kurduğunu; dış-güdümlü dinsel yönelimin ise bu boyutlarla pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. İç-güdümlü dindarlığın psikolojik esneklik, bilişsel tutarlılık ve ruhsal bütünlük sağlayarak depresif belirtileri azaltabileceği; dış-güdümlü dinsel yönelimin ise yüzeysel ve dışsal motivasyonlara dayalı inanç biçimleri nedeniyle psikolojik kırılganlıkla ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, sosyo-demografik değişkenlerin ise hem dinsel yönelim hem de depresyon düzeyleri üzerinde anlamlı etkileri olduğu saptanmıştır.
KW  - Din Psikolojisi
KW  - İç-güdümlü Dinsel Yönelim
KW  - Dış-güdümlü Dinsel Yönelim
KW  - Depresyon
KW  - Müslüman-Türk Göçmenler
N2  - This article investigates, through a multidimensional approach, the impact of religious orientation patterns on the levels of depression among Muslim-Turkish migrant individuals residing in Austria, a country with one of the largest Turkish-origin populations in Europe. The primary objective of the research is to evaluate, via descriptive and comparative quantitative analyses, the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations and the cognitive, affective, and somatic subdimensions of depression. The field study, conducted in 2025, utilized data collected from a sample of 560 Muslim-Turkish migrants diverse in terms of age, gender, socio-economic status, marital status, educational background, type of occupation, and length of diasporic residence. Data collection instruments included the Personal Information Form, the Age-Universal Religious Orientation Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed through SPSS 26.0 software using parametric tests, including correlation analysis, independent samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (anova). The findings reveal that intrinsic religious orientation is negatively and significantly associated with all subdimensions of depression, while extrinsic religious orientation demonstrates positive and statistically significant correlations with these dimensions. These results suggest that intrinsic religiosity, by fostering psychological flexibility, cognitive coherence, and spiritual integrity, may mitigate depressive symptoms, while extrinsic religiosity, grounded in superficial and externally motivated belief structures, tends to be associated with heightened psychological vulnerability. Moreover, socio-demographic variables were found to exert significant effects on both religious orientations and depression levels.
CR  - Abu-Raiya, Hişam - Kenneth I. Pargament. “Religious Coping among Diverse Religions: Commonalities and Divergences.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 7/1 (2015), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037652
CR  - Abu-Raiya, Hişam vd. “Religious Coping, Health, and Well-Being among Jews and Muslims in Israel.” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 30/3 (2020), 202-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1727692
CR  - Allport, Gordon W. - J. Michael Ross. “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5/4 (1967), 432-443. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021212
CR  - Ano, Gene G. - Erin B. Vasconcelles. “Religious Coping and Psychological Adjustment to Stress: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Psychology 61/4 (2005), 461-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
CR  - Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. “Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens through the Twenties.” American Psychologist 55/5 (2000), 469-480.
CR  - Beck, Aaron T. vd. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Publications, 2024.
CR  - Beck, Aaron T. vd. Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II) [Database record]. APA PsycTests, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000
CR  - Berry, John W. “Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation.” Applied Psychology: An International Review 46/1 (1997), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
CR  - Bhugra, Dinesh - Matthew A. Becker. “Migration, Cultural Bereavement and Cultural Identity.” World Psychiatry 4/1 (2005), 18-24.
CR  - Bhugra, Dinesh - Oyedeji Ayonrinde. “Depression in Migrants and Ethnic Minorities.” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 10/1 (2004), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.1.13
CR  - Büyüköztürk, Şener vd. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2017.
CR  - Cohen, Adam B. - Harold G. Koenig. “Religion, Religiosity and Spirituality in the Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Ageing.” Ageing International 28/3 (2003), 215-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-002-1005-1
CR  - Creswell, John W. - J. David Creswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2017.
CR  - Daher-Nashif vd. “Islam and Mental Disorders of the Older Adults: Religious Text, Belief System and Caregiving Practices.” Journal of Religion and Health 60/3 (2021), 2051-2065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01094-5
CR  - Dezutter, Jessie vd. “Religiosity and Mental Health: A Further Exploration of the Relative Importance of Religious Behaviors vs. Religious Attitudes.” Personality and Individual Differences 40/4 (2006), 807-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.014
CR  - Donahue, Michael J. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiousness: Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48/2 (1985), 400-419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.400
CR  - El-Awad, Usame vd. “Different Relations of Religion and Mental Health: Comparing Middle Eastern Muslim Refugee and Immigrant Adolescents.” European Journal of Health Psychology 29/1 (2022), 26-37. https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000100
CR  - Ellison, Christopher G. vd. “The Couple That Prays Together: Race and Ethnicity, Religion, and Relationship Quality among Working‐Age Adults.” Journal of Marriage and Family 72/4 (2010), 963-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00742.x
CR  - Exline, Julie Juola vd. “Guilt, Discord, and Alienation: The Role of Religious Strain in Depression and Suicidality.” Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/12 (2000), 1481-1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12
 <1481::AID-1>3.0.CO;2-A
CR  - Exline, Julie Juola. “Religious and Spiritual Struggles.” APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, ed. Kenneth I. Pargament, Julie J. Exline ve James W. Jones, 459-475. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-025
CR  - Gallo, Linda C. - Karen A. Matthews. “Understanding the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health: Do Negative Emotions Play a Role?” Psychological Bulletin 129/1 (2003), 10-51. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.129.1.10
CR  - Genia, Vicky. “A Psychometric Evaluation of the Allport-Ross I/E Scales in a Religiously Heterogeneous Sample.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32/3 (1993), 284-290. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386667
CR  - Gorsuch, Richard L. “Toward Motivational Theories of Intrinsic Religious Commitment.” The Psychology of Religion, ed. Bernard Spilka ve Daniel N. McIntosh, 11-24. New York: Routledge, 2018.
CR  - Gorsuch, Richard L. - G. Daniel Venable. “Development of an ‘Age Universal’ I-E Scale.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 22/2 (1983), 181-187. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385677
CR  - Güven, Hülya. Depresyon ve Dindarlık İlişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2008.
CR  - Hackney, Charles H. - Glenn S. Sanders. “Religiosity and Mental Health: A Meta–Analysis of Recent Studies.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42/1 (2003), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
CR  - Holt-Lunstad, Julianne vd. “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review.” PLoS Medicine 7/7 (2010), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
CR  - King, Pamela Ebstyne - James L. Furrow. “Religion as a Resource for Positive Youth Development: Religion, Social Capital, and Moral Outcomes.” Developmental Psychology 40/5 (2004), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.34
CR  - Koenig, Harold G. “Religion and Medicine II: Religion, Mental Health, and Related Behaviors.” The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31/1 (2001), 97-109. https://doi.org/10.2190/BK1B-18TR-X1NN-36GG
CR  - Koenig, Harold G. “Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications.” International Scholarly Research Notices 1 (2012), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
CR  - Koenig, Harold G. Religion and Mental Health: Research and Clinical Applications. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2018.
CR  - Koenig, Harold G. - David B. Larson. “Religion and Mental Health: Evidence for an Association.” International Review of Psychiatry 13/2 (2001), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260124661
CR  - Koenig, Harold G. vd. “Religiosity and Remission of Depression in Medically Ill Older Patients.” American Journal of Psychiatry 155/4 (1998), 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.4.536
CR  - Koenig, Harold G. vd. Handbook of Religion and Health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
CR  - Krause, Neal. “Exploring the Stress-Buffering Effects of Church-Based and Secular Social Support on Self-Rated Health in Late Life.” The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 61/1 (2006), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.S35
CR  - Krause, Neal. “Stressors Arising in Highly Valued Roles, Meaning in Life, and the Physical Health Status of Older Adults.” The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 59/5 (2004), 287-297. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.5.S287
CR  - Levin, Jeff. God, Faith, and Health: Exploring the Spirituality-Healing Connection. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
CR  - Levin, Jeffrey S. “Religion and Health: Is There an Association, Is It Valid, and Is It Causal?” Social Science & Medicine 38/11 (1994), 1475-1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90109-0
CR  - Miller, William R. - Carl E. Thoresen. “Spirituality, Religion, and Health: An Emerging Research Field.” American Psychologist 58/1 (2003), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24
CR  - Moreno, Oswaldo - Esteban Cardemil. “The Role of Religious Attendance on Mental Health among Mexican Populations: A Contribution toward the Discussion of the Immigrant Health Paradox.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 88/1 (2018), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000214
CR  - Moreno, Oswaldo vd. “Vaya con Dios: The Influence of Religious Constructs on Stressors around the Migration Process and US Lived Experiences among Latina/o Immigrants.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17/11 (2020), 3961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113961
CR  - Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
CR  - Pargament, Kenneth I. vd. “Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Major Life Stressors.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37/4 (1998), 710-724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
CR  - Park, Crystal L. “Religion as a Meaning-Making Framework in Coping with Life Stress.” Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian ve Crystal L. Park, 295-314. New York: Guilford Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x
CR  - Piedmont, Ralph L. “The Role of Personality in Understanding Religious and Spiritual Constructs.” Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian ve Crystal L. Park, 253-272. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.
CR  - Pirutinsky, Steven vd. “Does Negative Religious Coping Accompany, Precede, or Follow Depression among Orthodox Jews?” Journal of Affective Disorders 132/3 (2011), 401-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.015
CR  - Roberts, Bertram H. - Jerome K. Myers. “Religion, National Origian, Immigration, and Mental Illness.” American Journal of Psychiatry 110/10 (1954), 759-764. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.110.10.759
CR  - Sağlam, Esra. “Avusturya’daki Türk Göçmenlerin Entegrasyon Algıları.” Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 3/1 (2017), 140-169.
CR  - Savaşır, Işık - Nesrin Hisli Şahin. Bilişsel-Davranışçı Terapilerde Değerlendirme: Sık Kullanılan Ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 1997.
CR  - Schieman, Scott vd. “The Sense of Divine Control and Psychological Distress: Variations across Race and Socioeconomic Status.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45/4 (2006), 529-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00326.x
CR  - Schieman, Scott. “Age, Education, and the Sense of Control: A Test of the Cumulative Advantage Hypothesis.” Research on Aging 23/2 (2001), 153-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027501232002
CR  - Schieman, Scott. “The Education‐Contingent Association between Religiosity and Health: The Differential Effects of Self‐Esteem and the Sense of Mastery.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47/4 (2008), 710-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00436.x
CR  - Statistik Austria. Migration & Integration. Zahlen, Daten, Indikatoren 2016. Wien: Statistik Austria, 2015.
CR  - Türkçapar, M. Hakan. Depresyon: Klinik Uygulamada Bilişsel-Davranışçı Terapi. 13. Baskı. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi, 2020.
CR  - Wink, Paul - Michele Dillon. “Spiritual Development across the Adult Life Course: Findings from a Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Adult Development 9/1 (2002), 79-94.
CR  - World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. https://apps.who.int
 (Erişim: Nisan 2025).
CR  - Zinnbauer, Brian J. - Kenneth I. Pargament. “Religiousness and Spirituality.” Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian ve Crystal L. Park, 21-42. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.55709/tetkik.1680195
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4790634
ER  -