TY  - JOUR
T1  - Zihni Beyinden Kurtarmak: Yayılmış Zihin Hipotezi
TT  - LIBERATING THE MIND FROM THE BRAIN: THE EXTENDED MIND HYPOTHESIS
AU  - Demir, Vehbi Metin
PY  - 2025
DA  - October
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.28949/bilimname.1691137
JF  - Bilimname
PB  - Erciyes Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1304-1878
SP  - 207
EP  - 222
IS  - 54
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu makale, zihni beyin merkezli yaklaşımlardan kurtararak beden, çevre ve kültürel araçlar bağlamında genişleten “yayılmış zihin” hipotezini felsefi bir arka plan ve çağdaş literatür ışığında ele almaktadır. Makale, zihin felsefesi tarihinde indirgemeci materyalizm, işlevselcilik ve bedenli biliş yaklaşımları arasındaki tartışmaları inceleyerek, zihnin yalnızca kafatası içinde değil, bedenin ve çevrenin aktif unsurlarıyla birlikte belirdiğini savunur. David Chalmers, Andy Clark ve diğer filozofların katkılarıyla yaygınlaşan bu teori, düşünsel süreçlerin harici araçlarla (defter, bilgisayar, sembol vs.) eş zamanlı olarak yürütülebileceğini ve bu araçların zihinsel süreçlerin kurucu unsurları olarak kabul edilmesi gerektiğini ileri sürer. Bu bağlamda Clark ve Chalmers’ın denklik ilkesi öne çıkar. Makale ayrıca, bu teze yöneltilen eleştirileri (Adams & Aizawa, Rupert), bilişsel bütünleşme, kültürel entegrasyon ve maddi angajman gibi yeni sentez yaklaşımlarıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirir. Son olarak, öngörücü işlemleme (predictive processing) gibi nörobilimsel modellerin ve bilişsel evrim teorilerinin yayılmış zihin hipotezini nasıl desteklediği gösterilir. Böylece zihnin sadece biyolojik değil, çevresel ve kültürel olarak da şekillendiği iddia edilir. Yayılmış zihin hipotezi, analitik felsefenin en yoğun gündemi olan çağdaş zihin felsefesinin en üretken ve çok disiplinli yaklaşımlarından biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır.
KW  - : Felsefe Tarihi
KW  - Yayılmış zihin
KW  - Andy Clark
KW  - denklik ilkesi
KW  - kültürel entegrasyon
N2  - This article critically examines the “extended mind” hypothesis, which challenges brain-centered views of the mind and emphasizes its emergence through the interaction between body, environment, and cultural tools. Tracing philosophical debates from reductive materialism to functionalism and embodied cognition, the paper argues that mental processes are not confined within the skull but arise from dynamic engagement with bodily and external structures. Developed by philosophers such as David Chalmers and Andy Clark, the theory claims that external tools (e.g., notebooks, computers, symbols) can function as constitutive parts of cognitive systems. Central to this approach is the “parity principle,” which asserts that internal and external cognitive processes should be treated equally if they play the same functional role. The article also addresses critiques of the hypothesis (notably by Adams & Aizawa and Rupert) and explores alternative models such as cognitive integration, cultural integration, and material engagement. It further shows how neuroscientific frameworks like predictive processing and theories of cognitive evolution support the plausibility of extended cognition. Ultimately, the paper defends the idea that the mind is not solely a biological phenomenon but a culturally and environmentally distributed process. The extended mind hypothesis emerges as one of the most innovative and interdisciplinary approaches in contemporary philosophy of mind.
CR  - Adams, F., & Aizawa, K. (2001). The bounds of cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 14(1), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080120033571
CR  - Adams, F., & Aizawa, K. (2009). Why the Mind Is Still in the Head. İçinde P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition (1. bs, ss. 78-95). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816826.005
CR  - Adams, F., & Aizawa, K. (2010a). Defending the Bounds of Cognition. İçinde R. Menary (Ed.), The Extended Mind (ss. 67-80). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0004
CR  - Adams, F., & Aizawa, K. (2010b). The bounds of cognition. Wiley-Blackwell.
CR  - Anderson, M. L., Richardson, M. J., & Chemero, A. (2012). Eroding the Boundaries of Cognition: Implications of Embodiment. Topics in Cognitive Science, 4(4), 717-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01211.x
CR  - Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756-756. https://doi.org/10.1038/35784
CR  - Bourbaki, R. (2021, Ekim 25). Genişletilmiş Zihin (E. C. Esgiyusufo, Çev.). Öncül Analitik Felsefe.
CR  - Clark, A. (2003). Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Clark, A. (2005). Intrinsic content, active memory and the extended mind. Analysis, 65(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/65.1.1
CR  - Clark, A. (2007). Curing Cognitive Hiccups: A Defense Of The Extended Mind. Journal of Philosophy, 104(4), 163-192. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil2007104426
CR  - Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333213.001.0001
CR  - Clark, A. (2010a). Coupling, Constitution, and the Cognitive Kind: A Reply to Adams and Aizawa. İçinde R. Menary (Ed.), The Extended Mind (ss. 81-99). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0005
CR  - Clark, A. (2010b). Memento’s Revenge: The Extended Mind, Extended. İçinde R. Menary (Ed.), The Extended Mind (ss. 43-66). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0003
CR  - Clark, A. (2015). Radical Predictive Processing. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 53(S1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12120
CR  - Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The Extended Mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7
CR  - Constant, A., Clark, A., Kirchhoff, M., & Friston, K. J. (2022). Extended active inference: Constructing predictive cognition beyond skulls. Mind & Language, 37(3), 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12330
CR  - Crisafi, A., & Gallagher, S. (2010). Hegel and the extended mind. AI & SOCIETY, 25(1), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0239-9
CR  - De Bruin, L. (2018). False-Belief Understanding, 4E Cognition, and Predictive Processing. Içinde A. Newen, L. De Bruin, & S. Gallagher (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (1. bs, ss. 493-512). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.013.26
CR  - De Vignemont, F. (2018). The Extended Body Hypothesis: Referred Sensations from Tools to Peripersonal Space. Içinde A. Newen, L. De Bruin, & S. Gallagher (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (1. bs, ss. 389-404). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.013.20
CR  - Doğan, M. (2023). Kafatasından Öteye Geçen Zihin: Zihnimin Sınırı Dünyamın Sınırı Olabilir Mi? İçinde F. Çakmak (Ed.), Sosyal & Beşerî Bilimler Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar III (C. 3, ss. 165-180). Gece Kitaplığı.
CR  - Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787
CR  - Gallagher, S. (2005). How the Body Shapes the Mind (1. bs). Oxford University PressOxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199271941.001.0001
CR  - Gallagher, S. (2023). Embodied and enactive approaches to cognition. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009209793
CR  - Heil, J. (2021). Zihin Felsefesi: Çağdaş Bir Giriş (S. Akbıyık & M. Bilgili, Çev.; 1. bs). Küre Yayınları.
CR  - Hohwy, J. (2013). The predictive mind. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Kirchhoff, M., Parr, T., Palacios, E., Friston, K., & Kiverstein, J. (2018). The Markov blankets of life: Autonomy, active inference and the free energy principle. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 15(138), 20170792. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0792
CR  - Kiverstein, J. (2018). Extended Cognition. İçinde The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (ss. 19-40). Oxford University Press.
CR  - Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, J., & Feldman, M. W. (2000). Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(1), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00002417
CR  - Malafouris, L. (2013). How Things Shape the Mind: A Theory of Material Engagement. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9476.001.0001
CR  - Malafouris, L. (2015). Metaplasticity and the Primacy of Material Engagement. Time and Mind, 8(4), 351-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2015.1111564
CR  - Malafouris, L. (2018). Bringing things to mind: 4Es and Material Engagement. Içinde A. Newen, L. De Bruin, & S. Gallagher (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (1. bs, ss. 755-772). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.013.40
CR  - Maravita, A., Spence, C., & Driver, J. (2003). Multisensory integration and the body schema: Close to hand and within reach. Current Biology, 13(13), R531-R539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00449-4
CR  - Menary, R. (2007). Cognitive integration: Mind and cognition unbounded. Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Menary, R. (2018). Cognitive Integration: How Culture Transforms Us and Extends Our Cognitive Capabilities. 
Içinde A. Newen, L. De Bruin, & S. Gallagher (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (1. bs, ss. 187-216). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.013.10
CR  - Odling-Smee, F. J., Lala, K., & Feldman, M. W. (2003). Niche construction: The neglected process in evolution (Online-Ausg). Princeton University Press.
CR  - Paul, A. M. (2022). Genişletilmiş Zihin: Beynimizin Ötesinde Düşünmenin Gücü (O. Özaltın, Çev.; 1. bs). Serenad.
CR  - Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (1997). The Space Around Us. Science, 277(5323), 190-191. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5323.190
CR  - Rowlands, M. (2018). Disclosing the World: Intentionality and 4E Cognition. Içinde A. Newen, L. De Bruin, & S. Gallagher (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (1. bs, ss. 335-352). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.013.17
CR  - Rupert, R. D. (2004). Challenges to the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition: Journal of Philosophy, 101(8), 389-428. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil2004101826
CR  - Sterelny, K. (2010). Minds: Extended or scaffolded? Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 465-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9174-y
CR  - Sterelny, K. (2018). Culture and the Extended Phenotype: Cognition and Material Culture in Deep Time. Içinde A. Newen, L. De Bruin, & S. Gallagher (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition (1. bs, ss. 773-792). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.013.41
CR  - Stotz, K. (2010). Human nature and cognitive–developmental niche construction. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 483-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9178-7
CR  - Sutton, J. (2010). Exograms and Interdisciplinarity: History, the Extended Mind, and the Civilizing Process. İçinde R. Menary (Ed.), The Extended Mind (ss. 189-225). The MIT Press. 
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0009
CR  - Wheeler, M. (2010). In Defense of Extended Functionalism. İçinde R. Menary (Ed.), The Extended Mind (ss. 244-270). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0011
CR  - Wilson, M. (1994). What is it Like to Be a Robot? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 1(2), 355-368.
CR  - Wilson, R. A., & Clark, A. (2001). How to Situate Cognition: Letting Nature Take Its Course. İçinde P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition (1. bs, ss. 55-77). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816826.004
CR  - Wilson, R. A., & Clark, A. (2009). How to Situate Cognition: Letting Nature Take Its Course. İçinde P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition (1. bs, ss. 55-77). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816826.004
UR  - https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1691137
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4835682
ER  -