TY  - JOUR
T1  - Taekwondo Sporcularının Esneklik Dikey Sıçrama ve Denge Performanslarının İncelenmesi
TT  - Examınatıon Of Flexıbılıty Vertıcal Jump And Balance Performance In Taekwondo Athletes
AU  - Civan, Alirıza Han
AU  - Uzun, Mahmut Esat
AU  - Bezci, Şakir
AU  - Yayvan, Emine
AU  - Şahin, Musa
AU  - Köktaş, Ensar
AU  - Doğan, İsa
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.38021/asbid.1691442
JF  - Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science
JO  - MJSS
PB  - Hasan ŞAHAN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2667-5463
SP  - 465
EP  - 477
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu çalışma, yaşları 12–15 yıl olan aktif olarak antrenman yapan 16 erkek (yaş 13,50±1,15 yıl, boy 151,31±9,76 cm, vücut ağırlığı 42,41±8,96 kg) ve 16 kadın (yaş 13,50±1,15 yıl, boy 157,18±9,86 cm, vücut ağırlığı 49,43±12,13 kg) olmak üzere toplam 32 taekwondo sporcusunun esneklik, dikey sıçrama ve denge performanslarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Katılımcılar, 5 dakikalık standart bir ısınma protokolünü tamamladıktan sonra esneklik, dikey sıçrama ve denge performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Fiziksel performans ölçümleri, cinsiyet değişkenine göre analiz edilmiştir. Normal dağılım gösteren test parametrelerinin bağımsız gruplar arasında karşılaştırılmasında Independent Samples T-Testi kullanılmış; iki sürekli değişken arasındaki doğrusal ilişkinin yönü ve gücünü belirlemek amacıyla ise Pearson korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre, kadın sporcuların esneklik performansları erkek sporculara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunurken (p0.05). Erkek sporcuların esneklik ile dikey sıçrama performansları arasında güçlü ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. Ancak esneklik ile denge performansları arasındaki ilişkinin zayıf ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Kadın sporcularda ise esneklik, dikey sıçrama ve denge performansları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir.  Sonuç olarak, cinsiyete bağlı farklı motorik özelliklerin taekwondo performansı üzerinde belirleyici etkiler gösterdiği görülmektedir. Bu durum, sporcuların bireysel farklılıklarının göz önünde bulundurulmasını ve antrenman programlarının sadece genel performans geliştirmeyi değil, aynı zamanda cinsiyet temelli fizyolojik ve motorik özelliklere göre özelleştirilmiş içeriklerle yapılandırılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, performans optimizasyonu ve yaralanma riskinin azaltılması açısından birey odaklı, bilimsel temelli ve ihtiyaç analizine dayalı antrenman yaklaşımlarının benimsenmesi önerilmektedir.
KW  - Denge
KW  - Dikey Sıçrama
KW  - Esneklik
KW  - Performans
KW  - Taekwondo
N2  - This study aims to examine the flexibility, vertical jump, and balance performance of a total of 32 actively training taekwondo athletes aged between 12 and 15 years, including 16 males (age: 13.50 ± 1.15 years, height: 151.31 ± 9.76 cm, body weight: 42.41 ± 8.96 kg) and 16 females (age: 13.50 ± 1.15 years, height: 157.18 ± 9.86 cm, body weight: 49.43 ± 12.13 kg). After completing a standardized 5-minute warm-up protocol, participants were assessed for flexibility, vertical jump, and balance performance. The physical performance measurements were analyzed according to the gender variable. For test parameters that demonstrated a normal distribution, the Independent Samples T-Test was used to compare independent groups. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis was employed to determine the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables. According to the data obtained, female athletes demonstrated significantly higher flexibility performance than male athletes (p0.05). A strong and positive correlation was identified between flexibility and vertical jump performance in male athletes. However, the relationship between flexibility and balance performance was weak and statistically non-significant. In female athletes, no significant correlation was found among flexibility, vertical jump, and balance performance. In conclusion, gender-specific differences in motor skills appear to have a decisive influence on taekwondo performance. This highlights the necessity of considering individual differences and structuring training programs not only to enhance overall performance but also to tailor them according to gender-based physiological and motor characteristics. In this context, the adoption of individualized, scientifically grounded, and needs-based training approaches is recommended to optimize performance and reduce the risk of injury.
CR  - Avramov, D. (2024). Level of flexıbılıty ın taekwondo athletes 7-9 and 10-11 years old. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 8, 45-53.
CR  - Beato, M., Bianchi, M., Coratella, G., Merlini, M., & Drust, B. (2018). Effects of plyometric and directional training on speed and jump performance in elite youth soccer players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(2), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002371
CR  - Bosco, C. (1999). Strength assessment with the Bosco’s test (pp. 68–74). Italian Society of Sports Science.
CR  - Bouhlel, E., Jouini, A., Gmada, N., Nefzi, A., Abdallah, K. B., & Tabka, Z. (2006). Heart rate and blood lactate responses during Taekwondo training and competition. Science & Sports, 21(5), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2006.07.001
CR  - Bridge, C. A., Jones, M. A., Hitchen, P., & Sanchez, X. (2007). Heart rate responses to Taekwondo training in experienced practitioners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 718–723.
CR  - Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (24. baskı). PEGEM Akademi Yayıncılık. ISBN: 9789756802748
CR  - Chiodo, S., Tessitore, A., Lupo, C., Ammendolia, A., Cortis, C., & Capranica, L. (2012). Effects of official youth Taekwondo competitions on jump and strength performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.545838
CR  - Daly, R. M., Bass, S. L., & Finch, C. F. (2001). Balancing the risk of injury to gymnasts: How effective are counter measures? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.1.8
CR  - Dotan, R., Mitchell, C., Cohen, R., Klentrou, P., Gabriel, D., & Falk, B. (2012). Child–adult differences in muscle activation: A review. Pediatric Exercise Science, 24(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.24.1.2
CR  - Douris, P., Chinan, A., Gomez, M., Aw, A., Steffens, D., & Weiss, S. (2004). Fitness levels of middle-aged martial art practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(2), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.001438
CR  - Erie, Z. Z., Aiwa, N., & Pieter, W. (2007). Profiling of physical fitness of Malaysian recreational adolescent Taekwondo practitioners. Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 12, 57–66.
CR  - Fong, S. S., Fu, S. N., & Ng, G. Y. (2012). Taekwondo training speeds up the development of balance and sensory functions in young adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 64–68. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.07.003
CR  - Guskiewicz, K. M. (2011). Balance assessment in the management of sport-related concussion. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 30(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.006
CR  - Han, Z., & Ju, H. (2025). Effects of Taekwondo intervention on balance ability: A meta-analysis and systematic review. PloS one, 20(2), e0317844.
CR  - Heller, J., Peric, T., Dlouha, R., Kohlikova, E., Melichna, J., & Novakova, H. (1998). Physiological profiles of male and female Taekwondo (ITF) black belts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 16(3), 243–249. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/026404198366768
CR  - Hughes, S., Chapman, D. W., Haff, G. G., & Nimphius, S. (2019). The use of a functional test battery as a non-invasive method of fatigue assessment. PlosOne, 14(2), e0212870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212870
CR  - Kang, J., Park, J., & Johnson, J. A. (2021). Comparison of isokinetic muscle function and anaerobic exercise capacity in the knee according to Kukki Taekwondo training type. Physical Activity Review, 2(9), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.05
CR  - Karlsson, A., & Frykberg, G. (2000). Correlations between force plate measures for assessment of balance. Clinical Biomechanics, 15(5), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(99)00096-1
CR  - Kim, H. M., & Lee, S. Y. (2011). Isokinetic strength capacity between elite athletes and Taekwondo player. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 12(6), 2691–2697. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2011.12.6.2691
CR  - Kim, Y. J., Baek, S. H., Park, J. B., Choi, S. H., Lee, J. D., & Nam, S. S. (2021). The psychosocial effects of Taekwondo training: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111427
CR  - Koshcheyev, A. (2019). Technical training in the non-Olympic Taekwondo (poomsae) direction during the initial preparation phase. Physical Culture, Sports and Health of the Nation,, 8, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.31652/2411-2119-2019-8-157-164
CR  - Lemmink, K. A., Kemper, H. C., Greef, M. H., Rispens, P., & Stevens, M. (2003). The validity of the sit-and-reach test and the modified sit-and-reach test in middle-aged to older men and women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(3), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609102
CR  - Maheswari, D. S., Sukamti, E. R., & Miftachurochmah, Y. (2023). The comparison of the power performance ability between male and female taekwondo athletes. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious 
Understanding, 10(11), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i11.5223
CR  - Marković, G., Mišigoj-Duraković, M., & Trninić, S. (2005). Fitness profile of elite Croatian female Taekwondo athletes. Collegium Antropologicum, 29(1), 93–99.
CR  - Newton, R. U., Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (1999). Effects of ballistic training on preseason preparation of elite volleyball players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(2), 323–330.
CR  - Noorul, H. R., Pieter, W., & Erie, Z. Z. (2008). Physical fitness of recreational adolescent Taekwondo athletes. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 2(4), 230–240.
CR  - Plisky, P. J., Rauh, M. J., Kaminski, T. W., & Underwood, F. B. (2006). Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36(12), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2244
CR  - Plisky, P., Schwartkopf-Phifer, K., Huebner, B., Garner, M. B., & Bullock, G. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the Y-balance test lower quarter: Reliability, discriminant validity, and predictive validity. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 16(5), 1190–1206. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.27629
CR  - Rotar, P. L., Kozinc, Z., & Katanic, B. (2024). Investigation of dynamic balance, limb asymmetry and flexibility in Jiu-Jitsu athletes: A preliminary exploratory study. Sport Mont., 22(3), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.240605
CR  - Röijezon, U., Clark, N. C., & Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. Manual Therapy, 20(3), 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008
CR  - Santos, V. G., Franchini, E., & Lima-Silva, A. E. (2011). Relationship between attack and skipping in Taekwondo contests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(6), 1743–1751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da787a
CR  - Seo, B. D., Kim, H. J., & Ju, J. Y. (2020). Effect of muscle fatigue on the proprioception by the Taekwondo training type. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 15(3), 1–9.
CR  - Singh, A., Boyat, A. V., & Sandhu, J. S. (2015). Effect of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility, vertical jump height and peak torque ratio of Indian Taekwondo players. Sport Exercise Medicine Open Journal, 1(2), 42–46.
CR  - Suzana, M. A., & Pieter, W. (2006). The effect of training on general motor abilities in young Malaysian Taekwondo athletes. Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 11, 87–96.
CR  - Toskovic, N. N., Blessing, D., & Williford, H. N. (2004). Physiologic profile of recreational male and female novice and experienced Tae Kwon Do practitioners. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 44(2), 164–172.
CR  - William, M., Luis, B., & Gerardo, M. (2012). Basic principles regarding strength, flexibility, and stability exercises. PM&R, 4(11), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.583
CR  - Zar, A., Gilani, A., Ebrahim, K. H., & Gorbani, M. H. (2008). A survey of the physical fitness of the male Taekwondo athletes of the Iranian national team. Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education and Sport, 6(1), 65–73.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1691442
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4836855
ER  -