TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of The Effect of Alkalinization Process on The Tribological Performance of Lignocellulosic Waste Reinforced Eco-Composite Materials
TT  - Alkalinizasyon İşleminin Lignoselülozik Atık Takviyeli Eko-Kompozit Malzemelerin Tribolojik Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması
AU  - Kabave Kılınçarslan, Sena
AU  - Ansari, Safeer
AU  - Htet Moe, Aung
AU  - Gül, M. Salih
AU  - Kılınçarslan, Enes
PY  - 2025
DA  - June
Y2  - 2025
JF  - DCE Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi
JO  - NSJ-ISI
PB  - Karabük Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SP  - 43
EP  - 60
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - In this study, particles obtained from walnut and hazelnut shells, which are lignocellulosic agricultural wastes, were used as reinforcement in the production of composite materials. After the grinding and sieving processes, the shells were subjected to heat treatment in order to remove the moisture from their content. Then, surface modification processes were carried out with the alkalization method. Four different composite samples with both walnut and hazelnut shell fillings were produced as neat polymer, untreated, heat-treated, and surface-modified reinforcement. The samples were subjected to hardness and tensile tests, and their mechanical behaviors were determined. Then, wear tests were carried out on the ball-on-flat device. Weight loss and friction coefficient data were obtained as a result of the wear tests. In addition, wear marks were examined morphologically with SEM and EDX analysis methods. As a result of the study, it was determined that the surface modification process increased the mechanical and tribological performance for both fillers. This shows that surface modification processes must be carried out before using lignocellulosic agricultural wastes as reinforcement.
KW  - Lignocellulosic Waste
KW  - Natural Reinforcements
KW  - Eco-composites
KW  - Wear Performance
N2  - Bu çalışmada, lignoselülozik tarımsal atık olan ceviz ve fındık kabuklarından elde edilen parçacıklar kompozit malzeme üretiminde takviye olarak kullanılmıştır. Öğütme ve eleme işlemlerinin ardından kabuklar, içeriğindeki nemin uzaklaştırılması amacıyla ısıl işleme tabi tutuldu. Daha sonra alkalizasyon yöntemi ile yüzey modifikasyon işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ceviz ve fındık kabuğu dolgulu; saf polimer, işlemsiz, ısıl işlemli ve yüzey modifikasyon işlemli olarak dört farklı kompozit numune üretilmiştir. Numunelere sertlik ve çekme testleri uygulanarak mekanik davranışları belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra ball-on-flat cihazında aşınma testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aşınma testleri sonucunda ağırlık kaybı ve sürtünme katsayısı verileri elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca aşınma izleri SEM ve EDX analiz yöntemleri ile morfolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, yüzey modifikasyon işleminin her iki dolgu malzemesi için de mekanik ve tribolojik performansı artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Bu durum, lignoselülozik tarımsal atıkların takviye olarak kullanılmasından önce mutlaka yüzey modifikasyon işlemlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.
CR  - Adi, Muhamad Ridauddin Mohamad, Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar, Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim, Norhidayah Abd Aziz, Hamid Hadiyanto, and Monica Matei. 2023. “The Effect of Chemical Treated Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) on Lignocellulosic Content.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216(1):012015. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012015.
CR  - Ayrilmis, Nadir, Umit Buyuksari, and Turker Dundar. 2010. “Waste Pine Cones as a Source of Reinforcing Fillers for Thermoplastic Composites.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 117(4):2324–30. doi: 10.1002/app.32076.
CR  - Behera, Sudhakar, Rakesh Kumar Gautam, Sunil Mohan, and Arghya Chattopadhyay. 2021. “Hemp Fiber Surface Modification: Its Effect on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites.” Polymer Composites 42(10):5223–36. doi: 10.1002/pc.26217.
CR  - Cherkashina, Natalia Igorevna, Zoya Vladimirovna Pavlenko, Dar’ya Vasil’yevna Pushkarskaya, Lyubov Vasilievna Denisova, Semen Nikolayevich Domarev, and Dar’ya Aleksandrovna Ryzhikh. 2023. “Synthesis and Properties of Polystyrene Composite Material with Hazelnut Shells.” Polymers 15(15):3212. doi: 10.3390/polym15153212.
CR  - El-Sayed, A. A., M. G. El-Sherbiny, A. S. Abo-El-Ezz, and G. A. Aggag. 1995. “Friction and Wear Properties of Polymeric Composite Materials for Bearing Applications.” Wear 184(1):45–53. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(94)06546-2.
CR  - Espinach, Francesc X., Eduardo Espinosa, Rafel Reixach, Alejandro Rodríguez, Pere Mutjé, and Quim Tarrés. 2020. “Study on the Macro and Micromechanics Tensile Strength Properties of Orange Tree Pruning Fiber as Sustainable Reinforcement on Bio-Polyethylene Compared to Oil-Derived Polymers and Its Composites.” Polymers 12(10):2206. doi: 10.3390/polym12102206.
CR  - Frackowiak, Stanislaw, Joanna Ludwiczak, and Karol Leluk. 2018. “Man-Made and Natural Fibres as a Reinforcement in Fully Biodegradable Polymer Composites: A Concise Study.” Journal of Polymers and the Environment 26(12):4360–68. doi: 10.1007/s10924-018-1301-9.
CR  - Gandhi, V. C. Sathish, N. Sreeraman, I. Jenish, and R. Kumaravelan. 2025. “Investigating Tensile, Flexural, Impact, and Morphological Characteristics of Agro-Waste-Based Cissus Quadrangularis Fiber/Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites.” Mechanics of Composite Materials 60(6):1059–70. doi: 10.1007/s11029-025-10245-2.
CR  - Göde, Ceren. 2011. “TM Ile Üretilmiş ALUMIX–231 SiCp ve B4Cp Kompozitlerin Farklı Üretim Yöntemlerinin Mekanik Özelliklere Etkisi.” Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
CR  - Hussain Barbhuiya, Ajmal, Saad Uddin Choudhury, and Kochi Ismail. 2016. “Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133(43). doi: 10.1002/app.44142.
CR  - Islam, Md Nazrul, and Md Sakinul Islam. 2015. “Characterization of Chemically Modified Sawdust-Reinforced Recycled Polyethylene Composites.” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 28(8):1135–53. doi: 10.1177/0892705713503671.
CR  - Jamilah, Umi Lailatul, and Sujito Sujito. 2021. “The Improvement Of Ramıe Fıber Propertıes As Composıte Materıals Usıng Alkalızatıon Treatment: NaOH Concentratıon.” Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 22(2):62. doi: 10.17146/jsmi.2021.22.3.6182.
CR  - Jariwala, Hitesh, and Piyush Jain. 2019. “A Review on Mechanical Behavior of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites and Its Applications.” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38(10):441–53. doi: 10.1177/0731684419828524.
CR  - Kiryushina, N. Yu., and A. Yu. Semeykin. 2020. “Properties of Epoxy-Diane Composites Modified by Techno-Genic Fillers.” Solid State Phenomena 299:84–88. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.299.84.
CR  - Kocaman, Suheyla, and Gulnare Ahmetli. 2020. “Effects of Various Methods of Chemical Modification of Lignocellulose Hazelnut Shell Waste on a Newly Synthesized Bio-Based Epoxy Composite.” Journal of Polymers and the Environment 28(4):1190–1203. doi: 10.1007/s10924-020-01675-1.
CR  - Moustafa, N. M., Mohammed, K. A., Al-Ameen, E. S., and A. A. F. Ogaili. 2020. “Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Walnut/Polypropylene Natural Composites.” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments 43(5):372–380.
CR  - Nallusamy, S. 2016. “Analysis of Mechanical Properties on Roselle Fibre with Polymer Matrix Reinforced Composite.” Advanced Engineering Forum 16:1–6. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.16.1.
CR  - Nemani, Srinivasa Kartik, Rama Kishore Annavarapu, Behrouz Mohammadian, Asif Raiyan, Jamie Heil, Md. Ashraful Haque, Ahmed Abdelaal, and Hossein Sojoudi. 2018. “Surface Modification of Polymers: Methods and Applications.” Advanced Materials Interfaces 5(24). doi: 10.1002/admi.201801247.
CR  - Oladele, Isiaka Oluwole, Samuel Olumide Falana, Ilesanmi, Michael Akinbamiyorin, Linus Nnabuike Onuh, Anuoluwapo Samuel Taiwo, Samson Oluwagbenga Adelani, and Olanrewaju Favor Olajesu. 2025. “Cyclic Thermal Treatment Parameters of Bagasse Particle Reinforced Epoxy Bio-Composites for Sustainable Applications.” Discover Polymers 2(1):5. doi: 10.1007/s44347-025-00016-6.
CR  - Paul, Rajdeep, Vijay Kumar Mahakur, and Sumit Bhowmik. 2024. “A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Performance of Coir, Bamboo and Wood Filler Reinforced Polymer Composites.” Physica Scripta 99(9):095956. doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c87.
CR  - Prasad, Sodisetty V. N. B., G. Akhil Kumar, P. Yaswanth Sai, and Shaik Varees Basha. 2021. “Design and Fabrication of Car Door Panel Using Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites.” Pp. 331–43 in.
CR  - Rajeshkumar, G., V. Hariharan, S. Indran, M. R. Sanjay, Suchart Siengchin, J. Prakash Maran, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, and Ponmurugan Karuppiah. 2021. “Influence of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Morphological Behaviour of Phoenix Sp. Fiber/Epoxy Composites.” Journal of Polymers and the Environment 29(3):765–74. doi: 10.1007/s10924-020-01921-6.
CR  - Rogovina, S. Z. 2016. “Biodegradable Polymer Composites Based on Synthetic and Natural Polymers of Various Classes.” Polymer Science - Series C 58(1):62–73. doi: 10.1134/S1811238216010100.
CR  - Şahin, Alp Eren, Sinan Fidan, Beysim Çetin, and Tamer Sınmazçelik. 2024. “Comparison of the Usage of Nut Shell, Walnut Shell, and Pistachio Shell as a Reinforcement Particle on the Mechanical and Wear Performance of Polypropylene.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 141(16). doi: 10.1002/app.55248.
CR  - Sanjay, M. R., P. Madhu, Mohammad Jawaid, P. Senthamaraikannan, S. Senthil, and S. Pradeep. 2018. “Characterization and Properties of Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 172:566–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101.
CR  - Sekaran, A. Shadrach Jeya, K. Palani Kumar, and K. Pitchandi. 2015. “Evaluation on Mechanical Properties of Woven Aloevera and Sisal Fibre Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites.” Bulletin of Materials Science 38(5):1183–93. doi: 10.1007/s12034-015-0999-4.
CR  - Shejkar, Satish Kumar, Basant Agrawal, Alok Agrawal, and Gaurav Gupta. 2022. “Physical, Mechanical, and Sliding Wear Behavior of Epoxy Composites Filled with Surface Modified Walnut Shell Particulate.” Polymer Composites 43(10):7526–37. doi: 10.1002/pc.26847.
CR  - Shuai, Cijun, Li Yu, Pei Feng, Chengde Gao, and Shuping Peng. 2020. “Interfacial Reinforcement in Bioceramic/Biopolymer Composite Bone Scaffold: The Role of Coupling Agent.” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 193(April). doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111083.
CR  - Şişmanoğlu, Sedef. 2020. “Termoplastik Poliüretan Matrisli Ekokompozitlerin Hazırlanması Ve Karakterizasyonu.” Karabük Üniversitesi.
CR  - Sismanoglu, Sedef, Umit Tayfun, and Yasin Kanbur. 2019. “Effect of Alkali and Silane Surface Treatments on the Mechanical and Physical Behaviors of Date Palm Seed-Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane Eco-Composites.” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. doi: 10.1177/0892705719890904.
CR  - Tayfun, Umit, Mehmet Dogan, and Erdal Bayramli. 2014. “Effect of Surface Modification of Rice Straw on Mechanical and Flow Properties of TPU-Based Green Composites.” Polymers and Polymer Composites. doi: 10.1002/pc.
CR  - Tyona, Mrumun David, and Anejo Itodo. 2023. “Effects of Surface Modification (Surface Treatment) on Friction and Surface Abrasion of Ceramic Composites.” Pp. 91–114 in Surface Modification and Functionalization of Ceramic Composites. Elsevier.
CR  - Varma, Midhun, and Sharan Chandran. 2025. “Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers for Enhancing Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties in Biocomposites - a Comprehensive Review.” Composite Interfaces 1–37. doi: 10.1080/09276440.2025.2498795.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nsjisi/issue//1700383
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4875043
ER  -