TY  - JOUR
T1  - Avrupa Ülkelerinin Yeşil Büyüme Performanslarının CRITIC-MEREC Tabanlı WASPAS Yöntemi ile Değerlendirilmesi
TT  - Evaluation of Green Growth Performance of European Countries with CRITIC-MEREC Based WASPAS Method
AU  - Gelmez, Emel
AU  - Eren, Hande
PY  - 2025
DA  - October
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.51551/verimlilik.1703921
JF  - Verimlilik Dergisi
PB  - Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1013-1388
SP  - 827
EP  - 852
VL  - 59
IS  - 4
LA  - tr
AB  - Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Yeşil Büyüme İndeksi’nde (2023) [YBİ (2023)] yer alan Avrupa ülkelerinin yeşil büyüme performanslarının belirlenmesidir.Yöntem: Ülkelerin yeşil büyüme performanslarının belirlenmesinde Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada kullanılan kriterler CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) ve MEREC (Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) yöntemleri ile ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Söz konusu yöntemlerden elde edilen kriter ağırlıkları ortak ağırlıklandırma yöntemi ile birleştirilmiş olup nihai kriter ağırlıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu ağırlıklar WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) yönteminde kullanılarak ülkeler yeşil büyüme performansları açısından sıralanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada ortak ağırlıklandırma yöntemi ile elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda en yüksek önem derecesine sahip kriter doğal sermayenin korunması olurken önem derecesi en düşük kriter ise sosyal katılım kriteri olarak tespit edilmiştir. WASPAS yöntemi ile yapılan değerlendirme sonucunda ise yeşil büyüme açısından en iyi performansı gösteren ülkeler sırasıyla İsviçre, Avusturya ve Almanya olurken; Karadağ, Malta ve İzlanda son sırada yer alan ülkeler olarak belirlenmiştir.Özgünlük: Literatürde, CRITIC ve MEREC yöntemlerinden elde edilen ağırlıkların ortak ağırlıklandırma yöntemiyle entegre edildiği herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bununla birlikte CRITIC, MEREC ve WASPAS yöntemlerinin bir arada kullanılarak ülkelerin yeşil büyüme performanslarını analiz eden herhangi bir çalışmanın literatürde yer almadığı görülmüştür. Bu yönleriyle çalışma, alana özgün bir katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
KW  - Yeşil Büyüme
KW  - Çok Kriterli Karar Verme
KW  - CRITIC Yöntemi
KW  - MEREC Yöntemi
KW  - WASPAS Yöntemi
N2  - Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the green growth performances of European countries included in the Green Growth Index (2023) [GGI (2023)].Methodology: Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques were used to determine the green growth performance of countries. In this context, the criteria used in the study were weighted with CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) and MEREC (Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) methods. The criteria weights obtained from these methods were combined with the common weighting method and the final criteria weights were determined. These weights were used in the WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method and countries were ranked in terms of their green growth performance.Findings: In the study, according to the results obtained with the common weighting method, the criterion with the highest importance level was the protection of natural capital, while the criterion with the lowest importance level was determined as the social participation criterion. As a result of the evaluation made with the WASPAS method, the countries with the best performance in terms of green growth were Switzerland, Austria and Germany, respectively; Montenegro, Malta and Iceland were determined as the countries in the last place.Originality: In the literature, no study has been found in which the weights obtained from CRITIC and MEREC methods are integrated with a common weighting method. However, it has been observed that there is no study in the literature that analyzes the green growth performance of countries using CRITIC, MEREC and WASPAS methods together. In these aspects, the study aims to make an original contribution to the field.
CR  - Adalı, E.A. ve Işık, A.T. (2017). “CRITIC and MAUT Methods for the Contract Manufacturer Selection Problem”, European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(5), 93-101.
CR  - Ağaoğlu, N. (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Bağlamında Büyümeme ve Yeşil Büyüme”, Academic Review of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(2), 83-105. https://doi.org/10.54186/arhuss.1204495
CR  - Akdamar, E., Akgül, E.F., Gögebakan, M. ve Işık, E. (2024). “Temporal Analysis of Factors Influencing Countries’ Maritime Trade Performance with CRITIC-based VIKOR Method”, Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 12(2), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.4274/jems.2024.55798
CR  - Akpınar, M.E. (2025). “Analysis of Logistics 4.0 Service Provider Alternatives with CRITIC-Based WASPAS Method”, Verimlilik Dergisi, Productivity for Logistics (Special Issue), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1523739
CR  - Akram, M., Ramzan, N. ve Deveci, M. (2023). “Linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy CRITIC-EDAS Method for Multiple-Attribute Group Decision Analysis”, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 119, 105777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105777
CR  - Alrasheedi, M., Mardani, A., Mishra, A.R., Streimikiene, D., Liao, H. ve Al‐nefaie, A.H. (2021). “Evaluating the Green Growth Indicators to Achieve Sustainable Development: A Novel Extended Interval‐Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Combined Compromise Solution Approach”, Sustainable Development, 29(1), 120-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2136
CR  - Altıntaş, F.F. (2022). “G7 Ülkelerinin Yeşil Büyüme Performanslarının Analizi: Entropi Tabanlı ELECTRE Yöntemi ile Bir Uygulama”, Atlas Journal, 8(46), 2502-2519. https://dx.doi.org/10.31568/atlas.815
CR  - Arlı Yılmaz, S. (2014). “Yeşil İşler ve Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Alanındaki Potansiyeli”, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No:2887, Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Sosyal Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
CR  - Ayçin, E. ve Arsu, T. (2021). “Sosyal Gelişme Endeksine Göre Ülkelerin Değerlendirilmesi: MEREC ve MARCOS Yöntemleri ile Bir Uygulama”, İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, 2(2), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1084310
CR  - Chakraborty, S. ve Zavadskas, E. K. (2014). “Applications of WASPAS Method in Manufacturing Decision Making”, Informatica, 25(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.15388/Informatica.2014.01
CR  - Das, C.R. ve Das, S. (2023). “Acceptability of MEREC Criteria Compared to Existing Weighted WQI Models to Assess Coastal Groundwater Quality in Eastern India”, Journal of Coastal Conservation, 27, 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-023-00975-7
CR  - Diakoulaki, D., Mavrotas, G. ve Papayannakis, L. (1995). “Determining Objective Weights in Multiple Criteria Problems: The CRITIC Method”, Computers & Operations Research, 22(7), 763-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0548(94)00059-H
CR  - Doskočil, R. (2022). “The Multicriteria Assessment of the Green Growth in the Context of the European Union’s Green Deal”, Amfiteatru Economic, 24(61), 739-757. https://doi.org/d0.24818/EA/2022/61/739
CR  - Ecer, F. ve Güneş, E. (2024b). “G7 Ülkelerinin Bilgi İletişim Teknoloji Düzeylerini Belirleme: MEREC-CRITIC Entegre Ağırlıklı CoCoSo Metodolojisi”, Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences 
Faculty, 11(1), 219-242. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1281607
CR  - Ecer, F., Gunes, E. ve Zavadskas, E.K. (2024a). “Focusing on Identifying the Digital Transformation Performance of Banks in the Technology Age through A Multi-Criteria Methodology”, Transformations in Business & Economic, 23(1(61)), 127-153.
CR  - Eşiyok, S., Ariş, E. ve Antmen, F. (2023). “Ranking and Evaluation of G7 Countries and Turkey by GGGI Indicators Using ENTROPY, CRITIC and EDAS Methods”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(3), 647-660. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1377228
CR  - Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). “Green Growth Index 2023”, https://gggi.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/2023-Global-Green-Growth-Index-Technical-Report_FIN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2025).
CR  - Goswami, S. S., Mohanty, S.K. ve Behera, D.K. (2022). “Selection of a Green Renewable Energy Source in India with the Help of MEREC Integrated PIV MCDM Tool”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 52, 1153-1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.019
CR  - Gunawan, R.D. (2024). “Combination of SMART and CRITIC Methods in Decision Support Systems for Determination of Superior Products”, Journal of Information Technology, Software Engineering and Computer 
Science, 2(4), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.58602/itsecs.v2i4.158
CR  - Guo, L., Qu, Y., Wu, C. ve Gui, S. (2018). “Evaluating Green Growth Practices: Empirical Evidence from China”, Sustainable Development, 26(3), 302-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1716
CR  - Hallegatte, S., Heal, G., Fay, M. ve Treguer, D. (2012). “From growth to Green Growth-A Framework”, National 
Bureau of Economic Research, https://www.nber.org/papers/w17841, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2025).
CR  - Işık, C., Türkkan, M., Marbou, S. ve Gül, S. (2024). “Stock Market Performance Evaluation of Listed Food and Beverage Companies in Istanbul Stock Exchange with MCDM Methods”, Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 7(2), 35-64. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame722024692
CR  - Işık, S. (2025). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ile Yeşil Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş AB Ülkeleri Özelinde Ampirik Bir Analiz”. Verimlilik Dergisi, 59(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1555668
CR  - Kara, K., Yalçın, G.C., Kaygısız, E.G. ve Edinsel, S. (2024). “Assessing the Academic Performance of Turkish Universities in 2023: A MEREC-WEDBA Hybrid Methodology Approach”, Journal of Operations Intelligence, 2(1), 252-272. https://doi.org/10.31181/jopi21202422
CR  - Karadaş, H.A. ve Işık, H.B. (2019). “Türkiye’de Yeşil Büyüme: OECD Göstergeleri ile İstatistiksel Bir Karşılaştırma”, Fiscaeconomia, 3(1), 268-317. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2019.01.012
CR  - Karakış, E. (2021). “Machine Selection for a Textile Company with CRITIC and MAUT Methods”, Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 27, 842-848. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.994697
CR  - Keleş, N. (2023). “A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework Based on the MEREC Method for the Comprehensive Solution of Forklift Selection Problem”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 18(2), 573-590. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1270016
CR  - Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z. ve Antucheviciene, J. (2021). “Determination of Objective Weights Using a New Method Based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC)”, Symmetry, 13(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040525
CR  - Krishnan, A.R., Kasim, M. M., Hamid, R. ve Ghazali, M.F. (2021). “A modified CRITIC Method to Estimate the Objective Weights of Decision Criteria”, Symmetry, 13(6), 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13060973
CR  - Lukić, R. (2023). “Analysis of the Performance of the Serbian Economy Based on the MEREC-WASPAS Method”, MARSONIA: Časopis za društvena i humanistička istraživanja, 2(1), 39-52.
CR  - Mohammadi, F., Mahmoudi, H., Ranjbaran, Y. ve Ahmadzadeh, F. (2022). “Compilation and Prioritizing Human-Wildlife Conflict Management Strategies Using the WASPAS Method in Iran”, Environmental Challenges, 7, 100482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100482
CR  - Mughees, M. ve Ayaz, M. (2022). “Assessment of Best Performing Top 10 Economies Based on OECD Green Growth Indicators: Using AHP, TOPSIS and Regression”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 10, 294-301. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46984
CR  - Naik, M.G., Kishore, R. ve Dehmourdi, S.A.M. (2021). “Modeling A Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Prequalification Assessment of Construction Contractors Using CRITIC and EDAS Models”, Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications, 4(2), 79-101. 
https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta20402079n
CR  - Nosheen, M., Iqbal, J. ve Abbasi, M.A. (2021). “Do Technological Innovations Promote Green Growth in the European Union?”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 21717-21729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11926-2
CR  - Özaslan, A. (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Yolunda Yeşil Büyüme Stratejilerinin Kentlere Yansıması”, Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 98-113. https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1183810
CR  - Pamucar, D., Ecer, F., Gligorić, Z., Gligorić, M. ve Deveci, M. (2024). “A novel WENSLO and ALWAS Multicriteria Methodology and Its Application to Green Growth Performance Evaluation”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 9510-9525. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2023.3321697
CR  - Puška, A., Nedeljković, M., Prodanović, R., Vladisavljević, R. ve Suzić, R. (2022). “Market Assessment of Pear Varieties in Serbia Using Fuzzy CRADIS and CRITIC Methods”, Agriculture, 12(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020139
CR  - Raj, D., Maity, S. R., ve Das, B. (2024). “Optimization of Process Parameters of Laser Cladding on AISI 410 Using MEREC Integrated MABAC Method”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49(8), 10725-10739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08487-0
CR  - Rao, C.N. ve Sujatha, M. (2023). “A Consensus-Based Fermatean Fuzzy WASPAS Methodology for Selection of Healthcare Waste Treatment Technology Selection”, Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 6(2), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame622023621
CR  - Saqib, N., Usman, M., Ozturk, I. ve Sharif, A. (2024). “Harnessing the Synergistic Impacts of Environmental Innovations, Financial Development, Green Growth, and Ecological Footprint through the Lens of SDGs Policies for Countries Exhibiting High Ecological Footprints”, Energy Policy, 184, 113863. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113863
CR  - Shanmugasundar, G., Sapkota, G., Čep, R. ve Kalita, K. (2022). “Application of MEREC in Multi-Criteria Selection of Optimal Spray-Painting Robot”, Processes, 10(6), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061172
CR  - Streimikiene, D. (2024). “Western Balkan Countries in Green Transition: Assessment of Results and Challenges”, Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 20(4), 203-212.
CR  - Şeker, F. ve Çetin, M. (2015). “Düşük Karbonlu Yeşil Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Salınımının Temel Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Uygulaması”, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 22-41.
CR  - Wu, H.W., Zhen, J. ve Zhang, J. (2020). “Urban Rail Transit Operation Safety Evaluation Based on an Improved CRITIC Method and Cloud Model”, Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management, 16, 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2020.100206
CR  - Yenilmezel, S. ve Ertuğrul, İ. (2023). “Laptop selection with MEREC based WASPAS Method”, Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 6(1), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1207859
CR  - Yücel, M.A. ve Terzioğlu, M.K. (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Eko-İnovasyon: Dinamik Mekânsal Etkileşim”, Verimlilik Dergisi, Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilirlik (Özel Sayı), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1103725
CR  - Zavadskas, E.K. ve Podvezko, V. (2016). “Integrated Determination of Objective Criteria Weights in MCDM”, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 15(02), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622016500036
CR  - Žižović, M., Miljković, B. ve Marinković, D. (2020). “Objective Methods for Determining Criteria Weight Coefficients: A Modification of the CRITIC Method”, Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 3(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame2003149z
CR  - Zuhal, M. ve Cantürk, S. (2022). “Türkiye’nin Yeşil Büyüme Endeksindeki Performansının İncelenmesi: OECD Ülkeleri ile Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz”, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimlerde Uluslararası Araştırmalar-II, Editör: Mete, M. ve Akardeniz, E., Serüven Yayınevi, İzmir, 285-304.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1703921
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4890950
ER  -