TY  - JOUR
T1  - Energy, exergy, greenhouse gas emission impact and economic analysis of a water-cooled diesel engine running on different proportions of waste cooking oil biodiesel
TT  - Farklı oranlarda atık yemeklik yağ biyodizeliyle çalışan su soğutmalı dizel motorun enerji, ekserji, sera gazı emisyon etkisi ve ekonomik analizi
AU  - Erol, Derviş
AU  - Gülcan, Halil Erdi
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.18245/ijaet.1705733
JF  - International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies
PB  - Murat CİNİVİZ
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2146-9067
SP  - 154
EP  - 169
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
LA  - en
AB  - The use of petroleum-based fuels in diesel engines results in the release of significant amounts of toxic substances into the environment. Moreover, the increasing number of vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs) continues to raise the demand for diesel fuels, leading to a sharp rise in fuel prices. Therefore, the use of clean, inexpensive, and renewable alternative fuels in diesel engines has become increasingly important. Biodiesel derived from waste cooking oils is one such alternative—it is biodegradable, clean, cost-effective, and highly suitable for diesel engines. In this study, the energy, exergy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and economic impacts of a diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) were analysed under different load conditions. The experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed under varying load conditions ranging from 10 Nm to 50 Nm, with 10 Nm increments. The fuel blend ratios used in the study are as follows: 100% diesel; 90% diesel + 10% WCOB; 80% diesel + 20% WCOB; 50% diesel + 50% WCOB; and 100% WCOB. The results were compared with those of conventional diesel fuel. The findings indicate that increasing the biodiesel proportion reduces exergy efficiency and increases exergy destruction. Operating the diesel engine with 100% WCOB increases the lost energy and exhaust energy ratio by an average of 4.3% and 2.2%, respectively, while reducing the energy efficiency by an average of 3%. In addition, the exergy efficiency decreases by 3.6%, whereas the exergy destruction increases by 4.8%. Additionally, it led to a higher GHG emission impact and economic cost due to increased CO2 emissions.
KW  - Biodiesel blend ratio
KW  - energy
KW  - exergy
KW  - greenhouse gas emission
KW  - waste cooking oil
N2  - Dizel motorlarda petrol bazlı yakıtların kullanımı, çevreye önemli miktarda toksik madde salınımına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca, içten yanmalı motorlu araç sayısının artması dizel yakıtlara olan talebi yükseltmekte ve bu da yakıt fiyatlarının hızlı bir şekilde artmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle, dizel motorlarda temiz, ucuz ve yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtların kullanımı giderek daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Atık yemeklik yağlardan elde edilen biyodizel, biyobozunur, temiz, maliyet açısından uygun ve dizel motorlar için oldukça uygun bir alternatiftir. Bu çalışmada, atık yemeklik yağ biyodizeli (WCOB) ile çalışan bir dizel motorun farklı yük koşullarındaki enerji, ekserji, sera gazı (GHG) emisyonu ve ekonomik etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, geleneksel dizel yakıt ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular, biyodizel oranının artmasının ekserji verimliliğini azalttığını ve ekserji tahribatını artırdığını göstermiştir. Özellikle, %100 biyodizel kullanımı, yakıt ekserjisini artırırken hem enerji hem de ekserji verimliliklerinde düşüşe neden olmuştur. Ayrıca, artan CO2 emisyonları nedeniyle sera gazı emisyon etkisi ve ekonomik maliyette artış gözlemlenmiştir.
CR  - Teo, S. H., Islam, A., Chan, E. S., Choong, S. T., Alharthi, N. H., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., Awual, M. R. “Efficient biodiesel production from Jatropha curcus using CaSO4/Fe2O3-SiO2 core-shell magnetic nanoparticles”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 208, 816-826, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.107
CR  - Dhamodaran, G., Elumalai, A. “Effect of ternary nanocomposite in margosa biodiesel microemulsion blends on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine”, Energy, 326, 136362, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.136362
CR  - Senecal, P. K., Leach, F. “Diversity in transportation: Why a mix of propulsion technologies is the way forward for the future fleet”, Results in Engineering, 4, 100060, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100060
CR  - Commission, E, “Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources”, Official Journal of the European Union, 239, 1-29, 2015. 
http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/1513/oj
CR  - Nadimi, E., Przybyła, G., Lewandowski, M. T., Adamczyk, W. “Effects of ammonia on combustion, emissions, and performance of the ammonia/diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine”, Journal of the Energy Institute, 107, 101158, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2022.101158
CR  - Hariram, V., Sathishbabu, R., Godwin John, J., Vijayakumar, K., Sangeeth Kumar, E., Kamakshi Priya, K. “Enhanced combustion and emission characteristics of diesel-algae biodiesel-hydrogen blends in a single-cylinder diesel engine”, Results in Engineering, 26, 104676, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104676
CR  - Hajjari, M., Tabatabaei, M., Aghbashlo, M., Ghanavati, H. “A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 445-464, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.034
CR  - Alahmer, H., Alahmer, A., Alamayreh, M. I., Alrbai, M., Al-Rbaihat, R., Al-Manea, A., Alkhazaleh, R. “Optimal water addition in emulsion diesel fuel using machine learning and sea-horse optimizer to minimize exhaust pollutants from diesel engine”, Atmosphere, 14(3), 449, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030449
CR  - Tiwari, C., Verma, T. N., Dwivedi, G., Verma, P. “Energy-exergy analysis of diesel engine fueled with microalgae biodiesel-diesel blend”, Applied Sciences, 13 (3), 1857, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031857
CR  - Özcan, H. “Energy and exergy analyses of Al2O3-diesel-biodiesel blends in a diesel engine”, International Journal of Exergy, 28(1), 29-45, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2019.097270
CR  - Hoseinpour, M., Sadrnia, H., Tabasizadeh, M., Ghobadian, B. “Energy and exergy analyses of a diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel-diesel blend and gasoline fumigation”, Energy, 141, 2408-2420, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.131
CR  - Sayin Kul, B., Kahraman, A. “Energy and exergy analyses of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends containing 5% bioethanol”, Entropy, 18(11), 387, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.3390/e18110387
CR  - Khoobbakht, G., Akram, A., Karimi, M., Najafi, G. “Exergy and energy analysis of combustion of blended levels of biodiesel, ethanol and diesel fuel in a DI diesel engine”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 99, 720-729, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.022
CR  - Çanakcı, M., Hosoz, M. “Energy and exergy analyses of a diesel engine fuelled with various biodiesels”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 1(4), 379-394, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567240500400796
CR  - Panigrahi, N., Mohanty, M. K., Mishra, S. R., Mohanty, R. C. “Energy and exergy analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and simarouba biodiesel blends”, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 99(1), 9-17, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-016-0335-9
CR  - Kavitha, K. R., Jayaprabakar, J., Prabhu, A. “Exergy and energy analyses on biodiesel-diesel-ethanol blends in a diesel engine”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1), 778-782, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1670261
CR  - Odibi, C., Babaie, M., Zare, A., Nabi, M. N., Bodisco, T. A., Brown, R. J. “Exergy analysis of a diesel engine with waste cooking biodiesel and triacetin”, Energy Conversion and Management, 198, 111912, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111912
CR  - Karthikeyan, A., Jayaprabakar, J. “Energy and exergy analysis of compression ignition engine fuelled with rice bran biodiesel blends”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 40(4), 381-387, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1399459
CR  - Meisami, F., Ajam, H. “Energy, exergy and economic analysis of a Diesel engine fueled with castor oil biodiesel”, International Journal of Engine Research, 16(5), 691-702, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087415576609
CR  - Gülcan, H. E., Bayindirli, C., Erol, D., Çelik, M. “Role of different type nanoparticles on exergy, thermoeconomic, exergoeconomic, environmental, and enviroeconomic indicators in a CI engine fueled with rapeseed oil biodiesel”, Fuel, 384, 134074, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.134074
CR  - Şanli, B. G., Uludamar, E. “Energy and exergy analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel fuels at various engine speeds”, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 42(11), 1299-1313, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1635229
CR  - Madheshiya, A. K., Vedrtnam, A. “Energy-exergy analysis of biodiesel fuels produced from waste cooking oil and mustard oil”, Fuel, 214, 386-408, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.060
CR  - Panigrahi, N. “Energy and exergy analysis of a CI engine fuelled with polanga oil methyl ester”, Energy & Environment, 29(7), 1155-1173, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X18776544
CR  - Al-Najem, N. M., Diab, J. M. “Energy-exergy analysis of a diesel engine”, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 12(6), 525-529, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(92)90021-9
CR  - Sahoo, B. B., Saha, U. K., Sahoo, N., Prusty, P. “Analysis of throttle opening variation impact on a diesel engine performance using second law of thermodynamics”, Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, 43406, 703-710, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICES2009-76069
CR  - Çalışkan, H., Mori, K. “Environmental, enviroeconomic and enhanced thermodynamic analyses of a diesel engine with diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) after treatment systems”, Energy, 128, 128-144, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.014
CR  - Gürbüz, H., Gülcan, H. E. “Energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analysis of the use of hydrogen, LPG, and gasoline in an air-cooled SI engine running at stoichiometric conditions”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 138, 1170-1179, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.226
CR  - Çakmak, A., Bilgin, A. “Exergy and energy analysis with economic aspects of a diesel engine running on biodiesel-diesel fuel blends”, International Journal of Exergy, 24(2-4), 151-172, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2017.087700
CR  - Krishnamoorthi, T., Sampath, S., Saravanamuthu, M., Vengadesan, E., Dillikannan, D. “Combined influence of thermal barrier coating and nanoparticle on performance and emissions of DI diesel engine fueled with neat palm oil biodiesel: An experimental, statistical and energy and exergy analysis”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 186, 274-288, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.03.108
CR  - Özer, S., Tunçer, E., Demir, U., Gülcan, H. E., Çelebi, S. “Energy, exergy, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic assessment of a two stroke UAV small engine using JP5 aviation fuel and hydroxy (HHO) gas”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 143, 846-861, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.394
CR  - Sahoo, B. B., Saha, U. K., Sahoo, N. “Theoretical performance limits of a syngas-diesel fueled compression ignition engine from second law analysis”, Energy, 36(2), 760-769, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.045
CR  - Kotas, T. J. “The exergy method of thermal plant analysis”, Paragon Publishing, 2012.
CR  - Yaqoob, H., Teoh, Y. H., Jamil, M. A., Sher, F. “Energy, exergy, thermoeconomic and sustainability assessment of tire pyrolysis oil in common rail direct injection diesel engine”, Fuel, 311, 122622, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122622
CR  - Çakmak, A., Yeşilyurt, M. K., Erol, D., Doğan, B. “The experimental investigation on the impact of n-octanol in the compression-ignition engine operating with biodiesel/diesel fuel blends: exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental analyses”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 147(20), 11231-11259, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11357-w
CR  - Dincer, I., Rosen, M. A. “Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development”, Elsevier Science, 2012.
CR  - Doğan, B., Çakmak, A., Yeşilyurt, M. K., Erol, D. “Investigation on 1-heptanol as an oxygenated additive with diesel fuel for compression-ignition engine applications: An approach in terms of energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability analyses”, Fuel, 275, 117973, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117973
CR  - Özer, S., Gülcan, H. E., Çelebi, S., Demir, U. “Assessment of waste tyre pyrolysis oil and oxy-hydrogen gas usage in a diesel engine in terms of energy, exergy, environmental, and enviroeconomic perspectives”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 143, 862-881, 2025.
CR  - Çalışkan, H. “Environmental and enviroeconomic researches on diesel engines with diesel and biodiesel fuels”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 154, 125-129, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.168
CR  - https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/carbon, 20/05/2025
CR  - Pullagura, G., Bikkavolu, J. R., Prasad, V. V. S., Prathipati, R., Seepana, P. “Energy, exergy, and sustainability assessments of a compression ignition diesel engine fueled with Pongamia pinnata oil-diesel blends and nanoparticles”, Emergent Materials, 8(1), 199-215, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-024-00962-0
CR  - Bayramoğlu, K., Bayramoğlu, T., Polat, F., Sarıdemir, S., Alçelik, N., Ağbulut, Ü. “Energy, exergy, and emission (3E) analysis of hydrogen-enriched waste biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on an indirect injection dual-fuel CI engine”, Energy, 314, 134124, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.134124
CR  - Bikkavolu, J. R., Pullagura, G., Medidi, R., Seepana, P. “Energy, exergy analysis, and sustainability assessment of CI engine performance using graphene oxide and n-Butanol, DEE fuel additives blended with biodiesel-diesel fuel blend”, Emergent Materials, 8(1), 217-234, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-024-00904-w
UR  - https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1705733
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4899210
ER  -