TY - JOUR T1 - The Roman State Cult Outside the Cities of Thrace AU - Raycheva, Milena PY - 2023 DA - April DO - 10.26650/gaad.2023005 JF - Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi PB - İstanbul Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 0378-3863 SP - 47 EP - 72 IS - 40 LA - en AB - While almost all evidence about emperor worship in Roman Thrace originates from the urban context, little is known about state religion outside the cities. The paper explores the attestation of veneration practices in the cities’ territories and in non-urban structures by examining data from such things as road stations, emporia, komai, sanctuaries, recreational facilities, and domains. The sites are classified according to their primary or most probable identification. Some of these had multiple functions that challenge their interpretation. Most evidence comes from inner Thrace, the area between Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana. Perhaps this can be explained by the economic resources of these two cities and the more advanced archaeological research. The data from the Aegean coast and the Via Egnatia is limited to inscriptions about roadworks and border marking. This picture probably is due to the frequent imperial journeys through Via Diagonalis and the multiple occasions for central authorities’ direct involvement in local matters. Imperial veneration practices in most non-urban contexts, such as setting up statues and using special formulae, are linked to practical and economic reasons. The emporia present a more city-like organization, with more versatile instances of emperor worship practices. KW - Roman Thrace KW - Roman official religion KW - imperial cult KW - non-urban settlements KW - city territories CR - (AASS Sept. V) Acta Sanctorum Septembris, collecta, digesta, commentariisque et observationibus illustrata a J. Stiltingo, C. Suyskeno, J. Periero, U. Stickero. Septembris tomus V, quo dies XV, XVI, XVII et XVIII continentur. Parisiis et Romae, 1866 google scholar CR - (AÉ) Merlin, Alf. “Périodiques.” L’Année Épigraphique vol. 1961 (1962), 253–327. google scholar CR - (IAT) Λουκοπούλου, Λ. et al. Επιγραφές της Θράκης του Αιγαίου: μεταξύ των ποταμών Νέστου και Έβρου (νομοί Ξάνθης, Ροδόπης και Έβρου). Athens: Εθνικόν Ίδρυμα Ερευνών. 2003. google scholar CR - (IGBulg) Mihailov, Georgi. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae. Vol. I-V. Sofia: Serdicae, 1956-1997. google scholar CR - Boteva, Dilyana, “Another evidence for the establishment of Pizos”, Studia in memoriam Velizari Velkov = Thracia, 13 (2000), p. 21-26. google scholar CR - Burrell, Barbara. Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. Leiden: Brill, 2004. google scholar CR - Di Paola, Lucietta. “Mansiones e stathmoi nelle fonti letterarie tardoantiche: destinazione d’uso, equipaggiamento, immagini / Mansiones and stathmoi in literary sources of Late Antiquity: their destinations, equipment, descriptions.” In: Basso, P., Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 9-18. google scholar CR - Fernoux, Henri-Louis. Notables et élites des cités de Bithynie aux époques hellénistique et romaine. Lyon: Mom Editions, 2004. google scholar CR - Fishwick, Duncan. The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 2.1: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire. Leiden: Brill, 1987. google scholar CR - Friesen, Steven J. Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. google scholar CR - Gerov, Boris. Landownership in Roman Thracia and Moesia (1st-3rd century). Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1988. google scholar CR - Hauken, Tor. Petition and Response: An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors, 181–249 (Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 2). Bergen: The Norwegian Institute at Athens, 1998. google scholar CR - Hristov, Ivan. Praetorium Sostra: A Study of the Roman Roadside Station of Sostra – II-III Century. Sofia: Unicart, 2015. google scholar CR - Hristov, Ivan. “A roadside sanctuary with a milestone (miliarium) from the time of emperor Philip the Arab on the route of the ancient road Oesucs – Philippopolis at the Sostra castellum.” Известия на Националния исторически музей 32, p.132-163. google scholar CR - Kolb, Anne. “Mansiones and Cursus Publicus in the Roman Empire.” In: Basso, P./Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 3-8. google scholar CR - Kolb, Anne. “Transport in Thracia.” In: Vagalinski, L./Raycheva, M./Boteva, D./Sharankov, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the First International Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities”. (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44). Sofia: National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, 2018, p. 269-278. google scholar CR - Le Guennec, Marie-Adeline. “Identifier une auberge romaine. Quelques réflexions méthodologiques / Methodological Thoughts on the Identification of Roman Inns.” In: Basso, P., Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 81- 90. Formun Üstü google scholar CR - Madzharov, Mitko. Roman Roads in Bulgaria. Contribution to the Development of Roman Road System in the Provinces of Moeasia and Thrace. Sofia: Faber, 2009. google scholar CR - Martinova-Kyutova, Maya/Sharankov, Nicolay. “The Ancient Theatre of Philippopolis (Plovdiv, Bulgaria).” In: Vagalinski, L./Raycheva, M./Boteva, D./Sharankov, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the First international Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44), 2018, p. 97-110. google scholar CR - Mihailov, Georgi. “Septimius Severus in Moesia Inferior and Thrace.”, In: Acta Antiqua Philippopolitana. Studia historica et philological. Sofia: In aedibus Typographicis Academiae Scientiarum Bulgaricae, 1963, p. 113-126. google scholar CR - Milčeva, Rumjana. Antike Skulptur in Bulgarien. Band I: Römische Porträts im Archäologischen Nationalmuseum Sofia. Langenweißbach: Beier & Beran, 2005. google scholar CR - Nankov, Emil. “From Utility to Imperial Propaganda: (Re)discovering a Milestone of Constantine I from the Vicinity of Bona Mansio and Emporion Pistiros and Its Significance for the Study of the ‘Via Diagonalis’ in the Territory of Philippopolis.” Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology 12, 1(2022), p. 97-116. google scholar CR - Pleket, Henry Willy. “An Aspect of the Emperor Cult: Imperial Mysteries.” The Harvard Theological Review, 58.4 (1965), p. 331–47. google scholar CR - Price, S. R. F. Rituals and Power. Asia Minor and the Imperial Cult. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984. google scholar CR - Robert, Louis, “Documents d’Asie Mineure”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique (BCH) 101.1 (1977): p. 43-132. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay. “Notes on Governors of Roman Thrace.” In: Vagalinski, L./Raycheva, M./Boteva, D./Sharankov, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the First international Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44), 2018, p. 97-110. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay. “Infectam usque fatale exitium’: The Milestones of Emperor Julian in the Territory of Serdica and the Conflict of Paganism and Christianity.” Archaeologia Bulgarica, 23, 3, (2019), p. 41-70. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay/Hristov, Ivan. “A Milestone of Emperor Philip the Arab from the Road Oescus – Philippopolis Found at the Eastern Wall of the Castellum of Sostra.” Archaeologia Bulgarica 23, 2 (2019), p. 57-70. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay/Hristov, Ivan. “A Milestone for Emperor Trajan Decius Erected by the City of Nicopolis ad Istrum at the castellum of Sostra.” Archaeologia Bulgarica 26, 3 (2022), p. 67-77. google scholar van Tilburg, Cornelis. Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. London, England: Routledge, 2012. google scholar CR - Velkov, Velizar. “Hagiographic data on the history of Thrace in the IV c. (Passio SS Maximi, Theodoti et Asclepiodotae).” In: Roman cities in Bulgaria: Collected studies by V. Velkov. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1980, p. 137-149. google scholar CR - Zanini, Enricio. “Qualche appunto per un’archeologia contestuale delle stazioni di sosta nel mondo romano e tardoantico / Some notes about a contextual archaeology of road stations in Roman and Late Antique world” In: Basso, P., Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 71-80. google scholar CR - Агре, Даниела, Дичев, Диян, Христов, Христо. “Трако-римски селищен обект в м. Св. Илия в землището на с. Стройно, общ. Елхово.” Археологически открития и разкопки през 2020 г. София, 2021, p. 875-880. google scholar CR - Боянов, Илиян. Дискодуратере и емпориите в Римска Тракия. София: Авалон, 2014. google scholar CR - Буюклиев, Христо /Шаранков, Николай. “Новооткрит епиграфски паметник за строителната дейност и обществения живот в Августа Траяна при Северите.” In: Boshnakov, K./ Boteva, D. (eds.) Jubilaeus V: Studia in honorem Prof. Dr. Margaritae Tacheva. Sofia, 2002, p. 82-93. google scholar CR - Буюклиев, Христо /Шаранков, Николай. “Още два надписа за Марк Аврелий Азиатик – πατὴρ πατρίδος на Августа Траяна.” In: Проблеми и изследвания на тракийската култура, 2. Казанлък, 2007, p. 176-188. google scholar CR - Буюклиев, Христо/Шаранков, Николай. “Два новооткрити надписа от Пизос.” Епохи 12, no. 1-2 (2004), p. 199-211. google scholar CR - Василев, Васил. “Работилници за императорски и монументални статуи в Тракия и Мизия.” Studia Archaeologica, Supplementum I: Сборник в памет на д-р Петър Горбанов. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2003, p.181-189. google scholar CR - Вълчев, Иван, Извънградските светилища в римската провинция Тракия (I-IV век). София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2015. google scholar CR - Геров, Борис. Проучвания върху западнотракийските земи през римско време. Част III, 62(2) (1968-1969), София: Наука и изкуство, 1969, p. 119-248. google scholar CR - Геров, Борис. “Проучвания върху западнотракийските земи през римско време. Част I.” Годишник на Софийския университет, Философски факултет, 54(3) (1959-1960), София, 1961, p. 153-407. google scholar CR - Делев, Петър. “Епитафията на Хреста и светилището на Зевс-Дионис в Малко Търново.” Археология, 25(3) (1983), p.1-11. google scholar CR - Динчев, Венцислав, “Бендипара – първата точно локализирана комархия в Римска Тракия.” Минало, 1 (1996a), p.19-21. google scholar CR - Динчев, Венцислав, “Полуградските неукрепени селища през римската, късноримската и ранновизантийската епоха (I – началото на VII в.) в днешните български земи.” История, V, 3 (1996), p. 99-104. google scholar CR - Лозанов, Ивайло. “Hов надпис от тържището Дискодуратере в Тракия”. In: Phosphorion. Studia in honorem Mariae Cicikova. София: Академично издателство Проф. Марин Дринов, 2008, p. 534-540. google scholar CR - Николов, Димитър. “Строителен надпис от римска баня край Стара Загора.” Археология, 1 (1968), p. 43-47. google scholar CR - Попова-Мороз, Ваня. “Римската портретна пластика от Бесапара и нейната територия.” Годишник на Националния археологически музей – София, 8 (1992), p. 203-213. google scholar CR - Райчева, Милена. “Бележки върху локализацията на неокорния храм във Филипопол.” Годишник на Регионалнен археологически музей – Пловдив, 12 (2014), p. 233-246. google scholar CR - Торбатов, Сергей. “Пътна мрежа в Тракия и Мизия (I-III в.)” In: Иванов, Р. (ed.) Археология на българските земи, том 1, 2004, p. 76-95. google scholar CR - Филов, Богдан. “Епиграфически ситнежи.” Периодическо списание на българското книжовно дружество, 67 (1907), p. 625-642. google scholar CR - Христов, Иван. “Проучване на викус (vicus) от римската епоха в околностите на с. Тученица, Плевенско.” Известия на Националния исторически музей – София, 16 (2005), p. 48-70. google scholar CR - Цончев, Димитър. “Римският път Philippopolis – Tugugerum – Bessapara.” Годишник на Народния археологически музей в Пловдив, 2 (1950), p. 69–83. google scholar CR - Шаранков, Николай. “За датата и мястото на мъченичеството на света Теодота от „града на Филип“.” Bulgaria Mediaevalis, 6 (2015), p. 17-26. google scholar CR - Шаранков, Николай. “Надпис за реконструкция на филипополския театър”. Годишник на Регионален археологически музей – Пловдив, 12 (2014), p. 280-296. google scholar CR - Bibliography (Latin Transliteration) google scholar CR - (AASS Sept. V) Acta Sanctorum Septembris, collecta, digesta, commentariisque et observationibus illustrata a J. Stiltingo, C. Suyskeno, J. Periero, U. Stickero. Septembris tomus V, quo dies XV, XVI, XVII et XVIII continentur. Parisiis et Romae, 1866. google scholar CR - (AÉ) Merlin, Alf. “Périodiques.” L’Année Épigraphique vol. 1961 (1962), p. 253–327 google scholar CR - (IAT) Λουκοπούλου, Λ. et al. Επιγραφές της Θράκης του Αιγαίου: μεταξύ των ποταμών Νέστου και Έβρου (νομοί Ξάνθης, Ροδόπης και Έβρου). Athens: Εθνικόν Ίδρυμα Ερευνών. 2003. google scholar CR - (IGBulg) Mihailov, Georgi. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae. Vol. I-V. Sofia: Serdicae, 1956-1997. google scholar CR - Boteva, Dilyana, “Another evidence for the establishment of Pizos”, Studia in memoriam Velizari Velkov = Thracia, 13 (2000), p. 21-26. google scholar CR - Burrell, Barbara. Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. Leiden: Brill, 2004. google scholar CR - Di Paola, Lucietta. “Mansiones e stathmoi nelle fonti letterarie tardoantiche: destinazione d’uso, equipaggiamento, immagini / Mansiones and stathmoi in literary sources of Late Antiquity: their destinations, equipment, descriptions.” In: Basso, P., Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 9-18. google scholar CR - Fernoux, Henri-Louis. Notables et élites des cités de Bithynie aux époques hellénistique et romaine. Lyon: Mom Editions, 2004. google scholar CR - Fishwick, Duncan. The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 2.1: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire. Leiden: Brill, 1987. google scholar CR - Friesen, Steven J. Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. google scholar CR - Gerov, Boris. Landownership in Roman Thracia and Moesia (1st-3rd century). Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1988. google scholar CR - Hauken, Tor. Petition and Response: An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors, 181–249 (Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 2). Bergen: The Norwegian Institute at Athens, 1998. google scholar CR - Hristov, Ivan. Praetorium Sostra: A Study of the Roman Roadside Station of Sostra – II-III Century. Sofia: Unicart, 2015. google scholar CR - Hristov, Ivan. “A roadside sanctuary with a milestone (miliarium) from the time of emperor Philip the Arab on the route of the ancient road Oesucs – Philippopolis at the Sostra castellum.” Известия на Националния исторически музей 32, p. 132-163. google scholar CR - Kolb, Anne. “Mansiones and Cursus Publicus in the Roman Empire.” In: Basso, P./Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 3-8. google scholar CR - Kolb, Anne. “Transport in Thracia.” In: Vagalinski, L./Raycheva, M./Boteva, D./Sharankov, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the First International Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities”. (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44). Sofia: National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, 2018, p. 269-278. google scholar CR - Le Guennec, Marie-Adeline. “Identifier une auberge romaine. Quelques réflexions méthodologiques / Methodological Thoughts on the Identification of Roman Inns.” In: Basso, P., Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 81- 90. google scholar CR - Madzharov, Mitko. Roman Roads in Bulgaria. Contribution to the Development of Roman Road System in the Provinces of Moeasia and Thrace. Sofia: Faber, 2009. google scholar CR - Martinova-Kyutova, Maya/Sharankov, Nicolay. “The Ancient Theatre of Philippopolis (Plovdiv, Bulgaria).” In: Vagalinski, L./Raycheva, M./Boteva, D./Sharankov, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the First international Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44), 2018, p. 97-110. google scholar CR - Mihailov, Georgi. “Septimius Severus in Moesia Inferior and Thrace.”, In: Acta Antiqua Philippopolitana. Studia historica et philological. Sofia: In aedibus Typographicis Academiae Scientiarum Bulgaricae, 1963, p. 113-126. google scholar CR - Milčeva, Rumjana. Antike Skulptur in Bulgarien. Band I: Römische Porträts im Archäologischen Nationalmuseum Sofia. Langenweißbach: Beier & Beran, 2005. google scholar CR - Nankov, Emil. “From Utility to Imperial Propaganda: (Re)discovering a Milestone of Constantine I from the Vicinity of Bona Mansio and Emporion Pistiros and Its Significance for the Study of the ‘Via Diagonalis’ in the Territory of Philippopolis.” Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology 12, 1(2022), p. 97-116. google scholar CR - Pleket, Henry Willy. “An Aspect of the Emperor Cult: Imperial Mysteries.” The Harvard Theological Review, 58.4 (1965), p. 331–47. google scholar CR - Price, S. R. F. Rituals and Power. Asia Minor and the Imperial Cult. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984. google scholar CR - Robert, Louis, “Documents d’Asie Mineure”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique (BCH) 101.1 (1977): p. 43-132. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay. “Notes on Governors of Roman Thrace.” In: Vagalinski, L./Raycheva, M./Boteva, D./Sharankov, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the First international Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44), 2018, p. 97-110. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay. “Infectam usque fatale exitium’: The Milestones of Emperor Julian in the Territory of Serdica and the Conflict of Paganism and Christianity.” Archaeologia Bulgarica, 23, 3, (2019), p. 41-70. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay/Hristov, Ivan. “A Milestone of Emperor Philip the Arab from the Road Oescus – Philippopolis Found at the Eastern Wall of the Castellum of Sostra.” Archaeologia Bulgarica 23, 2 (2019), p. 57-70. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nicolay/Hristov, Ivan. “A Milestone for Emperor Trajan Decius Erected by the City of Nicopolis ad Istrum at the castellum of Sostra.” Archaeologia Bulgarica 26, 3 (2022), p. 67-77. google scholar CR - van Tilburg, Cornelis. Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. London, England: Routledge, 2012. google scholar CR - Velkov, Velizar. “Hagiographic data on the history of Thrace in the IV c. (Passio SS Maximi, Theodoti et Asclepiodotae).” In: Roman cities in Bulgaria: Collected studies by V. Velkov. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1980, p. 137-149. google scholar CR - Zanini, Enricio. “Qualche appunto per un’archeologia contestuale delle stazioni di sosta nel mondo romano e tardoantico / Some notes about a contextual archaeology of road stations in Roman and Late Antique world” In: Basso, P., Zanini, E. (eds.) Statio Amoena: Sostare e Vivere Lungo le Strade Romane. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2016, p. 71-80. google scholar CR - Agre, Daniela, Dichev, Diian, Khristov, Khristo. “Trako-rimski selishten obekt v m. Sv. Iliia v zemlishteto na s. Stroǐno, obsht. Elkhovo”. Arkheologicheski otkritia i razkopki prez 2020 g. Sofiia, 2021, p. 875-880. google scholar CR - Boianov, Iliian. Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakiia. Sofiia: Avalon, 2014. google scholar CR - Buiukliev, Khristo /Sharankov, Nikolaǐ. “Novootkrit epigrafski pametnik za stroitelnata deǐnost i obshtestveniia zhivot v Avgusta Traiana pri Severite.” In: Boshnakov, K./ Boteva, D. (eds.) Jubilaeus V: Studia in honorem Prof. Dr. Margaritae Tacheva. Sofia, 2002, p. 82-93. google scholar CR - Buiukliev, Khristo /Sharankov, Nikolaǐ. “Oshte dva nadpisa za Mark Avreliǐ Aziatik – πατὴρ πατρίδος na Avgusta Traiana.” In: Problemi i izsledvaniia na trakiǐskata kultura, 2. Kazanlǔk, 2007, p. 176-188. google scholar CR - Buiukliev, Khristo /Sharankov, Nikolaǐ. “Dva novootkriti nadpisa ot Pizaos.” Epokhi 12, no. 1-2 (2004), p. 199-211. google scholar CR - Vasilev, Vasil. “Rabotilnitsi za imperatorski i monumentalni statui v Trakiia i Miziia.” Studia Archaeologica, Supplementum I: Sbornik v pamet na d-r Petǔr Gorbanov. Sofiia: Universitetsko izdateslstvo „Sv. Kliment Okhridski“, 2003, p. 181-189. google scholar CR - Vǔlchev, Ivan, Izvǔngradskite svetilishta v rimskata provintsiia Trakiia (I-IV vek). Sofiia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Okhridski“, 2015. google scholar CR - Gerov, Boris. Prouchvaniia vǔrkhu zapadnotrakiǐskite zemi prez rimsko vreme. Chast III, 62(2) (1968- 1969), Sofiia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1969, p. 119-248. google scholar CR - Gerov, Boris. “Prouchvaniia vǔrkhu zapadnotrakiǐskite zemi prez rimsko vreme. Chast I.” Godishnik na Sofiǐskiia universitet, Filosofski fakultet, 54(3) (1959-1960), Sofiia, 1961, p. 153-407. google scholar CR - Delev, Petǔr. “Epitafiiata na Khresta i svetilishteto na Zevs-Dionis v Malko Tǔrnovo.” Arkheologiia, 25(3) (1983), p.1-11. google scholar CR - Dinchev, Ventsislav, “Bendipara – pǔrvata tochno lokalizirana komarkhiia v Rimska Trakiia.” Minalo, 1 (1996a), p. 19-21. google scholar CR - Dinchev, Ventsislav, “Polugradskite neukrepeni selishta prez rimskata, kǔsnorimskata i rannovizantiǐskata epokha (I – nachaloto na VII v.) v dneshnite bǔlgarski zemi.” Istoriia, V, 3 (1996), p. 99-104. google scholar CR - Lozanov, Ivaǐlo. “Nov nadpis ot tǔrzhishteto Diskoduratere v Trakiia” In: Phosphorion. Studia in honorem Mariae Cicikova. Sofiia: Akademichno izdatelstvo Prof. Marin Drinov, 2008, p. 534-540. google scholar CR - Nikolov, Dimitǔr. “Stroitelen nadpis ot rimska bania kraǐ Stara Zagora.” Arkheologiia, 1 (1968), p. 43-47. google scholar CR - Popova-Moroz, Vania. “Rimskata portretna plastika ot Besapara i neǐnata teritoriia.” Godishnik na Natsionalniia arkheologicheski muzeǐ – Sofiia, 8 (1992), p. 203-213. google scholar CR - Raǐcheva, Milena. “Belezhki vǔrkhu lokalizaciiata na neokorniia khram vǔv Filipopol.” Godishnik na Regionalen arkheologicheski muzeǐ – Plovdiv, 12 (2014), p. 233-246. google scholar CR - Torbatov, Sergeǐ. “Pǔtna mrezha v Trakiia i Miziia (I-III v.)”. In: Ivanov, R. (ed.) Arkheologiia na bǔlgarskite zemi, tom 1, 2004, p. 76-95. google scholar CR - Filov, Bogdan. “Epigraficheski sitnezhi.” Periodichesko spisanie na bǔlgarskoto knizhovno druzhestvo, 67 (1907), p. 625-642. google scholar CR - Khristov, Ivan. “Prouchvane na vikus (vicus) ot rimskata epokha v okolnostite na s. Tuchenitsa, Plevensko.” Izvestiia na Natsionalniia istoricheski muzeǐ – Sofiia, 16 (2005), p. 48-70. google scholar CR - Tsonchev, Dimitǔr. “Rimskiiat pǔt Philippopolis – Tugugerum – Bessapara.” Godishnik na Narodniia arkheologicheski muzeǐ v Plovdiv, 2 (1950), p. 69–83. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nikolaǐ. “Za datata i miastoto na mǔchenishestvoto na sveta Teodota ot „grada na Filip“.” Bulgaria Mediaevalis, 6 (2015), p. 17-26. google scholar CR - Sharankov, Nikolaǐ. “Nadpis za rekonstruktsiia na filipopolskiia teatǔr”. Godishnik na Regionalen arkheologicheski muzeǐ – Plovdiv, 12 (2014), p. 280-296. google scholar UR - https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023005 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/4967913 ER -