TY - JOUR T1 - The Role of the Jigsaw Technique in the Basketball Development of Middle School Students: Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Domains TT - Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Basketbol Gelişiminde Jigsaw Tekniği’nin Rolü: Bilişsel, Duyuşsal ve Psikomotor Alanlar AU - Kara, Mehmet AU - Çetın, Mehmet Çağrı PY - 2025 DA - November Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.46463/ijrss.1730714 JF - International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science JO - INTJORASS PB - Hüseyin GÜMÜŞ WT - DergiPark SN - 2618-5717 SP - 179 EP - 197 VL - 9 IS - 2 LA - en AB - We examined the impact of different instructional models on the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development of 8th-grade middle school students in the context of basketball instruction. The research was conducted with a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design. For data collection, the Basketball Knowledge Test was used for the cognitive domain, the Attitude Towards Basketball Scale for the affective domain, and the Basketball Fundamental Offensive Skills Graded Scoring Key for the psychomotor domain. We carried out all study procedures at a state school in Mersin province, selected based on suitable physical and environmental conditions, during the fall semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. The study group consisted of two different 8th-grade classes, each with 30 students. The Jigsaw Technique, largely based on the Collaborative Teaching Model (CTM), was applied to the experimental group, whereas the control group received instruction based on the Direct Instruction Model (DIM) (e.g., command, drills). During the eight-week intervention, instruction in the fundamental offensive basketball skills of chest pass, shooting, and layups was provided in physical education lessons within sports curriculum. A Mixed-Design ANOVA was used to analyze the research data; the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were tested prior to the analysis. Comparative tests showed that Jigsaw technique produced significantly greater improvements across three domains, namely cognitive (η²=.50), affective (η²=.68), and psychomotor (η²=.83), as compared to DIM. In conclusion, the Jigsaw Technique, as part of the CTM, is a more effective method for supporting cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development in basketball instruction. KW - Jigsaw KW - cognitive domain KW - affective domain KW - psychomotor domain KW - collaborative learnign KW - basketball N2 - Bu araştırmada, ortaokul 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin bilişsel, duyuşsal ve psikomotor gelişim alanlarında, basketbol öğretiminde tercih edilen farklı öğretim modellerinin etkisinin incelenmiştir. Araştırma, yarı deneysel desenlerden ön test-son test kontrol gruplu model ile yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama sürecinde; bilişsel alan için Basketbol Bilgi Testi duyuşsal alan için Basketbola Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği’’ ve psikomotor alan için ‘’Basketbolda Temel Hücum Becerileri Derecelendirilmiş Puanlama Anahtarı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, 2024-2025 öğretim yılı güz döneminde, uygun fiziki ve çevresel koşullar dikkate alınarak Mersin iline bağlı bir ortaokulda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma grubu, her biri 30 öğrenciden oluşan iki farklı 8. sınıf şubesinden oluşmaktadır. Deney grubuna, İşbirlikli Öğretim Modeli’ne (İÖM) bağlı Jigsaw Tekniği uygulanırken; kontrol grubuna, Doğrudan Öğretim Modeli’ne (DÖM) dayalı öğretim teknikleri (komut, alıştırma vb.) uygulanmıştır. Sekiz haftalık uygulama sürecinde, beden eğitimi ve spor dersi kapsamında basketbolun temel hücum becerileri olan göğüs pas, şut ve turnike öğretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma verilerin analizinde karışık ölçümler ANOVA yöntemi kullanılmış; analiz öncesinde normallik ve varyans homojenliği sayıltıları test edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen karşılaştırma testleri sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, deney grubundaki öğrencilerin basketbol bilgi düzeylerinin, basketbola yönelik tutumlarının ve temel hücum becerilerindeki gelişimlerinin, kontrol grubundaki öğrencilere kıyasla istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu sonuç, İÖM’ye bağlı Jigsaw Tekniği’nin, basketbol öğretiminde bilişsel, duyuşsal ve psikomotor gelişimi desteklemede daha etkili bir yöntem olduğunu göstermektedir. CR - Abramovskikh, N. V., Abashina, V. V., Niyazova, A. A., Sinebryukhova, V. L., & Filippova, A. R. (2021). The experiment of developing a system of vocational training on the educational activity of future teachers. E3S Web of Conferences, 291, 05015. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129105015 CR - Ahioğlu, N. (2008). Child development within the framework of cultural-historical theory. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 41(1), 163–186. CR - Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (1997). The jigsaw classroom: Building cooperation in the classroom. Longman. CR - Ayan, S. (2019). Movement education. Pegem Akademi. CR - Baena-Morales, S., García-Taibo, O., Merma-Molina, G., & Ferriz-Valero, A. (2023). Analysing the sustainability competencies of preservice teachers in Spain. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(3), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-03-2022-0100 CR - Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. CR - Barreto, D., Oyarzun, B., & Conklin, S. (2022). Integration of cooperative learning strategies in online settings. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19(6), 574–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530221094232 CR - Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth. American Economic Review, 91(2), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.12 CR - Bird, G., Osman, M., Saggerson, A., & Heyes, C. (2005). Sequence learning by action, observation, and action observation. British Journal of Psychology, 96(3), 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712605X47940 CR - Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Handbook of data analysis for social sciences. Pegem Akademi. CR - Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. CR - Barreto, D., Oyarzun, B., & Conklin, S. (2022). Integration of cooperative learning strategies in online settings. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19(6), 574–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530221094232 CR - Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth. American Economic Review, 91(2), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.12 CR - Baena-Morales, S., García-Taibo, O., Merma-Molina, G., & Ferriz-Valero, A. (2023). Analysing the sustainability competencies of preservice teachers in Spain. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(3), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-03-2022-0100 CR - Bird, G., Osman, M., Saggerson, A., & Heyes, C. (2005). Sequence learning by action, observation, and action observation. British Journal of Psychology, 96(3), 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712605X47940 CR - Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Handbook of data analysis for social sciences. Pegem Akademi. CR - Can, A. (2014). Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process. Pegem Publishing. CR - Castelli, D. M. (2022). Physical activity, fitness, and cognitive function in children and adolescents. In Sport and fitness in children and adolescents: A multidimensional view. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100024 CR - Chen, Z., & Luo, S. (2023). Evaluate teaching quality of physical education using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making framework. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0280845. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280845 CR - Chiu, Y. C., Hsin, L. H., & Huang, F. H. (2014). Orientating cooperative learning model on social responsibility in physical education. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 3(4), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2014.721 CR - Chu, Y., Chen, C., Wang, G., & Su, F. (2022). The effect of education model in physical education on student learning behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 944507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944507 CR - Cochon Drouet, O., Margas, N., Cece, V., & Lentillon-Kaestner, V. (2024). The effects of the jigsaw method on students’ physical activity in physical education: The role of student sex and habituation. European Physical Education Review, 30(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231183530 CR - Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587 CR - Çifçi, F. (2019). The effect of portfolio assessment-supported instruction in physical education and sports lessons on students’ basketball knowledge and skills [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Mersin University. CR - Claramita, M., Ekawati, F. M., Gayatri, A., Istiono, W., Sutomo, A. H., Kusnanto, H., & Graber, M. A. (2018). Preparatory graduate professional training in general practice by using the “experiential learning” framework. Asia Pacific Family Medicine, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12930-018-0043-3 CR - Corbetta, P. (2003). Social research: Theory, methods, and techniques. SAGE Publications. CR - Crone, T. S., & Portillo, M. C. (2013). Jigsaw variations and attitudes about learning and the self in cognitive psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 40(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628313487452 CR - Cross, E. S., Kraemer, D. J., Hamilton, A. F. D. C., Kelley, W. M., & Grafton, S. T. (2009). Sensitivity of the action observation network to physical and observational learning. Cerebral Cortex, 19(2), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn083 CR - Cui, H., & Zhang, Z. (2021). A cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning method based on coordination degree. IEEE Access, 9, 123805–123814. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3109264 CR - Czyż, S. H. (2010). Motor schema development in constant practice: The gradient in bimanual juggling with three balls. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(3), 901–915. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.110.C.901-915 CR - Darnis, F., & Lafont, L. (2013). Cooperative learning and dyadic interactions: Two modes of knowledge construction in socio-constructivist settings for team-sport teaching. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 20(5), 459–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2013.803528 CR - Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801 CR - Diamond, A. (2015). Effects of physical exercise on executive functions: Going beyond simply moving to moving with thought. Annals of Sports Medicine and Research, 2(1), 1011. CR - Drouet, O. C., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Roure, C., & Margas, N. (2022). The role of the type of sport in the effects of the jigsaw method on students’ motivation and moderate to vigorous physical activity in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 42(2), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0253 CR - Dyson, B. (2002). The implementation of cooperative learning in an elementary physical education program. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 22(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.22.1.69 CR - Egger, F., Benzing, V., Conzelmann, A., & Schmidt, M. (2019). Boost your brain, while having a break! The effects of long-term cognitively engaging physical activity breaks on children’s executive functions and academic achievement. PLOS ONE, 14(3), e0212482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212482 CR - Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company. CR - Fusaroli, R., & Tylén, K. (2015). Investigating conversational dynamics: Interactive alignment, interpersonal synergy, and collective task performance. Cognitive Science, 40(1), 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12251 CR - Gallahue, D. L., & Ozmun, J. C. (2006). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. CR - Gardner, H. E. (2011). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books. CR - Gömleksiz, M. N. (2007). Effectiveness of cooperative learning (Jigsaw II) method in teaching English as a foreign language to engineering students (Case of Firat University, Turkey). European Journal of Engineering Education, 32(5), 613–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790701433343 CR - Gorucu, A. (2016). The investigation of the effects of physical education lessons planned in accordance with the cooperative learning approach on secondary school students' problem-solving skills. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(10), 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2750 CR - Gusril, W. R., Komaini, A., Chaeroni, A., & Kalsum, U. (2022). The effect of physical activity-based physical education learning model in the form of games. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 10(7), 44–55.* CR - Handayani, M. S., Widana, I. K. W., & Febiyanti, N. W. (2022). Jigsaw in teaching reading for elementary school students. The Art of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, 3(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.36663/tatefl.v3i1.171 CR - Hattie, J., & Zierer, K. (2019). Visible learning insights. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351002226 CR - Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675 CR - Heneghan, M., Cronin, M., & McCabe, A. (2020). Improved student outcomes through use of direct instruction in the laboratory. International Journal of Research, 9(6), 13–23. CR - Hien, P. V. (2018). Public investment in education and training in Vietnam. International Education Studies, 11(7), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n7p106 CR - Isa, C. M. M., Joseph, E. O., Saman, H. M., Jan, J., Tahir, W., & Mukri, M. (2019). Attainment of program outcomes under the psychomotor domain for civil engineering undergraduate students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(13), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i13/6807 CR - Jach, E. A., & Carvajal, C. N. (2023). Evaluating the effectiveness of UndocuAlly trainings: A case example in the state of New York. New Directions for Higher Education, 203, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20475 CR - Jayantilal, K., & O’Leary, N. (2017). (Reinforcing) factors influencing a physical education teacher’s use of the direct instruction model teaching games. European Physical Education Review, 23(4), 392–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X16652081 CR - Jeppu, A. K., Kumar, K. A., & Sethi, A. (2023). “We work together as a group”: Implications of jigsaw cooperative learning. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 734. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04655-y CR - Jiang, J., Wu, S., & Zhang, S. (2022). Design and research of VR basketball teaching system based on embedded intelligent sensor. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022, 3688596. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3688596 CR - Jing, S. (2017). Compare and contrast of constructivism and community of practice. In 3rd International Conference on Social Science, Management and Economics (SSME). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/ssme-17.2017.103 CR - Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Cooperative learning and assessment. Allyn & Bacon. CR - ohnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2018). Cooperative learning: The foundation for active learning. In Active learning—Beyond the future (pp. 59–71). CR - Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (2014). Cooperative learning and individual student achievement in secondary schools. In Secondary schools and cooperative learning (pp. 3–54). Routledge. CR - Kabore, A. (2022). Historical analysis of bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies’ interventions in education and training in Burkina Faso from 1960 to 2015. International Journal of Education, Culture and Society, 7(4), 169– 179. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijecs.20220704.17 CR - Karacop, A. (2017). The effects of using jigsaw method based on cooperative learning model in the undergraduate science laboratory practices. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(3), 420–434. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050310 CR - Karasar, N. (2005). Scientific research method (Original work published in Turkish as Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi). Nobel Publishing. CR - Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006). Why unguided learning does not work: An analysis of the failure of discovery learning, problem-based learning, experiential learning and inquiry-based learning. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1 CR - Lee, Y. F., Altschuld, J. W., Chiang, F. S., Yue, C. S. J., Sung, H. T., & Chang, C. H. (2022). Effects of augmented feedback with error self-estimates on vocational high school students’ motor skill learning. Vocations and Learning, 15(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-021-09269-y CR - Liu, T., & Lipowski, M. (2021). Influence of cooperative learning intervention on the intrinsic motivation of physical education students—A meta-analysis within a limited range. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062989 CR - Liu, W. (2022). Analysis on the effectiveness of PE FCT model based on cooperative learning model. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 7955813. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7955813 CR - Luo, H. (2023). Cooperative learning strategy in college basketball training and teaching. Science, 7(8), 1551–1555. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.science.20230708.17 CR - Matthews, R., & Ross, E. (2010). Research methods: A practical guide for the social sciences. Pearson Education Ltd. Oliveira, P. S., van Munster, M. D. A., de Souza, J. V., & Lieberman, L. J. (2019). Adapted physical education collaborative consulting: A systematic literature review. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 39(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2019-0026 CR - Phillips, J., & Fusco, J. (2015). Using the jigsaw technique to teach clinical controversy in a clinical skills course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(6), 90. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe79690 CR - Piaget, J. (1977). The development of thought: Equilibration of cognitive structures (A. Rosin, Trans.). Viking. Pujianto, D., Insanistyo, B., & Sutisyana, A. (2020, August). Using cooperative learning to teach team game tournament structure in learning physical education and sports. In 1st Progress in Social Science, Humanities and Education Research Symposium (PSSHERS 2019) (pp. 309–314). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200824.072 CR - Rivera-Pérez, S., Fernandez-Rio, J., & Gallego, D. I. (2021). Uncovering the nexus between cooperative learning contexts and achievement goals in physical education. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(4), 1821–1835. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211009390 CR - Rosenshine, B. (2008). Five meanings of direct instruction. Center on Innovation and Improvement, 1–10. CR - Sang, Y., & Chen, X. (2022). Human–computer interactive physical education teaching method based on speech recognition engine technology. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 941083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.941083 CR - Santosa, M. H., Ivone, F. M., Jacobs, G. M., & Flores, J. C. (2022). Student-to-student cooperation in virtual learning without breakout rooms. Beyond Words, 10(1), 70–82. CR - Schmidt, R., & Tim, L. (2019). Motor learning and performance: From principles to application. Human Kinetics. CR - Setiawan, A., Kharisma, Y., & Yohan, S. (2020). The effect of direct instruction learning model on the underpass learning outcome in volleyball. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 5(2), 143–150.* CR - Shearer, C. B., & Karanian, J. M. (2017). The neuroscience of intelligence: Empirical support for the theory of multiple intelligences? Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 6, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2017.02.002 CR - Slavin, R. E. (1991). Student team learning: A practical guide to cooperative learning. National Education Association Professional Library. CR - Slavin, R. E. (2018). Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Boston: Pearson. CR - Stocker, M., Burmester, M., & Allen, M. (2014). Optimisation of simulated team training through the application of learning theories: A debate for a conceptual framework. BMC Medical Education, 14(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-69 CR - Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Using multivariate statistics. Nobel Publishing. CR - Tran, V. D. (2012). Effects of cooperative learning on students at An Giang University in Vietnam (Doctoral dissertation). La Trobe University. CR - Tri, N. M., Ngoc, L. Q., & Dung, N. T. (2022). Education and training development: The case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 438–448. CR - Ural, A., & Kılıç, İ. (2005). The research process and data analysis with SPSS . Detay Publishing. CR - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. CR - Vygotsky, L. S., & Cole, M. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. CR - Wei, S., Huang, P., Li, R., Liu, Z., & Zou, Y. (2021). Exploring the application of artificial intelligence in sports training: A case study approach. Complexity, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5528892 CR - White, A. L. (2019). Editor’s note: Is the multiple intelligences theory a research-based theory or a story with a positive message? Southeast Asian Mathematics Education Journal, 9(1), 57–64. CR - Woo, W. H. (2016). Using Gagne’s instructional model in phlebotomy education. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 7, 511–516. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S105180 CR - Yang, C., Chen, R., Chen, X., & Lu, K. H. (2021). The efficiency of cooperative learning in physical education on the learning of action skills and learning motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 717528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717528 CR - Yıldırım, Y. (2016). A sociological analysis attempt on Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s cognitive development theories from the perspective of the sociology of education. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 5(2), 617–628. CR - Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079 CR - Zeng, N., Ayyub, M., Sun, H., Wen, X., Xiang, P., & Gao, Z. (2017). Effects of physical activity on motor skills and cognitive development in early childhood: A systematic review. BioMed Research International, 2017, 2760716. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716 CR - Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2 CR - Zipfel, N., de Wit, M., Snippen, N. C., Bosma, A. R., Hulshof, C. T. J., de Boer, A. G. E. M., & Van der Burg-Vermeulen, S. J. (2023). Improving person-centered occupational health care for workers with chronic health conditions: A feasibility study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04226-y UR - https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1730714 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5006143 ER -