TY  - JOUR
T1  - BİYOPOLİTİKA KAVRAMI ÜZERİNE:  BİYOLOJİK TEMELDEN YÖNETİŞİME GEÇİŞ
TT  - ON THE CONCEPT OF BIOPOLITICS:  FROM BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS TO GOVERNANCE
AU  - Belen, Nazlı
PY  - 2025
DA  - October
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.59597/akademikaci.1734440
JF  - Akademik Açı
PB  - Ankara Bilim Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1301-0697
SP  - 60
EP  - 83
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu makale, biyopolitika kavramının tarihsel evrimini ve çağdaş siyasal-toplumsal uygulamalardaki yansımalarını analiz etmektedir. Biyopolitikanın biyolojik determinizm kökeninden, Foucault’nun kavramsallaştırmasıyla birlikte yönetişim merkezli bir iktidar biçimine nasıl dönüştüğü incelenmiştir. Kavramın tarihsel kökenleri, Foucault, Esposito ile Agamben gibi çağdaş düşünürlerin katkıları doğrultusunda, farklı ülkelerdeki öjeni politikaları, toplum sağlığı uygulamaları ve üreme politikaları üzerinden karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmaktadır. COVID-19 pandemisi özelinde, dijital gözetim ve sağlık yönetimi gibi yeni biyopolitik stratejiler mercek altına alınmıştır. Bu çalışma, biyopolitikanın günümüzde yaşam, iktidar ve yönetişim ilişkilerinin çözümlemesinde kritik bir kavramsal araç haline geldiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
KW  - Biyopolitika
KW  - Biyoiktidar
KW  - Yönetişim
KW  - Foucault
KW  - COVID-19
N2  - This article analyzes the historical evolution of the concept of biopolitics and its contemporary socio-political implications. It examines the transformation of biopolitics from its origins in biological determinism to a governance-centered form of power as theorized by Michel Foucault. Drawing on the foundational works of Foucault, Esposito, and Agamben, the study offers a comparative analysis of eugenic policies, public health practices, and reproductive regulations across various countries. Special attention is given to the COVID-19 pandemic as a case that exemplifies emerging biopolitical strategies, including digital surveillance and health management. The study highlights the relevance of biopolitics as a critical conceptual tool for analyzing the intersections of life, power, and governance in the contemporary world.
CR  - Ackerman, B. (1995). The Future of Liberal Revolution. Yale University Press.
CR  - Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (D. Heller Roazen, Çev.). Stanford University Press.
CR  - Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception (K. Attell, Çev.). University of Chicago Press.
CR  - Arendt, H. (1958). The Human Condition. University of Chicago Press.
CR  - Andresen, A., & Elvbakken, K. T. (2020). The politics of eugenics in Norway: From sterilization to genetic counselling. Scandinavian Journal of History, 45(5), 594–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2020.1741272
CR  - Basu, A. M. (1997). The politicization of fertility to achieve non demographic objectives. Population Studies, 51(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000149539
CR  - BBC, Coronavirus: Government to pay up to 80% of workers' wages, 21.03.2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51982005, Erişim: 12.07.2025.
CR  - Broberg, G., & Tydén, M. (2005). Eugenics in Sweden: Efficient care. In G. Broberg & N. Roll Hansen (Ed.), Eugenics and the welfare state: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland (sf. x y). Michigan State University Press.
CR  - Dean, M. (2013). The Signature of Power: Sovereignty, Governmentality and Biopolitics. Sage Publications.
CR  - Dean, M. (2020). The analytics of biopolitics. In S. Ruzza, S. Martucci & M. Montagna (Ed.), Foucault and the Politics of Health (ss. 13–30). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44579-0_2
CR  - Doğan, M. (2013). Türkiye’de uygulanan nüfus politikalarına genel bakış. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 23, 293–307.
CR  - Esposito, R. (2011). Immunitas: The Protection and Negation of Life. Polity Press.
CR  - Falletti, E. (2016). Reproductive rights in Italy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2856856
CR  - Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (A. Sheridan, Çev.). Vintage Books.
CR  - Foucault, M. (1976). The History of Sexuality: Volume I. An Introduction (R. Hurley, Çev.). Pantheon Books.
CR  - Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I. An Introduction (R. Hurley, Çev.). Pantheon Books.
CR  - Foucault, M. (2003). Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–1976 (D. Macey, Çev.). Picador.
CR  - Foucault, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979 (G. Burchell, Çev.). Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Gong, S., Moon, J. Y., & Jung, J. (2022). Perceived usefulness of COVID 19 tools for contact tracing among contact tracers in Korea. Epidemiology and Health, 44, e2022106. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022106
CR  - Gostin, L. O., & Wiley, L. F. (2020). Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (3. bas.). University of California Press.
CR  - Holdar, S. (1992). The ideal state and the power of geography: The life work of Rudolf Kjellén. Political Geography, 11(3), 307–323.
CR  - IMF, International Monetary Fund, Policy Responses to COVID-19, https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#U, Erişim: 12.07.2025.
CR  - Kaine, G., Greenhalgh, S., & Wright, V. (2022). Compliance with COVID 19 measures: Evidence from New Zealand. PLOS ONE, 17(2), e0263376. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263376
CR  - Kamin Friedman, S., & Peled Raz, M. (2021). Lessons from Israel’s COVID 19 Green Pass program. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 10, 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-021-00496-4
CR  - Kevles, D. J. (1985). In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Kitchin, R. (2020). Civil liberties or public health, or civil liberties and public health? Using surveillance technologies to tackle the spread of COVID 19. Space and Polity, 24(3), 362–381.
CR  - Klocker, N., & Dunn, K. M. (2003). Who’s driving the asylum debate? Newspaper and government representations of asylum seekers. Media International Australia, 109(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0310900109
CR  - Liesen, L. T., & Walsh, M. B. (2012). The competing meanings of “biopolitics” in political science: Biological and post modern approaches to politics. Politics and the Life Sciences, 31(1–2), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096512000012
CR  - Lombardo, P. A. (2008). Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell. Johns Hopkins University Press.
CR  - Lombardo, P. A. (Ed.) (2011). A Century of Eugenics in America: From the Indiana Experiment to the Human Genome Era. Indiana University Press.
CR  - McLaren, A. (1990). Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945. University of Toronto Press.
CR  - Murray, G. R., Beall, A., Fletcher, A., Grillo, M. C., Senior, C., & Mansell, J. (2020). Politics and the Life Sciences: The rise of a new framework. Politics and the Life Sciences, 39(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.21
CR  - Ortiz Millán, G. (2023). COVID 19 health passes: Practical and ethical issues. Bioethical Inquiry, 20, 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10227-2
CR  - Otsubo, S., & Bartholomew, J. R. (1998). Eugenics in Japan: Some ironies of modernity, 1883–1945. Science in Context, 11(3–4), 545–565.
CR  - Palen, J. J. (1986). Fertility and eugenics: Singapore’s population policies. Population Research and Policy Review, 5(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124875
CR  - Paterlini, M. (2021). COVID-19: Italy makes vaccination mandatory for healthcare workers. BMJ, 373, n905. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n905
CR  - Pocock, C. (2008). From segregation to assimilation: A thematic study of policies and practices in Australia 1800–1970. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/30669368
CR  - Proctor, R. N. (1988). Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Revyakin, S. A. (2022). Personal privacy vs. public safety: A hybrid model of the use of smart city solutions in fighting the COVID 19 pandemic in Moscow. Public Administration and Development, 42(5), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1997
CR  - Salisbury, J. of. (1990). Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers (C. J. Nederman, Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Sánchez Rivera, R. (2021). The making of “La Gran Familia Mexicana”: Eugenics, gender, and sexuality in Mexico. Journal of Historical Sociology, 34, 161–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12308
CR  - Sánchez Rivera, R. (2023). From preventive eugenics to slippery eugenics: Population control and contemporary sterilizations targeted to indigenous peoples in Mexico. Sociology of Health & Illness, 45(1), 128–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13556
CR  - Sánchez Rivera, A. M. (2023). Building the Gran Familia Mexicana: Eugenics, Public Health, and Nation in Post Revolutionary Mexico. University of North Carolina Press.
CR  - Schoppa, L. J. (2020). The policy response to declining fertility rates in Japan: Relying on logic and hope over evidence. Social Science Japan Journal, 23(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyz046
CR  - Schoppa, L. J. (2008). Race for the Exits: The Unraveling of Japan’s System of Social Protection. Cornell University Press.
CR  - Selden, S. (1999). Inheriting Shame: The Story of Eugenics and Racism in America. Teachers College Press.
CR  - Solinger, R., & Nakachi, M. (Ed.) (2016). Reproductive States: Global Perspectives on the Invention and Implementation of Population Policy. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199311071.001.0001
CR  - Tan, K. P. (2012). The ideology of pragmatism: Neo liberal globalisation and political authoritarianism in Singapore. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 42(1), 67–92.
CR  - Tejerina, L., Lee, H., & Kang, D. (2024). The Republic of Korea’s Digital Tools for Fighting COVID 19. https://doi.org/10.18235/0005670
CR  - Ward, J. K., Gauna, F., Gagneux-Brunon, A., Botelho-Nevers, E., Cracowski, J. L., Khouri, C., & Peretti-Watel, P. (2022). The French health pass holds lessons for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Nature Medicine, 28(2), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01661-7
CR  - Zeng, Y., & Hesketh, T. (2016). The effects of China’s universal two child policy. The Lancet, 388(10054), 1930–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31405-2
CR  - Zhang, X. (2022). Decoding China’s COVID 19 Health Code Apps: The Legal Challenges. Healthcare, 10(8), 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081479
CR  - Zheng, M. (2021). Surveillance and disease control in COVID 19: Big data application in public health. In J. Abawajy, Z. Xu, M. Atiquzzaman & X. Zhang (Ed.), 2021 International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Intelligence (ATCI 2021), Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, Vol. 81 (sf. 845–855). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79197-1_82
CR  - Zheng, R. (2021). Biopolitics in the age of COVID 19: State control and resistance in China. Critical Public Health, 31(2), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1781594
CR  - Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.59597/akademikaci.1734440
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5021358
ER  -