TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Power That Rusts the Gears: How Corruption Affects Russia’s Growth
TT  - Çarkları Paslandıran Güç: Yolsuzluk Rusya’nın Büyümesini Nasıl Etkiliyor?
AU  - Polat, İbrahim Halil
AU  - Tosunoğlu, Mahir
PY  - 2025
DA  - October
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.33203/mfy.1734529
JF  - Maliye ve Finans Yazıları
PB  - Maliye ve Finans Yazıları Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1308-6014
SP  - 122
EP  - 146
IS  - 124
LA  - en
AB  - This study investigates the effect of corruption control on economic growth in Russia, emphasizing the importance of institutional quality for development. While corruption is widely viewed as a key obstacle to prosperity, some studies suggest it may have positive effects under specific circumstances. Using data from 2002 to 2023, the study applies the Johansen cointegration test, ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods. Findings show that capital, population, and control of corruption contribute positively to economic growth, while labor has a negative impact. These results are consistent across all estimation methods. The research concludes that improving corruption control promotes economic growth, highlighting the need for institutional reforms, greater transparency, and accountability. Additionally, policies that encourage capital investment and align labor market skills with economic needs are recommended for sustainable growth.
KW  - Economic Development
KW  - Corruption
KW  - Time series analysis
N2  - Bu çalışma, Rusya’da yolsuzluğun kontrolünün ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Kurumların kalitesiyle ekonomik kalkınma arasındaki ilişki vurgulanırken, yolsuzluğun ülkelerin zenginleşmesini engelleyebileceği belirtilmektedir. Literatürde, yolsuzluğun büyümeye genellikle olumsuz etkileri olduğu öne sürülmekle birlikte, bazı araştırmalar belirli koşullarda olumlu sonuçlar da ortaya koymuştur. Araştırmada 2002-2023 dönemi için Johansen eşbütünleşme testi, ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, ARDL tahminlerinde sermaye, nüfus ve yolsuzluk kontrolü büyümeyi olumlu, emek ise olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Diğer yöntemlerle elde edilen bulgular da bu sonuçları desteklemektedir. Yolsuzluğun kontrolündeki artış, büyümeyi desteklemekte; bu nedenle kurumsal reformlar, şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik ön plana çıkmaktadır.
CR  - Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2013). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Crown Currency. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12048.
CR  - Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of talent: A general equilibrium approach. The Economic Journal, 108(450), 1381-1403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00347.
CR  - Adaman, F., Çarkoğlu, A., & Şenatalar, B. (2001). Hane halkı gözünden Türkiye’de yolsuzluğun nedenleri ve önlenmesine ilişkin öneriler. TESEV Yayınları.
CR  - Ahmad, E., Ullah, M. A., & Arfeen, M. I. (2012). Does corruption affect economic growth? Latin American Journal of Economics, 49(2), 277-305. https://doi.org/10.7764/LAJE.49.2.277.
CR  - Akıllı, H. (2013). Kamu hizmeti imtiyazından yap-işlet-devret yöntemine: Yasal serüven. Sayıştay Dergisi, (89), 91–114. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sayistay/issue/61544/919105
CR  - Akpınar, A., & Çelik, N. (2025). OECD ülkelerinde cari açık sorunu ve çözüm önerileri: DFE-ARDL panel model bulguları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 46–66.
CR  - Alam, I., & Quazi, R. (2003). Determinants of capital flight: An econometric case study of Bangladesh. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713673164.
CR  - Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1992). Political Instability and Economic Growth (NBER Working Paper No. 4173). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4173.
CR  - Baklouti, N., & Boujelbene, Y. (2020). Shadow economy, corruption, and economic growth: An empirical analysis. The Review of Black Political Economy, 47(3), 276-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644619885349.
CR  - Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091.
CR  - Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407–443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943.
CR  - Bayar, G. (2010). Türkiye’de yolsuzluk-ekonometrik bir inceleme. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(28), 105–131. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erusosbilder/issue/23762/253267.
CR  - Beck, P. J., & Maher, M. W. (1986). A comparison of bribery and bidding in thin markets. Economics Letters, 20(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(86)90068-6.
CR  - Beşel, F., & Savaşan, F. (2014). Türkiye’de yapısal kırılmalar altında yolsuzluk-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (27), 73–86. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kosbed/issue/25692/271139.
CR  - Bloom, D. E., & Williamson, J. G. (1998). Demographic transitions and economic miracles in emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419.
CR  - Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.
CR  - Chontanawat, J. (2020). Relationship between energy consumption, CO₂ emission and economic growth in ASEAN: Cointegration and causality model. Energy Reports, 6, 660-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.046.
CR  - Cieślik, A., & Goczek, Ł. (2018). Control of corruption, international investment, and economic growth – Evidence from panel data. World Development, 103, 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.028.
CR  - Demez, S., & Polat, İ. H. (2021). The relationship between inflation, unemployment and growth: The case of EAGLEs countries. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(12), 71-90
CR  - Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517.
CR  - Djouadi, I., Zakane, A., & Abdellaoui, O. (2024). Corruption and economic growth nexus: empirical evidence from dynamic threshold panel data. Business Ethics & Leadership, 8(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.61093/bel.8(2).49-62.2024.
CR  - Dridi, M. (2013). Corruption and economic growth: The transmission channels. MPRA Paper No. 47873. University Library of Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/47873.
CR  - Dzhumashev, R. (2014). Corruption and growth: The role of governance, public spending, and economic development. Economic Modelling, 37, 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.032.
CR  - d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2016). Government spending, corruption and economic growth. World Development, 84, 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.012.
CR  - Erdoğan, L., Tiryaki, A., & Ceylan, R. (2018). Türkiye’de uzun dönem ekonomik büyümenin belirleyicilerinin ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleriyle tahmini. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.336371.
CR  - Eriçok, R. E., & Yılancı, V. (2013). Eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Sınır testi yaklaşımı. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(1), 87-101. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder/issue/3472/47233.
CR  - Granger, C. W. J., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7.
CR  - Gründler, K., & Potrafke, N. (2019). Corruption and economic growth: New empirical evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 60, Article ID 101810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.08.001.
CR  - Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic econometrics (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
CR  - Güney, T. (2013). Yolsuzluk ve refah (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kütahya.
CR  - Hansen, B. E., & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225–248.
CR  - Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2014). Gravity equations: Workhorse, toolkit, and cookbook. In G. Gopinath, E. Helpman, & K. Rogoff (Eds.), Handbook of international economics (Vol. 4, pp. 131–195). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00003-3.
CR  - Huntington, S. P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
CR  - Hjalmarsson, E., & Österholm, P. (2010). Testing for cointegration using the Johansen methodology when variables are near-integrated: Size distortions and partial remedies. Empirical Economics, 39, 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0294-6.
CR  - Hodge, A., Shankar, S., Rao, D. P., & Duhs, A. (2011). Exploring the links between corruption and growth. Review of Development Economics, 15(3), 474–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00621.x.
CR  - Huang, C. J. (2016). Is corruption bad for economic growth? Evidence from Asia-Pacific countries. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 35, 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2016.03.006.
CR  - Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127–1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651.
CR  - İşler, K., & Tutar, F. K. (2019). Yolsuzluk ve ekonomik etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Atlas Journal, 5(17), 32–59. https://doi.org/10.31568/atlas.267.
CR  - Jiang, T., & Nie, H. (2014). The stained China miracle: Corruption, regulation, and firm performance. Economics Letters, 123(3), 366-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.02.007
CR  - Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.
CR  - Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration — with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x.
CR  - Krueger, A. O. (2002). Political economy of policy reform in developing countries (Vol. 4). MIT press.
CR  - Krugman, P. (1994). The myth of Asia’s miracle. Foreign Affairs, 73(6), 62–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046929.
CR  - Leff, N. H. (1964). Economic development through bureaucratic corruption. American Behavioral Scientist, 8(3), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276426400800303.
CR  - Levine, R., & Renelt, D. (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942–963.
CR  - Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x.
CR  - Lui, F. T. (1985). An equilibrium queuing model of bribery. Journal of Political Economy, 93(4), 760–781. https://doi.org/10.1086/261329.
CR  - Marquette, H. (2003). Corruption, politics and development: The role of the World Bank. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
CR  - Mehmood, B., Feliceo, A., & Shahid, A. (2014). What causes what? Aviation demand and economic growth in Romania: Cointegration estimation and causality analysis. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 9(1), 21-34.
CR  - Mo, P. H. (2001). Corruption and economic growth. Journal of Comparative Economics, 29(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2000.1703.
CR  - Moiseev, V. V., Goncharova, I. V., & Chuvardin, G. S. (2019, August). Corruption in Russia: Reasons for the growth. In 2019 5th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education (ICSSHE 2019) (pp. 25–28). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsshe-19.2019.6.
CR  - Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1991). The allocation of talent: Implications for growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 503–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937945.
CR  - Myrdal, G. (1989). Corruption: Its causes and effects. In A. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston, & V. T. LeVine (Eds.), Political corruption: A handbook (pp. 963–971). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
CR  - Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979–1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500278103.
CR  - Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2004.06.004.
CR  - Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2005a). Electricity consumption, employment and real income in Australia: Evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Energy Policy, 33(9), 1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.11.010.
CR  - Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2005b). Trade liberalization and economic growth in Fiji: An empirical assessment using the ARDL approach. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10(1), 96–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354786042000309099.
CR  - Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low-income to high-income countries? An empirical investigation of Fiji–U.S. migration 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byj017.
CR  - Nguyen, T. A. N., & Luong, T. T. H. (2020). Corruption, shadow economy and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developing Asian economies. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 16(4), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2020.16-4.7.
CR  - Paksha Paul, B. (2010). Does corruption foster growth in Bangladesh? International Journal of Development Issues, 9(3), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951011073308.
CR  - Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679.
CR  - Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616.
CR  - Phillips, P. C. B. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335.
CR  - Polat, İ. H., Tosunoğlu, M., & Gümüş, M. (2025). The balancing act: Can corruption control and accountability save public efficiency in India? Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2), 464–490. https://doi.org/10.31796/ogusbd.1445932.
CR  - Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997). The role of the World Bank in controlling corruption. Law & Policy in International Business, 29(1), 93–114.
CR  - Schulze, G. G., & Zakharov, N. (2018). Corruption in Russia. In M. Kochanowicz, & J. Kubik (Eds.), Handbook on the geographies of corruption (pp. 195–212). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786430520.00024.
CR  - Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1993). Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402.
CR  - Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513.
CR  - Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783–820. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763.
CR  - Tanzi, V., & Davoodi, H. (1997). Corruption, public investment, and growth (IMF Working Paper No. 97/139). International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451929515.001.
CR  - Tarı, R., & Yıldırım, D. Ç. (2009). Döviz kuru belirsizliğinin ihracata etkisi: Türkiye için bir uygulama. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 16(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.30688.
CR  - Tosunoğlu, M. (2024). The relationship between technological innovation and economic growth in EU countries: A system GMM approach. Verimlilik Dergisi, 58(4), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1402628.
CR  - Tosunoğlu, M., & Uçal, H. (2025a). The relationship of energy consumption and economic growth under structural break: An application on Türkiye. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.47107/pausbed.1396965.
CR  - Tosunoğlu, M., & Uçal, H. (2025b). The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: Cointegration and causality approaches. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (67), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1444843.
CR  - Trabelsi, M. A. (2024). The impact of corruption on economic growth: A nonlinear evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 26(3), 953–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-023-00280-6.
CR  - Transparency International. (2025). Transparency International: The global coalition against corruption. https://www.transparency.org. Accessed: 29 May 2025.
CR  - Uberti, L. J. (2022). Corruption and growth: Historical evidence, 1790–2010. Journal of Comparative Economics, 50(2), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2021.11.001.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.33203/mfy.1734529
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5021745
ER  -