TY  - JOUR
T1  - İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNDE AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ YETKİSİ: VEREIN KLIMASENIORINNEN SCHWEIZ VE DİĞERLERİ/İSVİÇRE KARARI
AU  - Kahraman, Firdes Şeyda
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1748926
JF  - Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
PB  - Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1308-5549
SP  - 1017
EP  - 1060
VL  - 15
IS  - 3
LA  - tr
AB  - Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz ve Diğerleri/İsviçre kararı insan haklarının korunması açısından emsal niteliğinde olup mahkeme iklim değişikliğinin ciddi etkilerine karşı devletin koruma yükümlülüğünü, tüm Avrupa Konseyi üye devletlerinin vatandaşları bakımından yeni bir insan hakkı olarak tanımıştır. Avrupa Konseyi’ne üye devletlerin iklimin korunması konusundaki pozitif yükümlülüklerinin yanı sıra Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları tarafından iklim kriziyle ilgili insan haklarının yargı yoluyla uygulanması açısından da kararın etkileri geniş kapsamlıdır. İklim değişikliği davaları, yargının rolünün giderek daha belirgin hale geldiği, gelişmekte olan bir alandır. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde çevre hakkı açıkça yer almasa da çevrenin korunması Sözleşme çerçevesinde yorumlanmaktadır. Mahkeme, iklim değişikliği davalarında dava ehliyeti ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin 2. ve 8. maddelerinin bu tür davalara nasıl uygulanacağına ilişkin yeni ilkeler belirlemiştir. Kararın başlıca sonucu, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin 8. maddesinin, bireylerin iklim değişikliğinin ciddi olumsuz etkilerinden devlet tarafından etkili bir şekilde korunma hakkını içerdiğidir. Söz konusu karar, iklim değişikliğinin insan hakları ve hükümet politikalarının tüm alanlarını kapsayan bir sorun olduğu yönündeki artan farkındalığı teyit etmektedir. Mahkeme’nin iklim değişikliği ile ilgili olarak geliştirdiği yeni metodolojik yaklaşım özetlenmekte ve incelenmektedir. Amaç, Mahkeme’nin yaklaşımının özellikle çevre hukukuna ilişkin içtihatlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, benzersizliğini ortaya koymaktır.
KW  - İklim değişikliği
KW  - İnsan hakları
KW  - İsviçre
KW  - Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi
CR  - Al Khatib, A. and Linders T. (2024). “European Court of Human Rights rules in landmark             case that governments must combat,” Stibbe. Erişim adresi: https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/european-court-of-human-rights-rules-in-landmark-case-that-governments (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Allen, A. and Drury, H. (2024) “Hot or cold? The European Court of Human Rights’ recent decisions in climate change and human rights cases,” Travers Smith, Erişim adresi: https://www.traverssmith.com/knowledge/knowledge-container/hot-or-cold-the-european-court-of-human-rights-recent-decisions-in-climate-change-and-human-rights-cases/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Amirfar, C., Blake, C., Reid N. L. ve Rowe, S. J. (2024). “Climate change litigation: The European Court of Human Rights finds violation of convention rights,” Debevoise and Plimpton. Erişim adresi: https://www.debevoise.com/insights/publications/2024/04/climate-change-litigation-the-european-court (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Analytical study on the promotion and protection of the rights of older persons in the context of climate change, OHCHR, A/HRC/47/46, Plain-version-older-people-climate-change-study-2021-EN.docx (e.t.24.07.2025)
CR  - Arntz, S. and Krommendijk, J. (2024). “Historic and unprecedented: The ECtHR upholds positive human rights obligations to mitigate climate change,” Columbia Law School SABIN Center for Climate Change Law. Erişim adresi: https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2024/04/10/historic-and-unprecedented-the-ecthr-upholds-positive-human-rights-obligations-to-mitigate-climate-change/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Auz, J. (2025). “The Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Advisory Opinion on the Climate Emergency: A Global South Contribution to Climate Governance,” EJIL:Talk, 18 July 2025, Erişim adresi: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-inter-american-court-of-human-rights-advisory-opinion-on-the-climate-emergency-a-global-south-contribution-to-climate-governance/ (e.t.14.09.2025)
CR  - BAHR (2024). “Climate change litigation: Recent landmark verdict from the European Court of Human Rights can change the game,” Erişim adresi: https://bahr.no/newsletter/climate-change-litigation-recent-landmark-verdict-from-the-european-court-of-human-rights-can-change-the-game (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Bharadwaj, B. (2024). “A new European Court of Human Rights ruling has established a vital new precedent,” 
Chatham House. Erişim adresi: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/04/new-european-court-human-rights-ruling-has-established-vital-new-precedent (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Bibas, B. (2024). “Switzerland condemned by the ECHR: A decisive step for climate justice in Europe,” Justice Info. Erişim adresi: https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/131548-switzerland-condemned-echr-decisive-step-climate-justice-europe.html (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Billy and Others v. Australia, UN Human Rights Committee, UN Doc.CCPR/C/135/D/3624/2019, 22 September 2022. Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/petition-of-torres-strait-islanders-to-the-united-nations-human-rights-committee-alleging-violations-stemming-from-australias-inaction-on-climate-change/ (06.06.2025)
CR  - Botsford, P. (2024). “Climate crisis: European Court of Human Rights opens door for governments to face claims over inadequate measures,” International Bar Association. Erişim adresi: https://www.ibanet.org/Climate-crisis-EcTHR-opens-door-for-govs-to-face-claims (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Budayeva and Others v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights, Application nos. 15339/02, 21166/02, 20058/02, 11673/02 and 15343/02, 20 March 2008. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-85436%22]} (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Butler, M. (2024). “Article 8 and climate change: A view of Verein Klimaseniorinnen Schweiz and Others v Switzerland (App. no. 53600/20),” Landmark Chambers. Erişim adresi: https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/news-and-cases/article-8-and-climate-change-a-view-of-verein-klimaseniorinnen-schweiz-and-others-v-switzerland-app-no-53600-20 (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Buyse, A. and Istrefi, K. (2024). “Climate cases decided today: Small step or huge leap?,” ECHR Blog, Erişim adresi: https://www.echrblog.com/2024/04/climate-cases-decided-today-small-step.html (e.t.04.06.2025).
CR  - Carême v. France, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 7189/21, Decision, Strasbourg, 9 April 2024. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-233174%22]} (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Cleary Gottlieb (2024). “Human rights and climate change: Grand chamber of European Court rules in three cases,” Erişim adresi: https://www.clearygottlieb.com/news-and-insights/publication-listing/human-rights-and-climate-change-grand-chamber-of-european-court-rules-in-three-cases (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Climate Case Chart, “KlimaSeniorinnen v Switzerland (ECtHR),” Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/union-of-swiss-senior-women-for-climate-protection-v-swiss-federal-council-and-others/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Climate Change Litigation Databases, Columbia Law School Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com (e.t.13.09.2025)
CR  - Climate change litigation: International court rules on violation of human rights in landmark climate case (2024).   Clyde & Co, Erişim adresi: https://www.clydeco.com/en/insights/2024/07/%E2%80%A2-climate-change-litigation-international-court-ru (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice (2024). “The European Court of Human Rights confronts the climate crisis,” Erişim adresi: https://www.vancecenter.org/news-analysis/the-european-court-of-human-rights-confronts-the-climate-crisis/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Çakan, S. (2025). “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nde iklim değişikliği davaları,” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (1), 197-244.
CR  - Dissenting opinion to Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 53600/20 9 April 2024. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%20OF%20VEREIN%20KLIMASENIORINNEN%20SCHWEIZ%20AND%20OTHERS%20v.%20SWITZERLAND\%22%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-233206%22]} (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and 32 Others, European Court of Human Rights, 9 April 2024. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng/#{%22itemid%22:[%22002-14303%22]} (e.t.24.07.2025)
CR  - Ekiz, S. ve Koç Başar, C. (2024). “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarında actio popularis: Çevre kirliliği ve iklim değişikliği bağlamında bir değerlendirme,” Sakarya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (2), 831-868.
CR  - Engürülü Alçık, M. (2022). “AİHM’in çevre içtihadının iklim değişikliği davalarına uygulanabilirliği,” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 72 (3), 1007-1054.
CR  - ENNHRI (2024). “The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights issues groundbreaking judgment on climate change and human rights,” Erişim adresi: https://ennhri.org/news-and-blog/the-grand-chamber-of-the-european-court-of-human-rights-issues-groundbreaking-judgment-on-climate-change-and-human-rights/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - European Court of Human Rights (2023). “Status of climate applications before the European Court,” Press Release, Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press#{%22itemid%22:[%22003-7566368-10398533%22]} (06.06.2025)
CR  - European Court of Human Rights Delivers Ground-Breaking Climate Change Decision (2024). Norton Rose Fulbright. Erişim adresi: https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/f0569156/european-court-of-human-rights-delivers-ground-breaking-climate-change-decision (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - European Court of Human Rights, Climate Case Chart, Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-jurisdiction/european-court-of-human-rights/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Factsheet-Climate Change (2024). European Court of Human Rights.
Fernandez,  M. J. E. (2024). The European Court of Human Rights Approach to Climate Change, University of Iceland, MA dis..
CR  - Fırat, E. (2023). “Rights-based litigation in tackling climate change: Can the ECtHR be effective in protecting human rights in the context of climate change?,” Law and Justice Review, 14 (26), 89-140.
CR  - Freshfields (2024). “Climate change and human rights: A new chapter for states, NGOs, and businesses?,” Erişim adresi: https://sustainability.freshfields.com/post/102j5yc/climate-change-and-human-rights-a-new-chapter-for-states-ngos-and-businesses (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Ganesan, P. (2024). “ECtHR and ITLOS on climate change: A common approach to climate treaties?,” Climate Rights Debate. Erişim adresi: https://climaterightsdatabase.com/2024/06/11/ecthr-and-itlos-on-climate-change-a-common-approach-to-climate-treaties/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Gay, T. (2024). “Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Switzerland: Updates and analysis on historic ruling, half a year on,” Chambers and Partners. Erişim adresi: https://chambers.com/topics/climate-seniors-echr-case-global-impact (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Giraldez, I. P. (2024). “Curb your enthusiasm (not your emissions): Analysis of the ECtHR rulings on state responsibility for climate change,” Opiniojuris. Erişim adresi: https://opiniojuris.org/2024/05/22/curb-your-enthusiasm-not-your-emissions-analysis-of-the-ecthr-rulings-on-state-responsibility-for-climate-change/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Heri, C. (2025). “Mattering in the anthropocene: The ECtHR’s domesticating framing of climate change,” The International Journal of Human Rights, 1-23.
CR  - Hösli, A. and Rehmann, M. (2024). “Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland: The European Court of Human Rights’ answer to climate change,” Climate Law, Brill Nijhoff, 14 (3-4), 1-22.
CR  - Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Climate Emergency and Human Rights, Advisory Opinion, 29 May 2025, Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/non-us-case-documents/2025/20250703_18528_decision-2.pdf (e.t.14.09.2025)
CR  - International Commission on Jurists (2024). “Switzerland: Failing to comply with European Court’s ruling on climate protection not an option,” Erişim adresi: https://www.icj.org/switzerland-failing-to-comply-with-european-courts-ruling-on-climate-protection-not-an-option/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - International Court of Justice (ICJ), Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, Advisory Opinion, 23 July 2025, Erişim adresi: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf (14.09.2025)
CR  - International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Advisory Opinion, List of Cases no.31, 21 May 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/31/Advisory_Opinion/C31_Adv_Op_21.05.2024_orig.pdf (06.06.2025)
CR  - Kirkpatrick, A. (2024). “The European Court of Human Rights finds that state’s climate inaction breaches its human rights obligations,” Clifford Chance, Erişim adresi: https://www.cliffordchance.com/insights/resources/blogs/business-and-human-rights-
insights/2024/10/the-european-court-of-human-rights-finds-that-states-climate-inaction-breaches-its-human-rights-obligations.html (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - L.C.B v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, Application no.14/1997/798/1001, Judgment, 9 June 1998. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-58176%22]} (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Lawne, D., Grimes L. and Kenny, P. (2024). “ECTHR rules on three landmark cases addressing governments’ (in)action on climate change,” Legal 500. Erişim adresi: https://www.legal500.com/developments/thought-leadership/ecthr-rules-on-three-landmark-cases-addressing-governments-inaction-on-climate-change-2/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - López Ostra v. Spain, European Court of Human Rights, Application no.16798/90, Judgement, 9 December 1994. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-57905%22]} (e.t.24.06.2025)
CR  - Mahkeme İç Tüzüğü, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, Erişim adresi: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/rules_court_tur (e.t.13.09.2025)
CR  - Mariconda, A. (2023). “Victim status of individuals in climate change litigation before the ECtHR,” The Italian Review of International Law and Comparative Law, 3 (2), 260-282. Erişim adresi:  https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2772564223000485 (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Merinero, S. G. and de la Cuesta Moreno-Cervera, P.  (2024). “The right to a healthy environment as a human right: Considerations on the latest climate rulings at the ECtHR,” Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Climate Strategic Initiative. Erişim adresi: https://climate.uc3m.es/2024/05/21/the-right-to-a-healthy-environment-as-a-human-right-considerations-on-the-latest-climate-rulings-at-the-ecthr/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Milanovic, M. (2024). “A quick take on the European Court’s climate change judgments,” Blog of the European Journal of International Law, Erişim adresi: https://www.ejiltalk.org/a-quick-take-on-the-european-courts-climate-change-judgments/?utm_source=mailpoet&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=ejil-talk-newsletter-post-title_2 (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Mittoo, I. (2024). “Fighting climate change is a human right: Should this be a surprise?,” Kimg’s Stufent Law Review. Erişim adresi: https://blogs.kcl.ac.uk/kslr/2024/06/19/fighting-climate-change-is-a-human-right-should-this-be-a-surprise/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Müllner v. Austria, HUDOC, App no.18859/21 (communicated case, 2024) Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-235058%22]} (e.t.31.06.2025)
CR  - Neubauer and Others v. Germany, German Federal Constitutional Court, 24 March 2021. Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/non-us-case-documents/2021/20210324_11817_order-1.pdf (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Norvegian Human Rights Institution, “The European Convention on Human Rights,” Erişim adresi: https://www.nhri.no/en/report/climate-and-human-rights/5-the-european-convention-on-human-rights/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Olsson, E. (2023). “Greening the European Convention on Human Rights,” University of Gothenburg, MA diss..
Öneryildiz v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 48939/99, Judgment, 30 November 2004. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-67614%22]} (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Örvall, C. (2023). The role of the ECHR in climate change, Lund University, MA Diss..
Paris Agreement (2015). United Nations. Erişim adresi:  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (e.t.11.06.2025)
CR  - Perera, R. (2025). “The ICJ’s Recognition of an Autonomous Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment,” 
EJIL:Talk!, Erişim adresi: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-icjs-recognition-of-an-autonomous-right-to-a-clean-and-healthy-environment/ (14.09.2025)
CR  - Pindham, N. (2024). “Deep dive: State obligations to protect people in their jurisdiction from the effects of climate change,” Cornerstone Barristers. Erişim adresi: https://cornerstonebarristers.com/deep-dive-state-obligations-to-protect-people-in-their-jurisdiction-from-the-effects-of-climate-change/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Powell and Rayner v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 9310/81, 21 February 1990. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-57622%22]} (e.t.24.06.2025)
CR  - Prost, M. (2025). “Disaster Passing as Miracle? A Critical Take on the ICJ’s Climate Advisory Opinion,” EJIL:Talk!, Erişim adresi: https://www.ejiltalk.org/disaster-passing-as-miracle-a-critical-take-on-the-icjs-climate-advisory-opinion/ (e.t.14.09.2025)
CR  - Raible, L. (2024). Climate change and positive obligations in the ECHR, Völkerrechtsblog. Erişim adresi: https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/climate-change-and-positive-obligations-in-the-echr/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Request for an Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, United Nations General Assembly, A/RES/77/276, 4 April  2023, Erişim adresi: https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/77/276 (e.t.14.09.2025)
CR  - Rocha, A., Tigre, M. A., Stoyanova, V., Xavier, E., Martini C. and Cohen, M. (2024). “Reparation for climate change at the ECtHR,” Columbia Law School SABIN Center for Climate Change Law. Erişim adresi:  https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2024/05/10/reparation-for-climate-change-at-the-ecthr/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Sacchi v. Argentina and others, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, UN Doc.CRC/C/88/D/108/2019, October 2021. Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/non-us-case-documents/2021/20211008_Communication-No.-1042019-Argentina-Communication-No.-1052019-Brazil-Communication-No.-1062019-France-Communication-No.-1072019-Germany-Communication-No.-1082019-Turkey_decision-2.pdf (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - Sancakdar, O. (2023). “İklim değişikliğinin kamu hizmeti, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve temel haklara etkilerinden kesitler ve iklim davaları,” İdare Hukuku ve İlimleri Dergisi, 22,  99-129.
CR  - Sanchez, L. (2024). “European Court delivers landmark climate-change decisions: An access to justice perspective (part II),” Just Access. Erişim adresi: https://just-access.de/european-court-delivers-landmark-climate-change-decisions-an-access-to-justice-perspective-part-ii/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Snowball, F., Richardson, R., Forson, R. and Alam, S. (2024). “ECtHR turns up the heat on convention members to adequately mitigate the risks of climate change,” Macfarlanes. Erişim adresi: https://www.macfarlanes.com/what-we-think/102eli5/ecthr-turns-up-the-heat-on-convention-members-to-adequately-mitigate-the-risks-of-climate-change-102jafg/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Teitiota v New Zealand, UN Human Rights Commitee, UN Doc.CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016 7 January 2020. Erişim adresi: https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/caselaw/hrc/2020/en/123128 (e.t.06.06.2025) .
CR  - Tigre, M. A. and Bönnemann, M. (2024). “The transformation of European climate change litigation: Introduction to the blog symposium,” Climate Law. Erişim adresi: https://verfassungsblog.de/reparation-for-climate-change-at-the-ecthr/ (e.t.04.06.2025)
CR  - Tyrer v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 5856/72, Decision, 25 April 1978. Erişim adresi: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ (e.t.24.07.2025).
CR  - Tzevelekos, V. P. and Dzehtsiarou, K. (2022). “Climate change: The world and the ECtHR in unchartered waters,” European Convention on Human Rights Law Review, 3 (2), 1-7.
CR  - Urgenda Foundation v. Netherlands, Dutch Supreme Court Decision, Case no.19/00135, 20 December 2019. Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/non-us-case-documents/2020/20200113_2015-HAZA-C0900456689_judgment.pdf (06.06.2025)
CR  - Ünal, E. (2024). “Uluslararası ve ulusal mahkeme kararları ışığında iklim içtihadının gelişimi,” Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 3 (6), 168-209.
CR  - Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 53600/20 9 April 2024. Erişim adresi: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%20OF%20VEREIN%20KLIMASENIORINNEN%20SCHWEIZ%20AND%20OTHERS%20v.%20SWITZERLAND\%22%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-233206%22]} (e.t.06.06.2025)
CR  - VZW Klimaatzaak v. Kingdom of Belgium and Others, Brussels Court of Appeal, Directory no.8411, 30 November 2023. Erişim adresi: https://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/non-us-case-documents/2023/20231130_2660_judgment-2.pdf (e.t.25.06.2025)
CR  - Yusufeli ilçesini Güzelleştirme Yaşatma Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Derneği v. Türkiye, European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 37857/14, 2021.
CR  - Yüksel, C. (2022). “İklim değişikliğiyle mücadelede bir araç olarak uluslararası insan hakları hukuku,” Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, 10 (2), 339-366.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1748926
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5082416
ER  -