TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Transottoman Text and Linguistic Ecology: Manuscripts of The Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī in Ottoman Bosnia
TT  - نص يتخطى حدود الفضاء العثماني والإيكولوجيا اللغوية: مخطوطات تحفهء شاهدى في البوسنة العثمانية
AU  - Drikic, Munir
AU  - Zildzic, Ahmed
PY  - 2025
DA  - September
Y2  - 2025
JF  - Yazmabilim: Yazma Eser Araştırmaları Dergisi
JO  - Yazmabilim
PB  - Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 3108-5091
SP  - 65
EP  - 88
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - This paper examines Bosnian manuscripts of the well-known Persian-Turkish dictionary in verse, Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī. Widely circulated both within and beyond the Ottoman Empire, the dictionary served as a primer in Persian vocabulary and prosody. It was especially popular in the Empire’s peripheries, where its bilingual content often encountered a third language. One such periphery was Bosnia, the Empire’s westernmost frontier, where hundreds of copies are preserved today in public and private collections. Transcribed mainly by madrasa students and teachers, many Bosnian copies of Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī lack colophons but abound in paratextual features such as ownership statements, event registers, and autobiographical notes. Marginal and interlinear translations of its vocabulary into Bosnian are particularly significant, revealing how local students engaged with its content. By analyzing these paratextual elements, this study offers new insights into the region’s cultural history—particularly its vernacular educational practices—from the early 17th to the late 19th centuries. The presence of the Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī in Bosnia provides compelling evidence that vernacularization unfolded largely within the Ottoman cultural sphere without necessarily being imposed from outside. These Bosnian manuscripts thus illuminate both the linguistic ecology of the region and the broader use of vernaculars in the Ottoman Empire.
KW  - Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī
KW  - Ottoman Bosnia
KW  - Persian Lexicography
KW  - Manuscript Culture
KW  - Vernacular Education
KW  - Linguistic Ecology
N2  - تتناولُ هذه المقالةُ النسخَ البوسنيةَ للمعجم الفارسي-التركي المنظوم المشهور بـ تحفهء شاهدى. وقد انتشر هذا المعجمُ على نطاقٍ واسع داخلَ الدولة العثمانية وخارجها، وكان يُدرس كتابًا تمهيديًا لتعليم مفرداتِ اللغة الفارسية وعَروضها. ولقد حَظِيَ بشعبيةٍ خاصة في أطراف الإمبراطورية، حيث كان محتواه الثنائيُ اللغةِ يلتقي غالبًا بلغةٍ ثالثة. ومن بين تلك الأطراف: البوسنة، التي شكَّلت أقصى الحدود الغربية للدولة، حيث لا يزال المئاتُ من نُسَخِه محفوظةً إلى اليوم في مجموعات عامةٍ وخاصّة.وقد نُسِخت هذه المخطوطاتُ في الغالب على أيدي طلّاب المدارس الدينية ومعلّميهم. وكثيرٌ من النُّسَخ البوسنية لـتحفهء شاهدى تفتقر إلى الخواتيم (حرود المتن/ الكولوفونات)، لكنها غنيةٌ بالملامح الموازية للنص، مثل بيانات التملّك، وسجلات الأحداث، والملاحظات السيرية الذاتية. وتكتسب الترجماتُ الهامشيةُ والبينَ السُّطُور لمفرداته إلى اللغة البوسنية أهميةً خاصة، إذ تكشف عن كيفية تفاعل الطلّاب المحليين مع محتواه.ومن خلال تحليل هذه العناصر الموازية للنص، تُقدِّم هذه الدراسةُ رؤى جديدةً في التاريخ الثقافي للمنطقة، ولا سيما في ممارساتها التعليمية باللهجات المحليّة، وذلك من أوائل القرن السابع عشر حتى أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. كما يُعَدُّ وجودُ تحفهء شاهدى في البوسنة دليلاً قويًا على أن مسارَ إضفاء الطابع المحلّي (التوطين اللغوي) قد تَشكَّل أساسًا ضمن الفضاء الثقافي العثماني، دون أن يكون بالضرورة مفروضًا من الخارج. وهكذا تُضيء هذه النسخُ البوسنيةُ كلًّا من البيئة اللغوية للمنطقة، والاستخدامَ الأوسع للهجات المحلّية في الدولة العثمانية.
CR  - Gazi Husrev Beg Library in Sarajevo (GHB): R-9777, R-1301, R-2161, R-1257, R-1711, R-2436, R-2492, R-7555, R-3538, R-1991, R-882, R-538, R-1301, R-6473/1-2, R-1983/1-2, R-5342/1-2, R-6835/1-2, R-2681/1-2, R-5595/1-2, R-7093/1-2, R-2681/2, R-5595/2, R-7093/2, R-9736/2, R-1122, R-8311, R-5447, R-5035, R-4800, R-1044, R-5532, R-1992, R-7122, R-543, R-4229, R-6768/1, R-4667, R-1991, R-1331, R-7629/1, R-7809, R-7585, R-1041, R-257, R-2924, R-6194, R-8311.
CR  - Oriental Institute in Sarajevo (OIS): OIS 1965, OIS 1622, OIS 576, OIS : 4431/1-2, 2722/1-2, 2633/1-2, OIS 576, 2383/2, 1266/1, 1622/2, 2657/1, 1171, 4687/2, 3903, 3407, 1185.
CR  - Meḥmed Hevāyi Uskūfī, Maḳbūl-i ʻārif: GHB, R-3376.
CR  - Mūsā al-Mawlawī al-Ṭarablusī, Ta‘rīb al-Shāhidī, Süleymaniye, Esat Efendi, 3197.
CR  - Muṣṭafā ibn Yūsuf ibn Murād al-Mostārī, Ḥulle-i manẓūme, GHB R-2161.
CR  - Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. 2nd ed. London: Verso, 1991.
CR  - Averbek, Güler Doğan. “Türkçe-Arnavutça Manzum Sözlük Dürre-i Manzûme’nin Bilinmeyen İki Nüshası.” İnsan ve Toplum İlimleri Dergisi, no. 12 (2018): 223–42. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.502236.
CR  - Babinski, Paul. “Ottoman Philology and the Origins of Persian Studies in Western Europe: The Gulistān’s Orientalist Readers.” Lias: Journal of Early Modern Intellectual Culture and Its Sources 46, no. 2 (2019): 233–315. https://doi.org/10.2143/LIAS.46.2.3288595.
CR  - Bošnjak 7, no. 1 (13 August 1891).
CR  - Dankoff, Robert, et al. eds. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi. Vol. 5. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2011.
CR  - Dobrača, Kasim. Katalog arapskih, turskih, perzijskih i bosanskih rukopisa Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke u Sarajevu. Sarajevo: GHB, 2000. First published 1963.
CR  - Düzenli, Mesut Bayram, and Muhittin Turan. “Türkçe-Farça Manzum Sözlüklerden Tuḥfe-i Şemsī.” The Journal of International Social Research 9, no. 42 (2016): 122–54. https:// acikerisim.siirt.edu.tr/items/724f1b91-a298-4aef-bad3-e3bf174615f7.
CR  - Elsie, Robert. “Albanian Literature in the Moslem Tradition: Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Albanian Writing in Arabic Script.” Oriens 33 (1992): 287–306. https://doi.org/10.2307/1580608.
CR  - Fihris al-maḫṭūṭāt al-turkiyya al-‘utmāniyya. Cairo: al-Hay’a al-miṣriyya al-‘āmma li al-kitāb, 1987.
CR  - Gürsu, Uğur. “Mehmed Sabrî ve Tuhfe-i Sabrî an Lisân-i Bulgarî Adlı Manzum Bulgarca- Türkçe Sözlüğü.” Türkoloji 88 (April 2018): 9–31. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ayt/issue/69469/1105256.
CR  - Hadžijahić, Muhamed. Od tradicije do identiteta: Geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih muslimana. Zagreb: Islamska zajednica, 1990.
CR  - Handžić, Mehmed. “Rad bosanskohercegovačkih muslimana na književnom polju.” In Teme iz književne historije. Sarajevo: Ogledalo, 1999.
CR  - Huković, Muhamed. Alhamijado književnost i njeni stvaraoci. Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1986.
CR  - İnan, Murat Umut. “Ottomans Reading Persian Classics: Readers and Reading in the Ottoman Empire, 1500–1700.” In The Edinburgh History of Reading: Early Readers, edited by Mary Hammond, 160–81. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020.
CR  - İnce, Yılmaz. “Şâhidî’nin Manzûm Lügâtinin Söz Varlığı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları 18, no. 69 (March 2021): 209–18. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/karadearas/issue/68624/1078379.
CR  - İzgi, Cevat. Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim: Riyazi ve Tabii İlimler. Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 1997.
CR  - Kirakosyan, Hasmik, and Ani Sargsyan. “The Educational Role of the Late Medieval Persian-Turkish Bilingual Dictionaries.” Turkic Languages 22, no. 2 (2018): 167–74.
https://doi.org/10.13173/TL/2018/2/167.
CR  - Lavić, Osman. Bosanske biblioteke osmanskog doba. Sarajevo: GHB, 2024.
CR  - Leezenberg, Michiel. “Eli Teremaxi and the Vernacularization of Medrese Learning in Kurdistan.” Iranian Studies 47, no. 5 (2014): 713–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2014.934150.
CR  - ———. “The Vernacular Revolution: Reclaiming Early Modern Grammatical Traditions in the Ottoman Empire.” History of Humanities 1, no. 2 (2016): 251–75. https://doi.org/10.1086/687919.
CR  - Lavić, Osman. Bosanske biblioteke osmanskog doba. Sarajevo: GHB, 2024.
CR  - ———. “Vernacularisation in the Ottoman Empire: Is Arabic the Exception That Proves the Rule?” In A Handbook and Reader of Ottoman Arabic, edited by Esther Miryam Wagner, 1–21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. https://books.openedition.org/obp/23257.
CR  - Malkhasyan, A. Catalogue of Manuscripts of the Mashtots Matenadaran. Vol. 3. Edited by A. Ter-Stepanyan. Yerevan, 2007.
CR  - Mete, Ayşegül, and Metin Mete. “Manzum Sözlük Geleneğinin Saklı Kalmış Bir Parçası: Taʿrīb-i Şāhidī ve Tesirleri.” In El Ruha 5th International Conference on Social Sciences, 117–27. Tunisia, 2019.
CR  - Nametak, Fehim. “Rukopisna zbirka Habibe Mehmedbašić iz Stoca.” Anali GHB 11–12(1985): 181–200.
CR  - ———. Katalog arapskih, turskih, perzijskih i bosanskih rukopisa Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke u Sarajevu. Sarajevo: GHB, 1998.
CR  - Ölker, Gökhan. “Rumca-Türkçe Manzum Sözlük Tuhfetü’l-Uşşāk.” Turkish Studies: International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkic and Turkish 4, no. 4 (2009): 856–72. https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1130127.
CR  - Öz, Yusuf. Tühfe-i Şahidi Şerhleri. Konya, 1999.
CR  - Öztürk, Mustafa. “Manzum Sözlüklerden Sübha-i Sıbyân ile Kürtçe’deki İlk Manzum Sözlük Nûbehara Biçûkan Arasında Bir Karşılaştırma.” The Journal of Mesopotamian Studies 1, no. 1 (Summer 2016): 1–32.
CR  - Rieu, Charles. Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum. London: Order of the Trustees, 1888.
CR  - Sargsyan, Ani and Hasmik Kirakosyan. “The Educational Role of the Late Medieval Persian-Ottoman Turkish Bilingual Dictionaries: The Codices of Matenadaran.” In Turkic Languages, edited by Lars Johanskon et al., 167–74. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2018. https://doi.org/10.13173/TL/2018/2/167.
CR  - Shi‘rdūst, ʿAlī Asghar. Āmūzish-i zabān-i fārsī dar jumhūrī-yi Āzarbāyjān. Tehran: Shawrā-yi gustarish-i zabān va adabiyyāt-i fārsī, 1995 [1374].
CR  - Somel, Selçuk Akşin. “Ottoman Islamic Education in the Balkans in the Nineteenth Century.” Islamic Studies 36, no. 2/3, Special Issue: Islam in the Balkans (1997): 439–64. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076206.
CR  - Trako, Salih. Katalog perzijskih rukopisa Orijentalnog instituta u Sarajevu. Sarajevo: Orijentalni institut, 1986.
CR  - Verburg, Antoinnete C. “The Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī: A Sixteenth Century Persian-Ottoman Dictionary in Rhyme.” Archivum Ottomanicum 15 (1997): 5–88.
CR  - Zubčević, Asim. Book Ownership in Ottoman Sarajevo 1707–1828. PhD diss., Leiden University, 2015. https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/36134.
CR  - Ždralović, Muhamed. Bosansko-hercegovački prepisivači djela u arabičkim rukopisima. Vol. 1. Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1988.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yazmabilim/issue//1792318
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5279763
ER  -