TY - JOUR T1 - Mizojini ve Siber Şiddet: Uygulama, Mağduriyet ve Meşrulaştırma TT - Misogyny And Cyberbullying: Practice, Victimization, And Legitimization AU - Temelli Uzun, Ecenur AU - Demircan, Y. Tunç PY - 2026 DA - April Y2 - 2026 DO - 10.17755/esosder.1796637 JF - Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi JO - esosder PB - Cahit AYDEMİR WT - DergiPark SN - 1304-0278 SP - 282 EP - 304 VL - 25 IS - 2 LA - tr AB - Bu çalışmada kadına yönelik düşmanlık olarak tanımlanan mizojininin ve ek olarak çelişik cinsiyetçiliğin siber şiddet uygulama, siber mağduriyet ve siber şiddeti meşrulaştırma üzerindeki olası etkisinin incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Ek olarak çeşitli Erkek Evreni gruplarına ait olmanın siber şiddete etkisi de ele alınmıştır. Analizler 365 kişinin verisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklemin (ort=31,30±9,65) %59,2’sini kadınlar, %40,8’ini ise erkekler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada hem siber şiddeti hem de siber şiddet mağduriyetini ölçmeyi hedefleyen Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri II ile Siber Şiddeti Meşrulaştırma Ölçeği, Mizojini Ölçeği, Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği ve sosyodemografik bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizleri sonucunda mizojininin çeşitli değişkenlerle birlikte, siber şiddeti uygulama, siber şiddet mağduriyeti ve siber şiddeti meşrulaştırmayı anlamlı olarak yordadığı görülmektedir. Ek olarak, Erkek Evreni gruplarına dahil olmanın, siber şiddet davranışları üzerinde etkili olabileceği görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular ulusal ve uluslararası alanyazın çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş ve tartışılmıştır. KW - Mizojini KW - Toplumsal cinsiyet KW - Siber şiddet KW - Siber şiddeti meşrulaştırma N2 - This study aimed to examine the potential impact of misogyny, defined as hostility towards women, and ambivalent sexism on cyber violence perpetration, cyber victimization, and cyber violence legitimization. Additionally, the impact of belonging to various male population groups on cyber violence was also examined. Analyses were conducted with data from 365 individuals. The sample (mean=31.30±9.65) consisted of 59.2% women and 40.8% men. The study utilized Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory II, which aims to measure both cyber violence and cyber violence victimization, Justification of Cyber-Harassment Scale, Misogyny Scale, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and sociodemographic information form. Regression analyses revealed that misogyny, along with various variables, significantly predicted the perpetration of cyberviolence, cyberviolence victimization, and legitimization of cyberviolence. Furthermore, it was observed that belonging to the Male Universe groups may have an impact on cyber-violent behavior. The findings were evaluated and discussed within the framework of national and international literature. CR - 6284 Sayılı Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun. (2012, 20 Mart). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 28239). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/03/20120320-16.htm CR - Agadullina, E., Lovakov, A., Balezina, M. ve Gulevich, O. A. (2022). Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 52(5-6), 819-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2855 CR - Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Dobarro González, A. ve Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002 CR - Azami, M. S. ve Taremian, F. (2021). Risk factors associated with cyberbullying, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying-victimization in Iran's high school students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(3), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6261 CR - Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms of moral disengagement. W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind içinde (ss. 161-191). Cambridge University Press. CR - Banet-Weiser, S. ve Miltner, K. M. (2016). #MasculinitySoFragile: Culture, structure, and networked misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 171-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1120490 CR - Barker, K. ve Jurasz, O. (2019). Online misogyny as a hate crime. A challenge for legal regulation? Routledge. CR - Bemiller, M. L. ve Schneider, R. Z. (2010). It’s not just a joke. Sociological Spectrum, 30(4), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732171003641040 CR - Bhat, C. S. (2008). Cyber bullying: Overview and strategies for school counsellors, guidance officers, and all school personnel. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 18(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.18.1.53 CR - Blackwell, L., Chen, T., Schoenebeck, S. ve Lampe, C. (2018). When online harassment is perceived as justified. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15036 CR - Blake, K. R., O’Dean, S. M., Lian, J. ve Denson, T. F. (2021). Misogynistic tweets correlate with violence against women. Psychological Science, 32(3), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620968529 CR - Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., Pina, A., Siebler, F. ve Viki, G. T. (2009). Rape myth acceptance: Cognitive, affective and behavioural effects of beliefs that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. M. Horvath ve J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking içinde (ss. 17-45). Willan Publishing. CR - Borrajo, E., Gamez-Guadix, M. ve Calvete, E. (2015). Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse. Psicothema, 27(4), 327-333. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.59 CR - Bottino, S. M., Bottino, C. M., Regina, C. G., Correia, A. V. ve Ribeiro, W. S. (2015). Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 31(3), 463-475. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00036114 CR - Bozkur, B., Gündoğdu, M. ve Uzun, B. (2019, 19-22 Haziran). Mizojini Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Bildiri sunumu]. VIIth International Eurasian Educational Research Congress, Ankara, Türkiye. CR - Cagirkan, B. (2021). Cyberbullying among Turkish high school students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(3), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12720 CR - Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083-1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9229-5 CR - Carrera-Fernandez, M.-V., Lameiras-Fernandez, M., Rodriguez-Castro, Y., ve Vallejo-Medina, P. (2013). Bullying among Spanish secondary education students: The role of gender traits, sexism, and homophobia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(14), 2915-2940. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488695 CR - Chalk A. (2018). Safety Net: Cyerbullying’s impact on young people’s mental health inquiry report. Young Minds. https://www.alexchalk.com/sites/www.alexchalk.com/files/2018 04/pcr144a_ social_media_cyberbullying_inquiry_summary_report.pdf. CR - Cheeseborough, T., Overstreet, N. ve Ward, L. M. (2020). Interpersonal sexual objectification, Jezebel Stereotype Endorsement, and justification of intimate partner violence toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319896345 CR - Citron, D. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press. CR - Code, L. (2002). Encyclopedia of feminist theories. Routledge. CR - Dewey, C. (2014). Inside the “manosphere” that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger. https://wapo.st/2ORwu20. CR - Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: Siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31-42. CR - Fairbairn, J. (2015). “Rape threats and revenge porn: Defining sexual violence in the digital age.” J. Bailey ve V. Steeves (Ed). EGirls, ECitizens (ss. 229-252) içinde. University of Ottawa Press. CR - Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J. ve Alani, H. (2019). Exploring Misogyny across the Manosphere in Reddit. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science - WebSci ’19. CR - Flood, M. (2004). Backlash: Angry men’s movements. In The battle and backlash rage on: Why feminism cannot be obsolete. Xlibris Press, 261-278. CR - Flood, M. ve Pease, B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/152483800933413 CR - Francisco, S. M., Simao, A. M. V., Ferreira, P. C. ve das Dores Martins, M. J. (2015). Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.045 CR - Ging, D. (2017). Alphas, betas, and Incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401 CR - Ging, D. ve Siapera, E. (2018). Special issue on online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345 CR - Glick, P. ve Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491 CR - Glick, P. ve Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109 CR - Grover, S. ve Raju, V. V. (2023). Cyberbullying: A Narrative Review. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour, 28(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_47_22 CR - Gutierrez, B. C. ve Leaper, C. (2023). Linking ambivalent sexism to violence-against-women attitudes and behaviors: A three-level meta-analytic review. Sexuality & Culture, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10127-6 CR - Hajjar, L. (2004). Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis. Law & Social Inquiry, 29(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x CR - Hinduja, S. ve Patchin J. W. (2008) Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701457816 CR - Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2019). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 18(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773818819627 CR - Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2021). Digital dating abuse among a national sample of U.S. youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23-24), 11088-11108. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0886260519897344 CR - Hines, A. (2019). How many bones would you break to get laid? https://www.thecut.com/2019/05/incelplastic-surgery.html CR - Huesmann, L. R. ve Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.2.408 CR - Hunt, K. E., Robinson, L. E., Valido, A., Espelage, D. L. ve Hong, J. S. (2022). Teen dating violence victimization: Associations among peer justification, attitudes toward gender inequality, sexual activity, and peer victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), 5914-5936. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221085015 CR - Jane, E. A. (2014). “Your a ugly, whorish, slut’ understanding E-Bile.” Feminist Media Studies 14(4), 531-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073 CR - Jane, E. A. (2017). Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating rapeglish from the manosphere with a random rape threat generator. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(6), 661-680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877917734042 CR - Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N. ve Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618 CR - Kramarae, C. (2000). Routledge international encyclopedia of women. Routledge. CR - Lenhart, A., Ybarra, M. Y., Zickuhr, K. ve Price-Feeney, M. (2016). Online harassment, digital abuse, and cyberstalking in America. New York: Data & Society Research Institute. CR - Leone, R. M. ve Parrott, D. J. (2019). Misogynistic peers, masculinity, and bystander intervention for sexual aggression: Is it really just “locker-room talk?” Erratum. Aggressive Behavior, 45(5), 582. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21795 CR - Lewis, R., Rowe, M. ve Wiper, C. (2017). Online abuse of feminists as an emerging form of violence against women and girls. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(6), 1462-1481. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw073 CR - Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005 CR - Lys, A. E., Studzinska, A., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., Nyul, B. ve Folkierska-Zukowska, M. (2022). Myths concerning sexual violence toward women in Poland, Hungary, and Norway in the context of system justification theory: the role of beliefs in the biological origins of gender differences and ambivalent sexism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(17-18), NP16647-NP16669. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211023487 CR - Magil, K. (2008). Justifications for violence. Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (ss. 1085-1097) içinde. Elsevier. CR - Mantilla, K. (2015). Gendertrolling: Misogyny adapts to new media. Feminist Studies, 39(2), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1353/fem.2013.0039 Marwick, A. E. ve Caplan, R. (2018). Drinking male tears: Language, the manosphere, and networked harassment. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568 CR - Mattheis, A. A. ve Waltman, M. S. (2020). Gendered hate online. The International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc019 CR - Mikołajczak, M. ve Pietrzak, J. (2014). Ambivalent sexism and religion: Connected through values. Sex Roles, 70(9-10), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0379-3 CR - Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Gamez-Guadix, M., Graña, J. L. ve Fernandez, L. (2010). Violencia en el noviazgo y consumo de alcohol y drogas ilegales entre jóvenes españoles [Relationship between dating violence and use of alcohol and illegal drugs in Spanish adolescents and young adults]. Adicciones, 22, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.201 CR - Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Grana Gomez, J. L., O’Leary, K. D. ve Gonzalez Lozano, P. (2007). Aggression in adolescent dating relationships: Prevalence, justification, and health consequences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.137 CR - Munsch, C. L. ve Willer, R. (2012). The role of gender identity threat in perceptions of date rape and sexual coercion. Violence Against Women, 18(10), 1125-1146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212465151 CR - Musharraf, S. ve Anis-ul-Haque, M. (2018). Impact of cyber aggression and cyber victimization on mental health and wellbeing of Pakistani young adults: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(9), 942-958. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1422838 CR - Nadim, M. ve Fladmoe, A. (2021). Silencing women? Gender and online harassment. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319865518 CR - Nottbohm, A. (2018). Situational and dispositional predictors of online misogynistic behavior (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). California State University. CR - O ́Keefe, M. (1997). Predictors of dating violence among high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 546-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626097012004005 CR - Önal, F. G. ve Marangoz, B. (2024). The Impact of Turkey's Withdrawal From the Istanbul Convention on Suspicious Female Deaths and Femicides. Omega, 302228241271702. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228241271702 CR - Poland, B. (2016). Haters harassment, abuse, and violence online. Potomac Books. CR - Regehr, K. (2022). In(cel)doctrination: How technologically facilitated misogyny moves violence off screens and on to streets. New Media & Society 24(1), 138-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820959019 CR - Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2002). Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(49), 47-58. CR - Schmitz, R. M. ve Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in Men’s Rights Activist websites. Social Sciences, 5(2), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018 CR - Schoenbaum, N. (2024). Misogyny and politics of womanhood. American Journal of Law and Equality, 4, 462-497. https://doi.org/10.1162/ajle_a_00066 CR - Sever, A. ve Yurdakul, G. (2001). Culture of honor, culture of change a feminist analysis of honor killings in rural Turkey. Violence Against Women 7(9), 964-998. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010122182866 CR - Shaikh, F. B., Rehman, M. ve Amin, A. (2020). Cyberbullying: A systematic literature review to identify the factors impelling university students towards cyberbullying. Ieee Access, 8, 148031-148051. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015669 CR - Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. ve Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x CR - Smokowski, P. R. ve Kopasz, K. H. (2005). Bullying in school: An overview of types, effects, family characteristics, and intervention strategies. Children and Schools, 27(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/27.2.101 CR - Storm, P. S. ve Storm, R. D. (2005). Cyberbullying by adolescents: A preliminary assessment. The Educational Forum, 70, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131720508984869 CR - Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review 20(3), 571-610. https://doi.org/10.2307/258788 CR - Summers, A. (2012). The misogyny factor. Newsouth. CR - Suk, J. C. (2023). After misogyny. How the law fails women and what to do about it. University of California Press. CR - Tietjen, R. R. ve Tirkkonen, S. K. (2023). The rage of lonely men: Loneliness and misogyny in the online movement of "involuntary celibates" (incels). Topoi, 42(5), 1229-1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09921-6 CR - Topcu, C. ve Erdur Baker, Ö. (2018). RCBI-II: The second revision of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1395705 CR - Turan, S. G. ve Dilmen, N. E. (2016). Bilişim okuryazarlığı bağlamında siber şiddetin meşrulaştırılması. Yeni Symposium, 54(3), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.5455/NYS.2016006 CR - UN Women. (2025). FAQs: Digital abuse, trolling, stalking, and other forms of technology-facilitated violence against women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/articles/faqs/digital-abuse-trolling-stalking-and-other-forms-of-technology-facilitated-violence-against-women CR - Vaillancourt, T., Faris, R. ve Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying in children and youth: Implications for health and clinical practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 62(6), 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684791 CR - Vidgen, B., Margetts, H. ve Harris, A. (2019). How much online abuse is there. Alan Turing Institute. https://www.turing.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-11/online_ abuse_prevalence_full_24.11.2019_-_formatted_0.pdf CR - Vismara, M., Girone, N., Conti, D., Nicolini, G. ve Dell'Osso, B. (2022). The current status of Cyberbullying research: A short review of the literature. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 46, 101152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101152 CR - Vogels, E. (2021). The state of online harassment. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/ CR - Wang, W., Xie, X., Wang, X., Lei, L., Hu, Q. ve Jiang, S. (2019). Cyberbullying and depression among Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model of social anxiety and neuroticism. Journal of affective disorders, 256, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.061 CR - We Are Social. (2021). Digital 2021: Turkey. https://datareportal.com/reports/ digital-2021-turkey?rq=turkey CR - Women’s Media Center. (2016). WMC Speech Project. Online abuse 101. https://womensmediacenter.com/speech-project/online-abuse-101 CR - Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Detay Yayıncılık. CR - Ybarra, M. L. ve Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x CR - Yoon, Y., Lee, J. O., Cho, J., Bello, M. S., Khoddam, R., Riggs, N. R. ve Leventhal, A. M. (2019). Association of cyberbullying involvement with subsequent substance use among adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 65(5), 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.006 CR - Zafar, S., Saleem, S. ve Farooq, N. (2021). Prevalence of cyberbullying victimization among Pakistani youth. Technology in Society, 65, 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101577 UR - https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1796637 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5299215 ER -