TY - JOUR T1 - Investigation of the presence of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) TT - Sudak (Sander lucioperca) ve kerevitte (Pontastacus leptodactylus) nervöz nekrozis virüsünün (NNV) varlığının araştırılması AU - Eren, Hakan AU - Yavru, Sibel PY - 2026 DA - February Y2 - 2025 DO - 10.12714/egejfas.43.1.01 JF - Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences JO - EgeJFAS PB - Ege Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 2148-3140 SP - 1 EP - 8 VL - 43 IS - 1 LA - en AB - In this study, samples were taken from pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) living in Eğirdir, Beyşehir, and Suğla lakes, which are key stopovers for migratory birds. In 2022, crayfish and pikeperch were sampled from Eğirdir, Beyşehir and Suğla lakes at 3 different water temperature periods (15-20°C, 20-25°C and 25-30°C). A total of 540 samples (270 pikeperch and crayfish) were analyzed for the presence of NNV genome (RNA-1 and RNA2) by real-time RT-PCR and also inoculated in E-11 cell. No positive samples were recorded by any of the techniques. In this study, the presence of NNV was investigated for the first time in wild aquatic organisms living in freshwaters of Türkiye and NNV was not detected in the sampled pikeperch and crayfish. However, it is important to regularly examine these lakes, which are located on the migration routes of migratory birds, for NNV. KW - Betanodavirus KW - wild fish KW - freshwater KW - RT-PCR KW - E-11 cell line N2 - Bu çalışmada, göçmen kuşlar için önemli durak noktaları olan Eğirdir, Beyşehir ve Suğla göllerinde yaşayan sudak (Sander lucioperca) ve kerevitlerden (Pontastacus leptodactylus) NNV varlığı araştırılmıştır. 2022 yılında Eğirdir, Beyşehir ve Suğla göllerinden 3 farklı su sıcaklığı döneminde (15-20°C, 20-25°C ve 25-30°C) kerevit ve sudak örnekleri alınmıştır. Toplam 540 örnek (270 sudak ve kerevit) gerçek zamanlı RT-PCR ile NNV genomunun (RNA-1 ve RNA2) varlığı açısından analiz edilmiş ve ayrıca E-11 hücresine inokule edilmiştir. Hiçbir teknikle pozitif örnek kaydedilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin tatlı sularında yaşayan yabani sucul organizmalarda NNV'nin varlığı ilk kez araştırılmış ve örneklenen sudak ve kerevitlerde NNV tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışmanın yapıldığı tarihte virusa rastlanılmamış olsada, göçmen kuşların göç yolları üzerinde bulunan bu göllerin NNV açısından düzenli olarak incelenmesinin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. CR - Agrebi, H., Abbadi, M., Buratin, A., Biasini, L., Sghaier, H., Bouhaouala-Zahar, B., Toffan, A., & Cherif, N. (2025). Near-complete genome sequence of a reassortant fish nervous necrosis virus isolated from a European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Tunisia. Microbiology resource announcements, 14(10), e0005825. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00058-25 CR - Athanassopoulou, F., Billinis, C., & Prapas, T. (2004). Important disease conditions of newly cultured species in intensive freshwater farms in Greece: First incidence of nodavirus infection in Acipenser sp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 60(3), 247 252. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao060247 CR - Bandín, I., & Souto, S. (2020). Betanodavirus and VER disease: A 30-year research review. Pathogens, 9(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020106 CR - Bigarré, L., Cabon, J., Baud, M., Heimann, M., Body, A., Lieffrig, F., & Castric, J. (2009). Outbreak of betanodavirus infection in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in fresh water. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32(8), 667–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01037.x CR - Binesh, C.P. (2013). Mortality due to viral nervous necrosis in zebrafish Danio rerio and goldfish Carassius auratus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 104(3), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02605 CR - Bitchava, K., Chassalevris, T., Lampou, E., Athanassopoulou, F., Economou, V., & Dovas, C.I. (2019). Occurrence and molecular characterization of betanodaviruses in fish and invertebrates of the Greek territorial waters. Journal of Fish Diseases, 42(12), 1773 1783. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13098 CR - Boukedjouta, R., Pretto, T., Abbadi, M., Biasini, L., Toffan, A., & Mezali, K. (2020). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy is endemic in wild groupers (genus Epinephelus spp.) of the Algerian coast. Journal of Fish Diseases, 43(7), 801 812. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13181 CR - Bovo, G., Gustinelli, A., Quaglio, F., Gobbo, F., Panzarin, V., Fusaro, A., Mutinelli, F., Caffara, M., & Fioravanti, M.L. (2011). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in freshwater fish farmed in Italy. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 96(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02367 CR - Chi, S.C., Shieh, J.R., & Lin, S.J. (2003). Genetic and antigenic analysis of betanodaviruses isolated from aquatic organisms in Taiwan. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 55(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao055221 CR - Chen, N.C., Yoshimura, M., Guan, H.H., Wang, T.Y., Misumi, Y., Lin, C.C., Chuankhayan, P., Nakagawa, A., Chan, S.I., Tsukihara, T., Chen, T.Y., & Chen, C.J. (2015). Crystal structures of a piscine betanodavirus: Mechanisms of capsid assembly and viral infection. PLoS pathogens, 11(10), e1005203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005203 CR - Costa, J.Z., & Thompson, K.D. (2016). Understanding the interaction between betanodavirus and its host for the development of prophylactic measures for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 53, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.033 CR - Çiçek, E., Sungur, S., & Fricke, R. (2020). Freshwater lampreys and fishes of Turkey: A revised and updated annotated checklist 2020. Zootaxa, 4809(2), 241–270. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4809.2.2 CR - Eren, H., Kaplan, M., & Yavru, S. (2024). The current status of viral nervous necrosis disease in Türkiye. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 10(2), 134 142. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.1449488 CR - Fernández-Sánchez, J.L., Breton, A.L., Brun, E., Vendramin, N., Spiliopoulos, G., Furones, D., & Basurco, B. (2022). Assessing the economic impact of diseases in Mediterranean grow-out farms culturing European sea bass. Aquaculture, 547, Article 737530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737530 CR - Frerichs, G.N., Tweedie, A., Starkey, W.G., & Richards, R.H. (2000). Temperature, pH and electrolyte sensitivity, and heat, UV and disinfectant inactivation of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) neuropathy nodavirus. Aquaculture, 185(1–2), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00337-3 CR - Galil, B.S., Boero, F., Campbell, M.L., Carlton, J.T., Cook, E., Fraschetti, S., Gollasch, S., Hewitt, C.L., Jelmert, A., Macpherson, E., Marchini, A., McKenzie, C.H., Minchin, D., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Ojaveer, H., Olenin, S., Piraino, S., & Ruiz, G.M. (2015). ‘Double trouble’: the expansion of the Suez Canal and marine bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea. Biological Invasions, 17(4), 973–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0778-y CR - Gherbawy, Y.A., Thabet, M.A., & Sultan, S. (2024). Genetic and morphological characterization of a new genotype of nervous necrosis virus circulating among Nile tilapia in the south of Egypt. International Microbiology, 27, 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-023-00406-5 CR - Gomez, D.K., Lim, D.J., Baeck, G.W., Youn, H.J., Shin, N.S., Youn, H.Y., Hwang, C.Y., Park, J.H., & Park, S.C. (2006). Detection of betanodaviruses in apparently healthy aquarium fishes and invertebrates. Journal of Veterinary Science, 7(4), 369 374. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2006.7.4.369 CR - Gomez, D.K., Baeck, G.W., Kim, J.H., Choresca, C.H., Jr., & Park, S.C. (2008). Molecular detection of betanodaviruses from apparently healthy wild marine invertebrates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97(3), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2007.10.012 CR - Gomez, D.K., Mori, K.I., Okinaka, Y., Nakai, T., & Park, S.C. (2010). Trash fish can be a source of betanodaviruses for cultured marine fish. Aquaculture, 302(3 4), 158 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.033 CR - Harwood, M., South, J., Dunn, A.M., Stebbing, P.D., Burgess, A., & Bojko, J. (2025). Pathogen diversity of the non-native narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) in a UK water body. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 214, 108458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2025.108458 CR - Kalaycı, G., Özkan, B., Pekmez, K., & Kaplan, M. (2016). Levrek ve çipura kuluçkahanelerinde viral nervöz nekrozis hastalığının durumu. In XII. Veteriner Hekimleri Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi (Kapadokya, Nevşehir, Türkiye, 30 August – 2 September 2016). CR - Kalıpcı, E., Başer, V., Türkmen, M., Genç, N., & Cüce, H. (2021). Türkiye kıyılarında deniz suyu sıcaklık değişiminin CBS ile analizi ve ekolojik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 7(2), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.829938 CR - Kaplan, M., & Karaoğlu, M.T. (2021). Investigation of betanodavirus in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at all production stages in all hatcheries and on selected farms in Turkey. Archives of Virology, 166(12), 3343–3356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05254-0 CR - Kaplan, M., Pekmez, K., Özkan, B., Çağırgan, A.A., & Kalaycı, G. (2021). Detection of RGNNV genotype betanodavirus in the Black Sea and monitoring studies. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 144, 117–121. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03583 CR - Kaplan, M., Pekmez, K., Cagirgan, A.A., Arslan, F., Özkan, B., & Kalaycı, G. (2022a). The first detection of betanodavirus reassortant genotype (RGNNV/SJNNV) isolated from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in the Turkish coastlines: The importance of screening and monitoring studies for identifying the source of the infection. Journal of Fish Diseases, 45(6), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13603 CR - Kaplan, M., Pekmez, K., Çağırgan, A.A., Özkan, B., Arslan, F., Kafa, B., & Kalaycı, G. (2022b). Türkiye’de çift kabuklu yumuşakçalarda Betanodavirus varlığının araştırılması. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 18(3), 415-425. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1088276 CR - Kaplan, M., Pekmez, K., Çağırgan, A.A., Tekelioğlu, B.K., Oğuz, U., Kafa, B., Arslan, F., & Kalaycı, G. (2023). Survey on Betanodavirus in wild fish species in the Turkish coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea and molecular characterization: Detecting different genotypes from different fish in different locations. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 43(2), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.74914 CR - Kim, K.I., Kwon, W.J., Kim, Y.C., Kim, M.S., Hong, S., & Jeong, H.D. (2016). Surveillance of aquatic animal viruses in seawater and shellfish in Korea. Aquaculture, 461, 17 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.053 CR - KOSKS. (2024). Kış Ortası Su Kuşu Sayım Raporu. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/DKMP/Belgeler/D%C4%B0%C4%9EER%20DUYURU/KOSKS_Raporu_2024.pdf CR - Kuo, H.C., Wang, T.Y., Hsu, H.H., Chen, P.P., Lee, S.H., Chen, Y.M., Tsai, T.J., Wang, C.K., Ku, H.T., Lee, G.B., & Chen, T.Y. (2012). Nervous necrosis virus replicates following the embryo development and dual infection with iridovirus at juvenile stage in grouper. PloS One, 7(4), e36183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036183 CR - Mori, K., Nakai, T., Muroga, K., Arimoto, M., Mushiake, K., & Furusawa, I. (1992). Properties of a new virus belonging to Nodaviridae found in larval striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) with nervous necrosis. Virology, 187(1), 368–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90329-n CR - Munday, B.L., Kwang, J., & Moody, N. (2002). Betanodavirus infections of teleost fish: A review. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(3), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00350.x Müftüoğlu, B. (2023). Epidemiology of Betanodavirus infection in captured fish in the Black Sea. Doctoral dissertation, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Türkiye. CR - Nishizawa, T., Furuhashi, M., Nagai, T., Nakai, T., & Muroga, K. (1997). Genomic classification of fish nodaviruses by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(4), 1633–1636. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.4.1633-1636.1997 CR - Oğuz, U., Kaplan, M., & Kalaycı, G. (2023). Koi (Cyprinus carpio) ve Japon balıklarında (Carassius auratus) betanodavirus varlığının araştırılması. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 9(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.1141342 CR - Oğuz, U. (2024). Investigation of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) virus in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata), and some mullet species (Mugil spp.) in lagoons in the Mediterranean Region (Akyatan, Akgöl-Paradeniz, and Beymelek). Doctoral dissertation, Selçuk University, Türkiye. CR - Olveira, J.G., Souto, S., Dopazo, C.P., Thiéry, R., Barja, J.L., & Bandín, I. (2009). Comparative analysis of both genomic segments of betanodaviruses isolated from epizootic outbreaks in farmed fish species provides evidence for genetic reassortment. Journal of General Virology, 90(Pt 12), 2940–2951. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.013912-0 CR - Olveira, J.G., Souto, S., Bandín, I., & Dopazo, C.P. (2021). development and validation of a SYBR green real time PCR protocol for detection and quantification of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) using different standards. Animals, 11(4), 1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041100 CR - Özkan Özyer, B., Kalaycı, G., İnçoğlu, Ş., Pekmez, K., & Küçükali, Y. (2014). Türkiye’de kültürü yapılan levreklerden Betanodavirus’un ilk izolasyonu. Bornova Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(50), 13–17. CR - Padrós, F., Caggiano, M., Toffan, A., Constenla, M., Zarza, C., & Ciulli, S. (2022). Integrated management strategies for viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease control in marine fish farming in the Mediterranean. Pathogens, 11(3), 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030330 CR - Panzarin, V., Patarnello, P., Mori, A., Rampazzo, E., Cappellozza, E., Bovo, G., & Cattoli, G. (2010). Development and validation of a real-time TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of betanodavirus in clinical specimens. Archives of Virology, 155(8), 1193–1203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0701-5 CR - Panzarin, V., Fusaro, A., Monne, I., Cappellozza, E., Patarnello, P., Bovo, G., Capua, I., Holmes, E.C., & Cattoli, G. (2012). Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of betanodavirus in southern Europe. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 12(1), 63 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.007 CR - Panzarin, V., Cappellozza, E., Mancin, M., Milani, A., Toffan, A., Terregino, C., & Cattoli, G. (2014). In vitro study of the replication capacity of the RGNNV and the SJNNV betanodavirus genotypes and their natural reassortants in response to temperature. Veterinary Research, 45(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-45-56 CR - Praveenraj, J., Ezhil Praveena, P., Bhuvaneswari, T.V., Navaneeth Krishnan, A., & Jithendran, K. P. (2018). Experimental infection of betanodavirus in freshwater fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853) A potential infection model for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Aquaculture International, 26, 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0241-7 CR - Sahul Hameed, A.S., Ninawe, A.S., Nakai, T., Chi, S.C., Johnson, K.L., & ICTV Report Consortium. (2019). ICTV Virus taxonomy profile: Nodaviridae. The Journal of General Virology, 100(1), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001170 CR - Toffan, A., Pascoli, F., Pretto, T., Panzarin, V., Abbadi, M., Buratin, A., Quartesan, R., Gijón, D., & Padrós, F. (2017). Viral nervous necrosis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) caused by reassortant betanodavirus RGNNV/SJNNV: An emerging threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Scientific Reports, 7, Article 46755. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46755 CR - Valero, Y., & Cuesta, A. (2023). Reassortant viruses threatening fish aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(4): 1720-1731. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12813 CR - Vázquez-Salgado, L., Olveira, J.G., Dopazo, C.P., & Bandín, I. (2024). Detection of different betanodavirus genotypes in wild fish from Spanish Atlantic coastal waters (Galicia, northwestern Spain). Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 36(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/aah.10201 CR - Vendramin, N., Padrós, F., Pretto, T., Cappellozza, E., Panzarin, V., Bovo, G., Toffan, A., & Terregino, C. (2012). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in restocking facilities of the endangered freshwater species, Salaria fluviatilis (Asso). Journal of Fish Diseases, 35(11), 867–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01429.x CR - Volpe, E., Grodzki, M., Panzarin, V., Guercio, A., Purpari, G., Serratore, P., & Ciulli, S. (2018). Detection and molecular characterization of betanodaviruses retrieved from bivalve molluscs. Journal of Fish Diseases, 41(4), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12759 CR - World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2019). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. In Manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals (Chapter 2.3.12). Retrieved from https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/aquatic-manual-online-access/ CR - Xylouri, E., Kotzamanis, Y.R., Athanassopoulou, F., Dong, L., Pappas, L.S., Argyrokastritis, A., & Fragkiadaki, E. (2007). Isolation, characterization, and sequencing of nodavirus in sturgeon (Acipenser gueldestaedi L.) reared in freshwater facilities. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 59(1), 36–41. CR - Yoğurtçuoğlu, B., & Ekmekçi, F.G. (2018). First record of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Pangasiidae), from central Anatolia, Turkey. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 48(3), 241–244. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIEP/02407 CR - Ziarati, M., Zorriehzahra, M.J., Kafilzadeh, F., & Kargar, M. (2020). Molecular monitoring and phylogenetic analysis of betanodavirus in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) and Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer) of Iranian Northern Waters of the Persian Gulf. Current Microbiology, 77(12), 3919–3926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02222-w CR - Zrnčić, S., Brnić, D., Panzarin, V., Abbadi, M., Lojkić, I., Zupičić, I.G., & Oraić, D. (2022). Transmission pathways of the VNN introduced in Croatian marine aquaculture. Pathogens, 11(4), 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040418 CR - Zrnčić S., Vendramin N., Boutrup T.S., Boye, M., Madsen, L., Nonneman, B., Brnić, D., & Oraić, D. (2021). First description and diagnostics of disease caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis in farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus) from Croatia. Journal of Fish Diseases, 44(7), 1033–1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13366 UR - https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.1.01 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5306866 ER -