TY - JOUR T1 - Growth responses of a Cylindrotheca closterium strain from the Golden Horn Estuary to temperature, salinity and irradiance TT - Haliç'ten izole edilen diyatom Cylindrotheca closterium suşunun sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve ışınım karşısındaki büyüme tepkileri AU - Şemin, Sebahat AU - Taş, Seyfettin AU - Dursun, Fuat AU - Sezgin, Rabia AU - Durmuş, Turgay AU - Balcı, Muharrem AU - Ergül, Halim Aytekin PY - 2026 DA - March Y2 - 2026 DO - 10.12714/egejfas.43.2.05 JF - Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences JO - EgeJFAS PB - Ege Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 2148-3140 SP - 129 EP - 137 VL - 43 IS - 2 LA - en AB - The growth response of a diatom Cylindrotheca closterium strain (DEB132303) isolated from the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara) was investigated under different environmental conditions. C. closterium cells were grown in a silica-enriched K-medium under various temperatures (11, 18, 25 and 32°C), salinities (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 psu) and irradiances (10, 20, 50 and 65 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). By the end of the acclimatization period, no viable C. closterium cells were present at temperatures of 4°C and 32°C and salinities of 6 and 36 psu, which marked the upper and lower boundaries of its environmental tolerance. The maximum specific growth rates (µmax) were 1.45 d⁻¹ at temperature of 18°C (18 psu, 50 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), 1.08 d⁻¹ at salinity of 24 psu ( 18°C, 50 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) and 1.80 d⁻¹ at irradiance of 65 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ (18°C, 18 psu), in temperature, salinity and light experiments, respectively. The maximum cell density (Dmax) was 5×10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ at temperature of 25°C, salinity of 18 psu and irradiance of 50 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. Growth rate varied significantly among different temperature, salinity and irradiance treatments (ANOVA, p<0.001) and there was a positive correlation between growth rate and irradiance (r= 0.98, p<0.01). These results demonstrate that these environmental parameters affect significantly the growth of this C. closterium strain. KW - Cylindrotheca closterium KW - diatom KW - growth rate KW - Golden Horn Estuary KW - Sea of Marmara N2 - Haliç'ten (Marmara Denizi) izole edilen diyatom Cylindrotheca closterium suşunun (DEB132303) farklı çevresel koşullar altında büyüme tepkileri araştırıldı. C. closterium hücreleri, çeşitli sıcaklık (4, 11, 18, 25 ve 32°C), tuzluluk (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 ve 36 psu) ve ışık seviyelerinde (10, 20, 50 ve 65 μmol foton m⁻² s⁻¹) silikatca zenginleştirilmiş K-kültür ortamında yetiştirildi. İklimlendirme döneminin sonunda, 4°C ve 32°C sıcaklık ile 6 ve 36 psu tuzluluk seviyelerinde canlı C. closterium hücresi bulunamadı ve bu değerler suşun çevresel toleransının üst ve alt sınırları olarak belirlendi. Maksimum spesifik büyüme hızı (µmax), sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve ışık deneylerinde sırasıyla 18°C sıcaklıkta (18 psu, 50 μmol foton m⁻² s⁻¹) 1.45 d⁻¹, 24 psu tuzlulukta (18°C, 50 μmol foton m⁻² s⁻¹) 1.08 d⁻¹ ve 65 μmol foton m⁻² s⁻¹ ışık şiddetinde (18°C, 18 psu) 1.80 d⁻¹ olarak bulundu. Maksimum hücre yoğunluğu (Dmax) ise 25°C sıcaklık, 18 psu tuzluluk ve 50 μmol foton m⁻² s⁻¹ ışık şiddetinde 5×10⁵ hücre mL⁻¹ olarak tespit edildi. Büyüme hızı, farklı sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve ışık şiddeti uygulamaları arasında önemli ölçüde farklılık gösterdi (ANOVA, p<0.001) ve ışık şiddeti ile arasında pozitif ilişki görüldü (r= 0.98, p<0.01). Bu sonuçlar, sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve ışığın bu C. closterium suşunun büyümesini önemli ölçüde etkilediğini göstermiştir. CR - Ackerly, D. D. (2003). Community assembly, niche conservatism, and adaptive evolution in changing environments. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164(S5), S165–S184. https://doi.org/10.1086/368401 CR - Affan, A., Heo, S. J., Jeon, Y. J., & Lee, J. B. (2009). Optimal growth conditions and antioxidative activities of Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 45, 1405–1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00763.x CR - Aktan, Y., Dede, A., & Ciftci, P. S. (2008). Mucilage event associated with diatom and dinoflagellates in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News, No. 36, 1–3. CR - Armbrust, E. V. (2009). The life of diatoms in the world’s oceans. Nature, 459, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08057 CR - Audoor, S., Bilcke, G., Pargana, K., Belıšová, D., Thierens, S., Van Bel, M., Sterck, L., Rijsdijk, N., Annunziata, R., Immacolata Ferrante, M., Vandepoele, K., & Vyverman, W. (2024). Transcriptional chronology reveals conserved genes involved in pennate diatom sexual reproduction. Molecular Ecology, 33(8), e17320. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17320 CR - Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., & Balci, M. (2021). A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8, 414–422. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.954787 CR - Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Turetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., & Tufekci, V. (2011). Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Büyükada Island, the Marmara Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315410000081 CR - Bialevich, V., Zachleder, V., & Bišová, K. (2022). The effect of variable light source and light intensity on the growth of three algal species. Cells, 11(8), 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11081293 CR - Borchhardt, N., Chomérat, N., Bilien, G., Zentz, F., Rhodes, L., Murray, S. A., & Hoppenrath, M. (2021). Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Bindiferia gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new marine, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate genus formerly classified within Amphidinium. Phycologia, 60(6), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1978040 CR - Danielsson, Å., Rahm, L., Conley, D. J., & Carstensen, J. (2004). Identification of characteristic regions and representative stations: A study of water quality variables in the Kattegat. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 90, 203 224. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000003590.58753.0e CR - de Brouwer, J. F. F., & Stal, L. J. (2002). Daily fluctuations of exopolymers in cultures of the benthic diatoms Cylindrotheca closterium and Nitzschia sp. (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 38, 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01164.x CR - Degerlund, M., Huseby, S., Zingone, A., Sarno, D., & Landfald, B. (2012). Functional diversity in cryptic species of Chaetoceros socialis Lauder (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Plankton Research, 34, 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbs004 CR - Glaser, K., & Karsten, U. (2020). Salinity tolerance in biogeographically different strains of the marine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Applied Phycology, 32, 3809–3816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02238-6 CR - Guillard, R. R. L., & Ryther, J. H. (1962). Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea (Cleve). Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 8, 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1139/m62-029 CR - Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98. CR - Harvey, P. H., & Pagel, M. D. (1991). The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546412.001.0001 CR - Hasle, G. R., & Syvertsen, E. E. (1997). Marine diatoms. In C. R. Tomas (Ed.), Identifying marine phytoplankton (pp. 292–294). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012693018-4/50004-5 CR - Hoppenrath, M., Elbrächter, M., & Drebes, G. (2009). Marine phytoplankton: Selected microphytoplankton species from the North Sea around Helgoland and Sylt. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. CR - Hughes, A. R., Cebrian, J., Heck, K., Goff, J., Hanley, T. C., Scheffel, W., & Zerebecki, R. A. (2018). Effects of oil exposure, plant species composition, and plant genotypic diversity on salt marsh and mangrove assemblages. Ecosphere, 9, e02207. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2207 CR - Keller, M. D., Selvin, R. C., Claus, W., & Guillard, R. R. L. (1987). Media for the culture of oceanic ultraphytoplankton. Journal of Phycology, 23, 633–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb04217.x CR - Kingston, M. B. (2009). Growth and motility of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium: Implications for commercial applications. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 125, 138–142. CR - Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Sarno, D., Balzano, S., Gu, H., Andersen, R. A., & Zingone, A. (2008). Global diversity and biogeography of Skeletonema species (Bacillariophyta). Protist, 159, 177 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2007.09.004 CR - Koyuncu, A. (2018). The seawater transfer from the Bosphorus to the Golden Horn. In Third Marmara Sea Symposium (pp. 155). Istanbul, Turkey. CR - Kraberg, A., Baumann, M., & Dürselen, C. (2010). Coastal phytoplankton: Photo guide for Northern European seas. Alfred Wegener Institute. CR - Lebret, K., Kritzberg, E. S., Figueroa, R., & Rengefors, K. (2012). Genetic diversity within and genetic differentiation between blooms of a microalgal species. Environmental Microbiology, 14(9), 2395–2404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02769.x CR - Najdek, M., Blažina, M., Djakovac, T., & Kraus, R. (2005). The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 27, 851–862. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi057 CR - Nunn, G. B., Theisen, B. F., Christensen, B., & Arctander, P. (1996). Simplicity-correlated size growth of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA D3 expansion segment in the crustacean order Isopoda. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 42, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02198847 CR - Ozsoy, E., Oguz, T., Latif, M. A., Unluata, U., Sur, H. I., & Besiktepe, S. (1988). Oceanography of Turkish straits: Second annual report. Middle East Technical University. CR - Pirt, S. J. (1975). Principles of microbe and cell cultivation. Blackwell Scientific Publications. CR - Pistocchi, R., Cangini, M., Totti, C., Urbani, R., Guerrini, F., Romagnoli, T., Sist, P., Palamidesi, S., Boni, L., & Pompei, M. (2005). Relevance of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax fragilis in mucilage formations of the Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 353, 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.087 CR - Reynolds, L. K., Stachowicz, J. J., Hughes, A. R., Kamel, S. J., Ort, B. S., & Grosberg, R. K. (2017). Temporal stability in patterns of genetic diversity of Zostera marina. Heredity, 118, 404 412. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2016.114 CR - Rynearson, T. A., Newton, J. A., & Armbrust, E. V. (2006). Spring bloom development and population succession in Ditylum brightwellii. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 1249 1261. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1249 CR - Rynearson, T. A., Lin, E. O., & Armbrust, E. V. (2009). Metapopulation structure in Ditylum brightwellii. Protist, 160, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2008.10.003 CR - Scholin, C. A., Herzog, M., Sogin, M. L., & Anderson, D. M. (1994). Identification of genetic markers for Alexandrium. Journal of Phycology, 30, 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00999.x CR - Scholz, B., & Liebezeit, G. (2012). Growth responses of benthic marine diatoms under varying culture conditions. Diatom Research, 27, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2012.660875 CR - Semin, S., Tas, S., & Dursun, F. (2023). Spatial–temporal variability of phytoplankton in the Golden Horn Estuary. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 103, e56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315423000449 CR - Smayda, T. J. (1969). Experimental observations on Detonula confervacea. Journal of Phycology, 5, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1969.tb02596.x CR - Stock, W., Vanelslander, B., Rüdiger, F., Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W., & Karsten, U. (2019). Thermal niche differentiation in Cylindrotheca closterium. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01395 CR - Tamura, K., Stecher, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7), 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120 CR - Tas, S. (2019). Microalgal blooms in a eutrophic estuary (Golden Horn, Sea of Marmara) following a remediation effort. Botanica Marina, 62, 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0035 CR - Tas, S. (2020). Changes in phytoplankton composition following remediation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 100(7), 1053–1062. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315420001058 CR - Totti, C., Cangini, M., Ferrari, C., Kraus, R., Pompei, M., Pugnetti, A., Romagnoli, T., Vanucci, S., & Socal, G. (2005). Phytoplankton size distribution and mucilage occurrence. Science of the Total Environment, 353, 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.028 CR - Tufekci, V., Balkis, N., Polat-Beken, C., Ediger, D., & Mantikci, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition during a mucilage event. Turkish Journal of Biology, 34, 199–210. CR - Urbani, R., Magaletti, E., Sist, P., & Cicero, A. M. (2005). Extracellular carbohydrates released by marine diatoms. Science of the Total Environment, 353, 300 306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.026 CR - Van Bergeijk, S. A., Van der Zee, C., & Stal, L. J. (2003). Uptake and excretion of DMSP driven by salinity changes. European Journal of Phycology, 38, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260310001612600 CR - Wiens, J.J., Ackerly, D.D., Allen, A.P., Anacker, B.L., Buckley, L.B., Cornell, H.V., Damschen, E.I., Davies, T.J., Grytnes, J.A., Harrison, S.P., Hawkins, B.A., Holt, R.D., McCain, C.M., & Stephens, P.R. (2010). Niche conservatism as an emerging principle. Ecology Letters, 13, 1310–1324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x UR - https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.2.05 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5618336 ER -