TY  - JOUR
T1  - Katılımcı Savaş, Medyatikleşmiş İstihbarat ve Gazeteciliğin Militarizasyonu: Anonim OSINT Hesapları Kurumsal Haber Söylemini Nasıl Şekillendiriyor?
TT  - Guerre participative, renseignement médiatisé et militarisation du journalisme : comment les comptes OSINT anonymes façonnent-ils le discours des médias corporate ?
AU  - Baknali, Burakcan
AU  - Ardıç Çobaner, Aslıhan
PY  - 2026
DA  - June
Y2  - 2026
DO  - 10.16878/gsuilet.1897795
JF  - Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi
PB  - Galatasaray Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1305-2411
SP  - 58
EP  - 88
IS  - 44
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu çalışma, medya-savaş yakınsamasını ele almakta ve Rusya-Ukrayna savaşını gazeteciliğin militarizasyonu, katılımcı medya ve açık kaynak istihbaratı (OSINT) çerçevesinde değerlendirmektedir. Sosyal medyada çatışma takibi gerçekleştiren anonim OSINT hesapları, ana akım medya kuruluşlarının savaş haberlerinde referans gösterilebilmektedir. Makale, OSINT söylemlerinin kurumsal medya söylemini katılımcı istihbarat pratikleri aracılığıyla nasıl askerîleştirdiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, sosyal medya platformu X’te aktif olan OSINTtechnical, Intelschizo ve GeoConfirmed’e başvuru yapan Bloomberg, Business Insider, The Economist, Newsweek, New York Times, CNN ve Forbes tarafından yayımlanan Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı konulu haberler, Norman Fairclough’un Eleştirel Söylem Analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, katılımcı savaş durumlarının savaş haberi metnine yansıdığı; farklı toplumsal aktörlerin/alanların söylem pratiklerinin ve silahlı çatışma olaylarıyla etkileşime giren OSINT anlatılarının olay bildiren haber söylemiyle kaynaşarak hibrit bir medya söylemi oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda OSINT söylemlerinin kurumsal medya söylemini etkilediği ve askerî istihbarata ilişkin teknik, stratejik, operasyonel ve analitik unsurların haber diliyle bütünleştiği ortaya konulmuştur.
KW  - Gazeteciliğin militarizasyonu
KW  - Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı
KW  - açık kaynak istihbaratı
KW  - katılımcı savaş
KW  - eleştirel söylem analizi
N2  - Cette étude explore la convergence entre médias et guerre en analysant le conflit russo-ukrainien à travers la militarisation du journalisme, les médias participatifs et l'OSINT. Les comptes OSINT anonymes sont de plus en plus cités par les médias grand public. Cet article vise à révéler comment les discours de l'OSINT militarisent les récits médiatiques. Dans ce cadre, les reportages de Bloomberg, Business Insider, The Economist, Newsweek, NYT, CNN et Forbes citant les comptes X OSINTtechnical, Intelschizo et GeoConfirmed ont été analysés via l'analyse critique du discours de Norman Fairclough. À la lumière des résultats, il apparaît que la guerre participative se reflète dans les textes, où les pratiques discursives de divers acteurs et les récits OSINT fusionnent avec le discours journalistique pour créer un discours médiatique hybride. Les conclusions démontrent que l'OSINT influence significativement les médias en intégrant des éléments d'intelligence militaire technique ve analytique au langage journalistique.
CR  - Adams, P. (15 Mart 2021). Bellingcat - an intelligence agency for the people. ABC Listen. Erişim 15 Mart 2025, https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/latenightlive/bellingcat---an-intelligence-agency-for-the-people/13248126.
CR  - Ashdown, N. (2022). Public open source analysis and intelligence: Practice, terminology, and ethical considerations. Stanley Center for Peace and Security. https://stanleycenter.org/publications/public-open-source-analysis-intelligence/.
CR  - Asmolov, G. (2022). The transformation of participatory warfare: The role of narratives in connective mobilization in the Russia–Ukraine war. Digital War, 3(1-3), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-022-00054-5.
CR  - Bartnicki, A. R., Kużelewska, E., & Ożóg, M. (2023). Information and information technologies in the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian war. A. Turska-Kawa, A. Kasińska-Metryka, & K. Pałka-Suchojad (Ed.), War in Ukraine: Media and emotions içinde. Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37608-5_3.
CR  - Baysha, O. (2024). War, peace, and populist discourse in Ukraine. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003379164.
CR  - Bean, H. (2011). No more secrets: Open source information and the reshaping of U.S. intelligence. Praeger. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400691799.
CR  - Belghith, Y., Venkatagiri, S., & Luther, K. (27-29 Nisan 2022). Compete, collaborate, investigate: Exploring the social structures of open source intelligence investigations [Bildiri]. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517526.
CR  - Bloomberg. (11 Mart 2022). Satellite images of Russian tanks fail to penetrate fog of war. Bloomberg. Erişim 4 Nisan 2025, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-11/satellite-images-of-russian-tanks-fail-to-penetrate-fog-of-war.
CR  - Blumenthal, M. (20 Şubat 2021). Reuters, BBC, and Bellingcat participated in covert UK foreign office-funded programs to ‘weaken Russia,’ leaked docs reveal. The Grayzone. Erişim 15 Mart 2025, http://thegrayzone.com/2021/02/20/reuters-bbc-uk-foreign-office-russian-media/.
CR  - Boichak, O. (2017). Battlefront volunteers: Mapping and deconstructing civilian resilience networks in Ukraine. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097289.
CR  - Boichak, O., & Hoskins, A. (2022). My war: Participation in warfare. Digital War, 3(1-3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-022-00060-7.
CR  - Bouvier, G. (2019). How journalists source trending social media feeds: A critical discourse perspective on Twitter. Journalism Studies, 20(2), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1365618.
CR  - Bouvier, G., & Machin, D. (2018). Critical discourse analysis and the challenges and opportunities of social media. Review of Communication, 18(3), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1479881.
CR  - Bräuchler, B., & Budka, P. (2020). Anthropological perspectives on theorising media and conflict. B. Bräuchler & P. Budka (Ed.), Theorising media and conflict içinde. Berghahn Books.
CR  - Burke, P. (2022, 15 Kasım). The issues in the collection, verification and actionability of citizen-derived and crowdsourced intelligence during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, 2022. Strategic Panorama, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.specialissue.2022.09.
CR  - Business Insider. (2 Ekim 2023). Video shows old Russian tank with a ridiculously tall 'cope cage' defense on top. Business Insider. Erişim 1 Mayıs 2025, https://www.businessinsider.com/video-shows-russia-tank-topped-with-ridiculously-tall-cage-2023-10.
CR  - Carpentier, N. (2007). “Theoretical frameworks for participatory media”. Media Technologies and Democracy in an Enlarged Europe: The Intellectual Work of the 2007 European Media and Communication Doctoral Summer School içinde, editörler Nico Carpentier, Pille Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, Kaarle Nordenstreng, Maren Hartmann, Peeter Vihalemm, Bart Cammaerts, Hannu Nieminen. The Researching and Teaching Communication Series. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
CR  - Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. Oxford University Press.
CR  - Charlton, T., Mayer, A.-T., & Ohme, J. (2024). A common effort: New divisions of labor between journalism and OSINT communities on digital platforms. The International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612241271230.
CR  - CNN. (21 Eylül 2023). Ukrainians signal fresh progress on southern front amid grinding counteroffensive. CNN. Erişim 5 Nisan 2025, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/21/europe/ukraine-counteroffensive-fresh-progress-intl.
CR  - Cochrane, J. (2022). Citizen OSINT analysts: Motivations of open-source intelligence volunteers [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Södertörn University. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1670900/FULLTEXT02.
CR  - Cottle, S. (2006). Mediatized conflict: Developments in media and conflict studies. Open University Press.
CR  - Crilley, R. (2016). Like and share forces: Making sense of military social media sites. C. Hamilton & L. J. Shepherd (Ed.), Understanding popular culture and world politics in the digital age içinde. Routledge.
CR  - Cronin, A. K. (2006). Cyber-mobilization: The new ‘levée en masse’. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2304.
CR  - Croxton, W. (23 Şubat 2020). How Bellingcat tracked a Russian missile system in Ukraine. CBS News. Erişim 15 Mart 2025, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-bellingcat-tracked-a-russian-missile-system-in-ukraine-60-minutes-2020-02-23/.
CR  - Der Derian, J. (2009). Virtuous war: Mapping the military-industrial-media-entertainment network (2. bs.). Routledge.
CR  - Deuze, M. (2004). What is multimedia journalism? Journalism Studies, 5(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670042000211131.
CR  - Deuze, M. (2008). Corporate appropriation of participatory culture. N. Carpentier & B. De Cleen (Ed.), Participation and media production: Critical reflections on content creation içinde. Cambridge Scholars Publishers.
CR  - Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.
CR  - Fairclough, N. (1995). Media discourse. Arnold.
CR  - Forbes. (12 Mart 2024). Joe Biden unexpectedly gifts rockets to Ukraine. The last time this happened, a lot of Russian helicopters got wrecked. Forbes. Erişim 4 Nisan 2025, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/03/12/joe-biden-unexpectedly-gifts-rockets-to-ukraine-the-last-time-this-happened-a-lot-of-russian-helicopters-got-wrecked/.
CR  - Graham, S. (2011). Cities under siege: The new military urbanism. Verso.
CR  - Henschke, A., Walsh, P. F., & Bradbury, R. (2024). Changing practices, disruptive technologies, and the evolution of intelligence institutions. A. Henschke et al. (Ed.), The ethics of national security intelligence institutions: Theory and applications içinde. Routledge.
CR  - Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2012). Rızanın imalatı: Kitle medyasının ekonomi politiği (E. Abadoğlu, Çev.). Bgst Yayınları.
CR  - Ju, Y., Li, Q., Liu, H. Y., Cui, X. M., & Wang, Z. H. (2020). Study on application of open source intelligence from social media in the military. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1507(5), 052017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1507/5/052017.
CR  - Keeble, R. (2004). Information warfare in an age of hyper-militarism. S. Allan & B. Zelizer (Ed.), Reporting war içinde. Routledge.
CR  - KhosraviNik, M. (2014). Critical discourse analysis, power, and new media discourse. Y. Kalyango & M. W. Kopytowska (Ed.), Why discourse matters: Negotiating identity in the mediatized world içinde. Peter Lang.
CR  - KhosraviNik, M. (2017). Social media critical discourse studies (SM-CDS). J. Flowerdew & J. Richardson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies içinde. Routledge.
CR  - Klarenberg, K. (9 Ekim 2021). Bellingcat funded by US and UK intelligence contractors that aided extremists in Syria. The Grayzone. Erişim 15 Mart 2025, http://thegrayzone.com/2021/10/09/bellingcat-intelligence-contractors-extremists-syria/.
CR  - Loehrke, B., Kenausis, L., al-Kaisy, A., Terril, D., & Smits, K. (2022). Feeling the burden: Ethical challenges and practices in open source analysis and journalism. Stanley Center for Peace and Security. https://stanleycenter.org/publications/ethics-osint-analysis-journalism/.
CR  - Lutz, C. (2007). Militarization. D. Nugent & J. Vincent (Ed.), A companion to the anthropology of politics içinde. Blackwell Publishing.
CR  - MacLeod, A. (9 Nisan 2021). How Bellingcat launders national security state talking points into the press. MintPress News. Erişim 15 Mart 2025, https://www.mintpressnews.com/bellingcat-intelligence-agencies-launders-talking-points-media/276603/.
CR  - Mejias, U. A., & Vokuev, N. E. (2017). Disinformation and the media: The case of Russia and Ukraine. Media, Culture & Society, 39(7), 1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716686672.
CR  - Merrin, W. (2019). Digital war: A critical introduction. Routledge.
CR  - Mortensen, M. (2015). Journalism and eyewitness images: Digital media, participation, and conflict. Routledge.
CR  - Müller, N. C., & Wiik, J. (2023). From gatekeeper to gate-opener: Open-source spaces in investigative journalism. Journalism Practice, 17(2), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1919543.
CR  - Newsweek. (17 Ekim 2024). Map shows new incursion by Kyiv threatening to cut off Russian supply line. Newsweek. Erişim 6 Nisan 2025, https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-isw-map-1970508.
CR  - Oakley, D. P., & Rogg, J. (2024). Spreading the ‘smog of war’: The impact of propaganda, social media, and OSINT on U.S. civil-intelligence relations. Intelligence and National Security, 39(3), 539–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2024.2322803.
CR  - Patrikarakos, D. (2017). War in 140 characters: How social media is reshaping conflict in the twenty-first century. Basic Books.
CR  - Paulussen, S., & Harder, R. A. (2014). Social media references in newspapers: Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as sources in newspaper journalism. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.894327.
CR  - Pournis, S. (2022). Information warfare: Assessing the employment of open-source intelligence (OSINT) in battling disinformation during conflict – The case study of the Russian invasion of Ukraine [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. https://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/345619/files/GRI-2023-38398.pdf.
CR  - Reese, S. D. (2004). Militarized journalism: Framing dissent in the Persian Gulf wars. S. Allan & B. Zelizer (Ed.), Reporting war içinde. Routledge.
CR  - Singer, P. W., & Brooking, E. T. (2019). Likewar: The weaponization of social media. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Strout, N. (17 Ekim 2019). BAE wins open source intelligence contract from the Army. C4ISRNet. Erişim, 15 Mart 2025, https://www.c4isrnet.com/show-reporter/ausa/2019/10/17/bae-wins-open-source-intelligence-contract-from-the-army/.
CR  - Şen, A. F. (2018). Medyatikleşme üzerine kuramsal bir tartışma. Kurgu, 26(1), 55–65.
CR  - Umunç, C. (2019). Twitter ve eleştirel söylem analizi. H. Hülür & C. Yaşın (Ed.), Twitter araştırmaları içinde. Ütopya Yayınevi.
CR  - The Economist. (14 Ekim 2023). Now Russia is fighting to gain territory in the east of Ukraine. The Economist. Erişim 29 Nisan 2025, https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/10/14/now-russia-is-fighting-to-gain-territory-in-the-east-of-ukraine.
CR  - The New York Times. (26 Mayıs 2023). Russians hit Ukrainian hospital as both sides step up long-range strikes. The New York Times. Erişim 10 Nisan 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/26/world/europe/russia-ukraine-hospital-missile.html.
CR  - Van Leeuwen, T. (2003). The representation of social actors. C. R. Caldas-Coulthard & M. Coulthard (Ed.), Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis içinde. Routledge.
CR  - Zhou, J. (2024). Open-source intelligence and great-power competition under mediatization. Security Journal, 37(4), 1769–1786. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-024-00446-0.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.1897795
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5758583
ER  -