@article{article_190856, title={Shoulder instability: classification and methods of clinical examination}, journal={Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica}, volume={39}, pages={14–23}, year={2006}, DOI={10.3944/aott.v39i0.590}, url={https://izlik.org/JA38JL93UB}, author={Ozkan, Mustafa and Ekin, Ahmet and Bolukbası, Selcuk and Kanatli, Ulunay and Sagol, Ertan}, keywords={joint instability/classification;joint instability/diagnosis;joint instability/etiology;pain;physical examination;range of motion, articular;shoulder dislocation/diagnosis;shoulder dislocation/etiology}, abstract={The shoulder is a complex joint whose stability relies on both dynamic and static factors. Dysfunction of one of these components gives rise to shoulder problems. Diagnosis of shoulder instability depends on a detailed history and appropriate physical examination. Despite the presence of many tests, none has proved to be purely diagnostic for shoulder instability. Therefore, these tests should be regarded as a part of the diagnostic procedure rather than a referral to diagnosis itself. Tests performed to assess laxity and instability are different in nature; thus, positive laxity tests do not necessarily show instability unless supported by further evidence. The reliability of the tests for superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions has not been adequately validated by clinical studies and few anatomical studies have examined the effect of these tests on the superior labral complex.}