@article{article_286082, title={Dystocia in the dog and cats}, journal={Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences}, pages={1–11}, year={2007}, author={Anadol, Elvan}, keywords={Cat,Dog,Dystorcia}, abstract={<div class="WordSection1"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right:4.95pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.95pt;line-height:202%;"> <span lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Dystocia <span style="letter-spacing:.9pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing:1.35pt;"> </span>failure <span style="letter-spacing:1.1pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>completion <span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>labor <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>without <span style="letter-spacing:.85pt;"> </span>exogenous <span style="letter-spacing:1.05pt;"> </span>intervention. <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>The incidence <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing:.75pt;"> </span>dystocia <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing:.85pt;"> </span> <span style="letter-spacing:.1pt;">highly </span> <span style="letter-spacing:.75pt;"> </span>variable <span style="letter-spacing:1.15pt;"> </span>among <span style="letter-spacing:1pt;"> </span>animal <span style="letter-spacing:.9pt;"> </span>species <span style="letter-spacing:1.35pt;"> </span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt;">and </span> <span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt;"> </span>races. <span style="letter-spacing:1pt;"> </span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt;">In </span> <span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt;"> </span>domestic <span style="letter-spacing:.95pt;"> </span>dogs <span style="letter-spacing:-2.7pt;"> </span>and <span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt;"> </span> <span style="letter-spacing:.1pt;">big </span> <span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt;"> </span>and <span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt;"> </span>brachiocephalic <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt;"> </span>races, <span style="letter-spacing:1pt;"> </span>this <span style="letter-spacing:1.3pt;"> </span>incidence <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing:1.3pt;"> </span>particularly <span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt;"> </span>high. <span style="letter-spacing:1pt;"> </span>Early <span style="letter-spacing:1pt;"> </span>stimulation <span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing:-2.75pt;"> </span>labor causes
uterine inertia and fetal developmental disorders whereas delayed labor  <span style="letter-spacing:2.15pt;">  </span>results  </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">in </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.4pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">overgrowth </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.4pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">of </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.15pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">fetus </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.45pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">thus </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.45pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">increasing </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.4pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">the </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.55pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">rate </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.3pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">of </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:.85pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">dystocia. </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.15pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">Several </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.75pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">factors </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.2pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">both </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.65pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">related </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:1.65pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:-.2pt;">to </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:-2.8pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;">the mother and the fetus are respo}, number={1}, publisher={İstanbul Veteriner Hekimler Odası}