TY  - JOUR
TT  - Endoscopic Applications in Turtles
AU  - Sezer, Duygu
PY  - 2017
DA  - October
DO  - 10.17094/ataunivbd.347978
JF  - Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi
PB  - Atatürk Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1306-6137
SP  - 203
EP  - 209
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
KW  - Endoskopi
KW  - Kaplumbağa
N2  - Endoscopy is an important method used in the diagnosis and treatmentof many diseases. It means looking inside. Reptiles endoscopy identified forthe first time in 1983 and the first use is reported in North America.Nowadays, especially diagnosis and treatment of surgical disease, as much aspossible using non-invasive endoscopic methods have gained importance. Internalorgans are seen with endoscopic imaging clearly. Samples necessary forlaboratory analysis and biopsies are taken with easly. At the same time, in theclosure of endoscopic entry, the use of a single muscle and skin suture ortissue adhesive is sufficient. In addition to shortening the healing time isconsidered as a big advantage. Endoscopic examination is made with rigid or flexibleendoscopes. For this purpose camera, monitor and light source are used. One ofthe most widespread use of endoscopy in turtle is sex determination. Besides,the most widely used endoscopic procedures in turtle is pulmonoscopy, esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, coelioscopy andcloacoscopy. In this review, diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases inturtles is considered the most widely used in endoscopic procedures. Thus, inour country, increasing interest in turtles or other exotic animals, to presentinformation to our colleagues about endoscopic procedures and veterinarymedicine is intended to be placed on the application of this method.
CR  - 1.	De la Navarre BJ., 2006. Common procedures in reptiles and amphibians. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 9, 237-367. 
2.	Hernandez-Divers SJ., 2006. Reptile gastrointestinal and respiratory endoscopy: The need to look inside. Proceeding of the North American Veterinary Conference, 20, 1631-1635.
3.	Martinez-Silvestre A., Bargallo F., Grifols J., 2015. Gender identification by cloacoscopy and cystoscopy in juvenile chelonians. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 527-539.
4.	Chamness CJ., 1999. Equipment for the avian and exotic endoscopist. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med, 8, 102-106.
5.	Divers SJ., 2010. Endoscopy equipment and instrumentation for use in exotic animal medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 13, 171-185.
6.	Wood C., Wood FE., Chrichtley KH., 1983. Laparoscopy of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Herpetol J, 6, 323-327.
7.	Coppoolse KJ., Zwart P., 1985. Cloacoscopy in reptiles. Vet Q, 7, 243-245.
8.	McCarthy TC., 2005. Veterinary endoscopy for the small animal practitioner. St. Louis (MO), 624, Elsevier. 
9.	Innis CJ., Feinsod R., Hanlon J., Stahl S., Oguni J., Boone S., Schnellbacher R., Cavin J., Divers SJ., 2013. Coelioscopic orchiectomy can be effectively and safely accomplished in chelonians. Vet Rec, 172, 526. 
10.	Mans C., Sladsky KK., 2012. Diagnosis and management of oviductal disease in three red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Small Anim Pract, 53, 234-239.
11.	Minter LJ., Wood MW., Hill TL., Lewbart GA., 2010. Cystoscopic guided removal of ectopic eggs from the urinary bladder of the Florida cooter turtle (Pseudemys floridana floridana). J Zoo Wildl Med, 41, 503-509.
12.	Divers SJ., 2015. Endoscopic sex identification in chelonians and birds (Psittacines, Passerines and Raptors). Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 541-554.
13.	Innis CJ., 2010. Endoscopy and endosurgery of the chelonian reproductive tract. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 13, 243-254.
14.	Taylor M., 1994. Endoscopic examination and biopsy techniques. In “Avian Medicine: Principles and Appli¬cation”, Ed., BW Ritchie, GJ Harrison, LR Harrison, 327-354, FL, Wingers Publishing, Lake Worth.
15.	Divers SJ., Stahl SJ., Camus A., 2010. Evaluation of diagnostic coelioscopy including liver and kidney biopsy in freshwater turtles (Trachemys scripta). J Zoo Wildl Med, 41, 677-687.
16.	Kurtdede A., 2001. Reptil Hastalıkları. Barışcan Ofset, Ankara.
17.	Martinez-Jimenez D., Hernandez-Divers S.J., 2007. Emergency care of reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 10, 557-585.
18.	Hernandez-Divers SM., Hernandez-Divers SJ., 2002. Angiographic, anatomic and clinical technique descriptions of a subcarapacial venipuncture site for chelonians.  J Herpetol Med Surg, 12, 32-77.
19.	Redrobe S., MacDonald J., 1999. Sample collection and clinical pathology of reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 2, 709-730.
20.	Wappel SM., Schulte MS., 2004. Turtle care and husbandry. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 7, 447-472.
21.	Deem SL., Norton TM., Mitchell M., Segars A., Alleman AR., Cray C., Poppenga RH., Dodd M., Karesh WB., 2009. Comparison of blood values in foraging, nesting, and stranded loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) along the coast of Georgia, USA. J Wildl Dis, 45, 41-56.
22.	Sykes IV JM., Klaphake E., 2015. Reptile hematology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 63-82.
23.	Rostal DC., Grumbles JS., Lance VA., Spotila JR., 1994. Non-lethal sexing techniques for hatchling and immature desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizi). Herpetological Monograph, 8, 103-116. 
24.	Hernandez-Divers SJ., Stahl SJ., Farrell R., 2009. An endoscopic method for identifying sex of hatchling Chinese box turtles and comparison of general versus local anesthesia for coelioscopy. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 234, 800-804.
25.	Jessop M., Bennett TD., 2010. Tortoises and Turtles. In “BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets”, Ed., A Meredith, C Johnson-Delaney, 249-273, BSAVA, Cheltenham.
26.	Paries S., Funcke S., Ziegle, L., Lierz M., Wüst E., 2014. Endoscopic assisted orchiectomy in Herman's tortoises (Testudo hermanni sp.). Tierärztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 42, 383-389.
27.	Divers SJ., 2010. Reptile diagnostic endoscopy and endosurgery. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 13, 217-242.
28.	MacLean RA., Harms CA., Braun-McNeill J., 2008. Propofol anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles. J Wildl Dis, 44, 143-150.
29.	Rakotonanahary TF., Kuchling G, Routh A., 2015. In-country anaesthesia for endoscopic sexing of the ploughshare tortoise (Astrochelys yniphora). Solitaire, 26, 11-14. 
30.	Moraes-Neto M., D’Amato AF., DosSantos AS., Godfrey MH., 2003. Retrieval of and esophageal foreign body (Fish Hook) using esophagostomy in an olive ridley turtle, lepidochelys olivacea. J Herpetol Med Surg, 13, 26-28.
31.	Pressler BM., Goodman RA., Harms CA., Hawkins EC., Lewbart GA., 2003. Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach in three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis). J Zoo Wildl Med, 34, 88-92.
32.	Mans C., 2013. Clinical Update on diagnosis and management of disorders of the digestive system of reptiles. J Exot Pet Med, 22, 141-162.
33.	Proença LM., Fowler S., Kleine S., Quandt J., Mullen CO., Divers SJ., 2014. Coelioscopic-assisted sterilization of female mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). J Herpetol Med Surg, 24, 95-100.
34.	Innis CJ., Hernandez-Divers S., Martinez-Jimenez D., 2007. Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy in chelonians. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 230, 1049-1052.
35.	Di Girolama N., Selleri P., 2015. Clinical Applications of Cystoscopy in Chelonians. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 507-526.
36.	Bonner BB., 2000. Chelonian therapeutics. The Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 3, 257-332.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.347978
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/356847
ER  -