TY  - JOUR
TT  - Denial of Paternity by DNA Fingerprint Test in Islamic Family Law
AU  - Yılmaz, İbrahim
PY  - 2017
DA  - December
DO  - 10.18505/cuid.356846
JF  - Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi
JO  - CUID
PB  - Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2528-9861
SP  - 851
EP  - 882
VL  - 21
IS  - 2
KW  - İslâm Aile Hukuku
KW  - Nesep/Soybağı
KW  - Nesebin Reddi
KW  - Liân/Mülâane
KW  - DNA Parmak İzi Testi
N2  - Abstract: There are two ways to deny the lineage of a child who was born inmarriage contract in classical Islamic legal doctrine. The first is to sue incourt by husband accusing his wife by adultery. In this case, both the wife andhusband swear properly (liʿān / mulāʿana)in the court opened and as a result of the court, the child’s lineage fallsfrom husband. The second is that there are certain special circumstances thatare inevitable for the child to be born in marriage from husband in terms ofreason and science/ medical point. In such a case, the husband has the right tosue the denial of lineage without the need for a liʿān/mulāʿana application. Nowadays (recently), with thedevelopment of science and technology DNA fingerprinting is used as a means ofproof in proving the lineage anddenying the lineage. Contemporary Islamic law researchers have stood onthe issue of the determination or denial of lineage with DNA fingerprint test.This study will focus only on “Denialof Lineage/Paternity by DNA Fingerprint Test in Islamic (Family) Law”.Summary:In Islamic Law has given great importance to determine a lineage truthfuly, and the right for husband to refusethe lineage of a child, who was born in marriage contract as long as the childwas from somebody else. There aretwo ways to deny the lineage of a child who was born in marriage contract inclassical Islamic legal doctrine. The first way is the method known/called asliʿān/mulāʿana. As a legal term the liʿān/mulāʿana is both the wife’s andhusband’s swearing in the court opened for denial of lineage (liʿān) after thehusband’s blaming his wife for adultry (qazif). The secondway which makes the child's paternity impossible to husband are conditions suchas knowing with certainty that the woman got pregnant from someone else beforemariage contract or her giving birth after marriage contract before six monthscompleted; realizing that the husband could not have (was not able to have) achild because of his biological and/or physiological defects (disabilities)and/or the sexual intercourse between the husband and wife is not possible. Insuch circumstances, the right to refuse the lineage of this child who was bornin marriage contract has been legitimated to the husband without liʿān. Nowadays(recently), with the development of science and technology, DNA fingerprintingis used as a proof in denial or approval of the lineage cases. DNAfingerprint is defined as the genetic code transmitting from parents tochildren through inheritance, that signifies each individual’s particularbiological identity and that is possible to be known within the framework ofspecific scientific guidelines.There aredifferences as well as similarities in the physiological structure/creation(phenotype) of each person. In the same way, each person's biological andgenetic structure/characteristics (genotype) are similar to each other butthere are some differences between them. As a matter of fact, it has beenscientifically proven that people who look physiologically very similar aredifferent from other people in terms of biological/genetic (genotype)characteristics such as "fingerprints, phonemes, scent marks and DNAfingerprints".On theother hand, the determination or denial of lineage is closely related to manylegal issues as inheritance, custody, marriage (marriage prohibition), hıdane(right of protection and training), right of alimony, āqila, witness, etc. That iswhy, in Islamic law, in the case of a precise information, evidence or a strongpossibility about the child born in a true marriage is adulterated or belongsto the pre-wedding/before the wedding, the husband has been given the right torefuse the child's lineage/surname by resorting to the liʿān or withoutresorting to the liʿān.Asunderstood from the verses (al-Nur 24/6-9) concerning the subject, the practiceof liʿān has been made legitimate for the husband who cannot prove anadulterous crime to his wife with four witnesses. Hence, if the husband accuseshis wife of adultery and proves it with four witnesses or the wife confessesadultery, there is no need for liʿān application and a penalty for adultery(hadd) is imposed on a woman because the wife’s adultery is certain with thewitnesses and the application of liʿān is not needed.In thatcase, just as it is in the evidence of adultery, also on the issue of lineage’sdenial, the husband should have the right to refuse the child's lineage when heclaims that he did not impregnate his wife or that the child born in theirmarriage does not belong to him and he proves it by DNA fingerprint testwithout the need for liʿān application. Accordingly, if the DNA fingerprinttest reveals that the child is from the husband, a slander (qazif) penalty isapplied to the husband because he blamed his wife for adultery (qazif) andcould not prove it. However, if the DNA fingerprint test reveals that the childis from someone else but the child's lineage cannot be annexed to husband,adultery is not applied to the woman because of the possibility that thepregnancy may be by way of rape (enforcement to sexual intercourse) or as aresult of suspected sexual intercourse.On theother hand, the application of liʿān related with the denial of lineage is anexceptional rule. The main issue is to prove with four witnesses that the childis the result of adultery. Therefore, religiously, the liʿān is not anapplication that must be done with worship consciousness and that makes one asinner when abandoned. According to this, to accept the DNA fingerprint test asevidence is not to cancel the liʿān application, on the contrary, it is toabandon it because it does not need the liʿān application. Therefore, theapplication of the liʿān will continue to be in effect where there is noopportunity to apply DNA fingerprint testing.As aresult, on “Denial of The Lineage/Paternity by DNA Fingerprint Test in IslamicFamily Law” it is possible tosay:The Qur'anand the Sunnah, the main sources of Islam, encourage and require wisdom andpractice in accordance with it. Therefore, there should not be any objection tothe use of DNA fingerprint testing, which is a scientific proof, in the case oflineage denial as well as lineage approval.As a matterof fact, the general rule expressed by Shafiî jurist el-Maverdî (d. 450/1058)about matter of lineage’s denial “If the scientific facts indicate that thechild is not from the husband, the child's lineage is rejected without the needfor the liʿān application” (Māverdī, āl-Hâvi al-kabīr, 9: 159), shows that themeans of modern/scientific proof such as DNA fingerprint testing will beaccepted in the matter of lineage’s denial in Islamic law.Therefore,in accordance with the provision of the verse: “Call them (your adoptedchildren) with the name of their fathers. This is more righteous and just inthe sight of Allah” (al-Ahzab 33/5), in order to ensure the identification oflineage truthfuly, the husband must have the right to refuse the lineageof a child who is proven, by a DNA fingerprint test, not to belong to himwithout the need for a liʿān application.
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.356846
L1  - http://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/372123
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