TY  - JOUR
T1  - Balıklarda viral ensefalopati ve retinopati
TT  - Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in fishes
AU  - Dönmez, Ahmet Erdem
AU  - Yılmaz, Doruk
PY  - 2018
DA  - September
DO  - 10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.3.14
JF  - Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
JO  - EgeJFAS
PB  - Ege Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2148-3140
SP  - 335
EP  - 342
VL  - 35
IS  - 3
LA  - tr
AB  - Viralhastalıklar, hem su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı hem de doğal suculortamlarda biyolojik çeşitliliğin sürdürülebilirliği açısından her zaman önemlisınırlayıcı faktörlerden birisi olmuştur. Virüslerin balıklarda bazıhastalıklara neden olduğu uzunca bir süredir düşünülmekle birlikte, hücrekültürlerinin kullanılmaya başlanmasına kadar kesin tanılarıgerçekleştirilememiştir. Viral nervöz nekroz olarak da adlandırılan balık viralensefalopati ve retinopati (VER) ise dünyanın pek çok yerinde özellikle denizkültür balıkçılığı için önemli viral kökenli hastalıklardan birisi olarak kabuledilmektedir. Nodavirüslere dahil olan virüs, larva ve juvenil bireylerde dahaetkili olmakla birlikte yetişkin formlarda da hastalık oluşturabilmektedir.Yetiştiricilik sektöründe özellikle son yıllarda önemli kayıplara yol açmış veküresel ısınma tehdidi nedeniyle de gittikçe daha önem kazanacağı tahmin edilenbir enfeksiyon halini almıştır. Bu derlemede; balıkların önemli viralhastalıklardan biri olarak değerlendirilen bu enfeksiyona ilişkin bilgilersunulmuştur.
KW  - Nodavirüs
KW  - viral ensefalopati retinopati
KW  - deniz balıkları
KW  - enfeksiyon
N2  - Viral diseases havealways been one of the limiting factors in the sustainability of biodiversity,both in the aquaculture and in the natural aquatic environment. Althoughviruses are thought to be to cause some diseases in fish for a long time, exactdiagnosis has not been achieved until the use of cell cultures has begun. Theviral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) also known as viral nervous necrosisis considered one of the most important viral diseases in the world, especiallyfor marine aquaculture. The virus belonging nodaviruses is more effective onlarvae an d juvenile individuals and can also cause infection in adult forms.In the aquaculture sector, especially in recent years has led to significantloss and also expected to become increasingly important due to the threat ofglobal warming. In this review, information about this infection which isconsidered to be one of the major viral diseases of fish has been presented.
CR  - Azad, I.S., Shekhar, M.S., Thirunavukkarasu, A.R. & Jithendran, K.P. (2006). Viral nerve necrosis in hatchery produced fry of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer sequential microscopic analysis of histopathology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 73, 123-130. DOI: 10.3354/dao073123
CR  - Banerjee, D., Hamod, M.A., Suresh, T. & Karunasagar, I. (2014) Isolation and characterization of a nodavirus associated with mass mortality in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) from the west coast of India. Virus Disease, 25(4), 425–429. DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0226-8
CR  - Barja, J.L. (2004). Report about fish viral diseases. In P. Alvarez-Pellitero, J.L. Barja, B. Basurco, F. Berthe, A.E. Toranzo (Eds.), Mediterranean Aquaculture Diagnostic Laboratories (pp 91-102). Zaragoza: CIHEAM.
CR  - Bergman, S.M. & Fichtner, D. (2008). Diseases caused by virus: Viral Diseases in Salmonids. In J. C. Eiras, H. Segner, T. Wahli & G.B. Kapoor (Eds.), Fish Diseases Volume I (pp 41-87). Enfield: Science Publishers.
CR  - Bigarre, L., Cabon, J., Baud, M., Heimann, M., Body, A., Lieffrig, F. & Castric, J. (2009). Outbreak of betanodavirus infection in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in fresh water. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32, 667–673.
CR  - Binesh, C.P. (2013). Genetic characterization of betanodavirus isolates from Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in India. Archives Virology, 158: 1543-1546. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1554-x
CR  - Binesh, C.P., Renuka, K., Malaichami, N. & Greeshma, C. (2013). First report of viral nervous necrosis induced mass mortality in hatchery reared larvae of clownfish, Amphiprion sebae Bleeker. Journal of Fish Diseases, 36 (12): 1017-1020. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12001
CR  - Bitchava, K., Xylouri, E., Fragkiadaki, E., Athanassopoulou, F., Papanastassopoulou, M. & Sabatakou, O. (2007). First Incidence of Clinical Signs of Nodavirus Infection in Sea Bream, Sparus auratus L. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 59(1), 3-9.
CR  - Bovo, G., Gustinelli, A., Quaglio, F., Gobbo, F., Panzarin, V., Fusaro, A., Mutinelli, F., Caffara M. & Fioravanti, M.L. (2011). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in freshwater fish farmed in Italy. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 96, 45-54. DOI: 10.3354/dao02367
CR  - Bovo, G. & Florio, D. (2008). Viral Diseases of Cultured Marine Fish. In J. C. Eiras, H. Segner, T. Wahli & G.B. Kapoor (Eds.), Fish Diseases Volume I (pp 185-202). Enfield: Science Publishers.
CR  - Brock J.A. & Bullis R. (2001) Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp. Aquaculture, 197, 137-159.
CR  - BSGM. (2017). Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri. Alıntılanma adresi: www.tarim.gov.tr/sgb/Belgeler/SagMenuVeriler/BSGM.pdf (18.04.2018)
CR  - Castric, J., Thiery, R., Jeffroy, J., Kinkelin, P. & Raymond, J.C. (2001). Sea bream Sparus aurata, an asymptomatic contagious fish host for nodavirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 47, 33-38. DOI: 10.3354/dao047033
CR  - Cherif, N.,  Thiery, R., Castric, J., Biacchesi, S., Bremont, M., Thabti, F., Limem, L., & Hammami, S. (2009). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy of Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata farmed in Tunisia. Veterinary Research Communications, 33, 345-353.			 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9182-3
CR  - Chia, T.J., Wu, Y.C., Chen, J.Y. & Chi, S.C. (2010). Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with antiviral activity against fish nodavirus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28(3), 434-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.020
CR  - Costa, J.Z. & Thompson, K.D. (2016).  Understanding the interaction between Betanodavirus and its host for the development of prophylactic measures for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 53, 35-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.033
CR  - Crane, M. & Hyatt, A. (2011). Viruses of Fish: An Overview of Significant Pathogens.  Viruses, 3, 2025-2046. DOI: 10.3390/v3112025
CR  - Dalla Valle L., Toffolo, V., Lamprecht, M., Maltese, C., Bovo, G. Belvedere, P. & Colombo, L (2005). Development of a sensitive and quantitative diagnostic assay for fish nervous necrosis virus based on two-target real-time PCR. Veterinary Microbiology, 110(3-4), 167-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.07.014
CR  - Doan, Q.K, Vandeputte, M., Chatain, B., Morin, T. & Allal, F. (2017). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review. Journal of Fish Diseases, 40, 717-742. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12541
CR  - Giacopello, C., Foti, M., Bottari, T., Fisichella, V. & Barbera, G. (2013). Detection of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERV) in wild marine fish species of the South Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean). Journal of Fish Diseases, 36(9), 819-21. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12095
CR  - GEM, (2015). Nodavirus infections in the grouper. Alıntılanma adresi: http://www.gemlemerou.org/cms/images/stories/GEM/Accueil/Nodavirus_infection_Grouper.pdf (17.04.2018).
CR  - Gagne, N., Johnson, S. C., Cook-Versloot, M., MacKinnon, A. M. & Olivier, G. (2004). Molecular detection and characterization of nodavirus in several marine fish species from the northeastern Atlantic. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 62, 181-189. DOI: 10.3354/dao062181
CR  - Glazebrook, J.S. & Campbell, R.S.F. (1987). Diseases of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in Australia. J.W. Copeland, D.L. Gray (Eds.), Management of wild and cultured sea bass/barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp.204-209
CR  - Gomez, D.K., Baeck, G.W., Kim, J.H., Choresca, C.H. & Park, S.C. (2008). Molecular detection of betanodaviruses from apparently healthy wild marine invertebrates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97, 197-202.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.10.012
CR  - Hegde, A., Teh, H.C., Lam, T.J. & Sin, Y.M. (2003). Nodavirus infection in freshwater ornamental fish, guppy, Poecilia reticulata comparative characterization and pathogenicity studies. Archives Virology, 148, 575-586. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-002-0936-x
CR  - Hetrick, F.M. (1989). Fish viruses. In B.Austin & D.A.Austin (Eds.), Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Fish and Shellfish (pp 216-239). Chicester: Ellis Horwood.
CR  - Ichinose, T., Musyoka,T.M., Watanabe, K. & Kobayashi, N. (2013). Evaluation of antiviral activity of Oligonol, an extract of Litchi chinensis, against betanodavirus. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 7(6), 254-260. DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2013.v7.6.254
CR  - Johansen, R., Grove, S, Svendsen, A.K, Modahl, I. & Dannevig, B. (2004). A sequential study of pathological findings in Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), throughout one year after an acute outbreak of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 327-341. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00548.x
CR  - Johnson, S.C., Sperker, S.A., Leggiadro, C.T., Groman, D.B., Griffiths, S.G., Ritchie, R.J., Cook, M.D. & Cusack, R.R. (2002). Identification and Characterization of a Piscine Neuropathy and Nodavirus from Juvenile Atlantic Cod from the Atlantic Coast of North America. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 14(2), 124-133. DOI: 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014
CR  - Kibenge, F.S.B., Godoy, M.G., Fast, M., Workenhe, S. & Kibenge, M.J.T. (2012). Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Research, 95(3), 257-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003
CR  - Kibenge, F.S.B. & Godoy, M.G., (2016). Aquaculture Virology. London: Academic Press.
 
Korsnes, K. Devold, M., Nerland, A.H. & Nylund, A. (2005). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar after intraperitoneal challenge with a nodavirus from Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 68, 7-15. DOI: 10.3354/dao068007
CR  - Maeno, Y., De La Pena, L.D. & Cruz-Lacierda, E.R. (2007). Susceptibility of Fish Species Cultured in Mangrove Brackish Area to Piscine Nodavirus. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 41(1), 95- 99.	DOI: 10.6090/jarq.41.95
CR  - Maltese, C. & Bovo, G. (2007). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Ittiopatologia, 4, 93-146.
CR  - Moriyama, K., Suzuki, T., Negishi, K., Graci, J.D., Thompson, C.N., Cameron, C.E., & Watanabe, M. (2008). Effects of Introduction of Hydrophobic Group on Ribavirin Base on Mutation Induction and Anti-RNA Viral Activity. Journal of Medical Chemistry, 51, 159-166.		 DOI: 10.1021/jm7009952
CR  - Möller, H. & Anders, K. (1986). Diseases and parasites of marine fishes. Kiel: Möller.
 
Munday, B. (2003). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy-disease strategy manual. East Brisbane: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
CR  - Nakai, T., Mori, K., Sugaya, T., Nishioka, T., Mushiake, K. & Yamashita, H. (2009). Current Knowledge on Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) and its Causative Betanodaviruses. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 61(3), 198-207.
CR  - Nazari, A., Hassan, M. D., Bovo, G., Zor riehzahra, M. J., Azmi,T. I. & Arshad, S.S. (2014). Pathogenicity of viral nervous necrosis virus for Guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 13(1), 168-177.
CR  - Nishizawa, T., Takami, I., Kokawa, Y. & Yoshimizu, M. (2009). Fish immunization using a synthetic double stranded RNA Poly(I:C), an interferon inducer, offers protection against RGNNV, a fish nodavirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 83, 115-122. DOI: 103354/dao02001
 
Nunez Ortiz, N., Pascoli, F., Picchietti, S., Buonocore, F., Bernini, C., Toson, M., Scapigliati, & G., Toffan, A. (2016). A formalin in activated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects. Veterinary Research, 47(1), 89-99. DOI: 10.1186/s13567 016 0376 3
CR  - Oh, M.J., Jung, S.J., Kim, S.R., Rajendran, K.V., Kim, Y.J., Choi, T.J., Kim, H.R., & Kim, J.D. (2002). A fish nodavirus associated with mass mortality in hatchery-reared red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture, 211, 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00877-8
CR  - Olesen, N. J. & Vendramin, N. (2017).  Overview of the disease situation and surveillance in Europe in 2016. In N.J. Olesen N.G.Andersen (Eds.), 21st Annual Workshop of the National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases 2017 (pp. 11-13). Lyngby, Denmark. Bildiriler Kitabı.
 
OIE. (2017). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Alıntılanma adresi: www.oie.int/index.php?id=2439&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_viral_encephalopathy_retinopathy.htm. (20.02.2018)
CR  - Özyer, B.Ö., Kalaycı, G., İnçoğlu, Ș., Pekmez, K., & Küçükali, Y. (2014). The first isolation of betanodavirus from cultured seabass in Turkey. Bornova Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(50), 13-17.
CR  - Panzarin, V., Toffan, A., Abbadi, M., Buratin, A., Mancin, M., Braaen, S., Olsen, C.M., Bargelloni, L., Rimstad, E. & Cattoli, G. (2016). Molecular Basis for Antigenic Diversity of Genus Betanodavirus. PLOS ONE, 11(7), 1-18.  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158814
CR  - Parameswaran, V.,  Rajesh Kumar, S., Ishaq Ahmed, V.P. & Sahul Hameed, A.S. (2008). A fish nodavirus associated with mass mortality in hatchery-reared Asian Sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 275, 366-369.	 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.023
CR  - Patel, S., Korsnes, K., Bergh, O., Vik Mo, F., Pedersen J. & Helge Nerland, A. (2007). Nodavirus in farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in Norway. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 77, 169-173. DOI: 10.3354/dao01842
CR  - Poisa Beiro, L., Dios, S., Montes, A., Aranguren, R., Figueras, A. & Novoa, B. (2008). Nodavirus increases the expression of Mx and inflammatory cytokines in fish brain. Molecular Immunology, 45, 218–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.016
CR  - Roongkamnertwongsa, S., Kanchanakhan, S., Danayadol Y. & Direkbusarakom, S. (2005). Identification of a betanodavirus isolated from viral nervous necrosis disease in red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in Thailand using PCR and sequence analysis. In P. Walker, R. Lester & M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V (pp. 207-216). Manila: Asian Fisheries Society.
CR  - Salgado Miranda, C., Elizabeth Loza-Rubio, Edith Rojas-Anaya & Gary García-Espinosa. (2013). Viral vaccines for bony fish: past, present and future. Expert Review of Vaccines, 12(5): 567-578. DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.38
CR  - Shetty, M., Maiti, B., Santhosh, K.S., Venugopal, M.N. & Karunasagar, I. (2012). Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures. Indian Journal of Virology, 23(2), 114–123. DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0088-x
CR  - Skliris, G.P., Krondiris, J.V.,  Sideris, D.C., Shinn, A.P., Starkey, W.G. & Richards, R.H. (2001). Phylogenetic and antigenic characterization of new fish nodavirus isolates from Europe and Asia. Virus Research, 75(1), 59-67. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00225-8
CR  - Smail, D.A. & Munro, A.L.S. (2012). The virology of the teleosts. In R.J.Robert (Ed.),  Fish Pathology  (pp 186-292) New York: Bailliere Tindall.
CR  - Souto, S., Merour, E., Biacchesi, S., Bremont, M., Olveira, J.G. & Bandin, I. (2015). In vitro and in vivo characterization of molecular determinants of virulence in reassortant betanodavirus. Journal of General Virology, 96, 1287-1296. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000064
CR  - Tanaka S., Takagi M. & Miyazaki T. (2004). Histopathological studies on viral nervous necrosis of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus Thunburg, at the growout stage. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 385-399. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00559.x
CR  - Terlizzi, A., Tedesco, P. & Patarnello, P. (2012). Spread of Pathogens from Marine Cage Aquaculture - A Potential Threat for Wild Fish Assemblages Under Protection Regimes. Health and Environment in Aquaculture, 12, 403-414. DOI: 10.5772/30826
CR  - Thiery, R., Cozien, J., Cabon, J., Lamour, F., Baud, M. & Schneemann, A. (2006). Induction of a Protective Immune Response against Viral Nervous Necrosis in the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax by Using Betanodavirus Virus - Like Particles. Journal of Virology, 80(20), 10201-10207. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01098-06
CR  - Toffan, A., Pascoli, F., Pretto, T., Panzarin, V., Abbadi, M., Buratin, A., Quartesan, R., Gijón, D. & Padrós, F. (2017). Viral nervous necrosis in giltheadsea bream (Sparus aurata) caused by reassortant betanodavirus RGNNV/SJNNV: an emerging threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Scientific Reports, 7, 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/srep46755
CR  - Totlandl G. K., Grotmol, S., Morita, Y., Nishioka, T. & Nakai, T. (1999). Pathogenicity of nodavirus strains from striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus, studied by waterborne challenge of yolk-sac larvae of both teleost species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 38, 169-175. DOI: 10.3354/dao038169
CR  - Ucko, M., Colorni, A. & Diamant, A. (2004).  Nodavirus infections in Israeli mariculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 459-469.		 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00565.x
CR  - Vendramin, N., Patarnello, P., Toffan, A., Panzarin, V., Cappellozza, E., Tedesco, P., Terlizzi, A., Terregino, C. & Cattoli, G. (2013). Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) in southern Italy: a threat for wild endangered species. BMC Veterinary Research, 9(20), 1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-20
CR  - Vendramin, N., Toffan, A., Mancin, M., Cappellozza, E., Panzarin, V., Bovo, G., Cattoli, G., Capua, I. & Terregino, C. (2014). Comparative pathogenicity study of ten different betanodavirus strains in experimentally infected European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases, 37, 371-383. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12117
CR  - Vendramin, N. (2017). Update on fish disease situation in the Mediterranean basin. Alıntılama adresi: http://www.eurl-fish.eu/-/media/Sites/EURL-FISH/english/activities/annual%20meetings/21st-AW-2017/Presentations/Session-1/Niccol-Vendramin_Mediterranean.ashx?la=da (18.04.2018)
 
Walker, P.J. & Winton, J.R. (2010). Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp. Veterinary Research,  41, 51. DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010022
CR  - Workenhe S.T., Rise M.L., Kibenge, M.J., & Kibenge F.S. (2010). The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses. Molecular Immunology, 47(16), 2525-2536. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.009
CR  - Yamashita, H., Fujita, Y., Kawakami, H. & Nakai, T. (2005). The Efficacy of Inactivated Virus Vaccine against Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN). Fish Pathology, 40(1), 15-21. DOI: 10.3147/jsfp.40.15
CR  - Yanong, R.P.E. (2010). Viral Nervous Necrosis (Betanodavirus) Infections in Fish. Alıntılanma adresi: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa180 (20.02.2018).
CR  - Zhou, X. (2017). An Overview of Recently Published Global Aquaculture Statistics. Alıntılanma adresi: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7171e.pdf (17.04.2018).
CR  - Zorriehzahra, M.E.J., Ghasemi M., Ghiasi, M., Karsidani S.H., Bovo, G., Nazari, A., Adel, M., Arizza, V. & Dhama, K. (2016). Isolation and confirmation of viral Nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and leaping mullet (Liza saliens) in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Veterinary Microbiology, 190, 27-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.023
UR  - https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.3.14
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/543860
ER  -