TY - JOUR TT - The application of 1958 and 1970 Agrarian Reform Acts in HawlerLiwa (Governorate) and its effects a historical study AU - Othman, Burhan Hatam AU - Murad, Khalil Ali PY - 2019 DA - January DO - 10.21600/ijoks.516510 JF - International Journal of Kurdish Studies JO - Kurdish Studies PB - Hasan KARACAN WT - DergiPark SN - 2149-2751 SP - 290 EP - 311 VL - 5 IS - 1 LA - en KW - Agrarian Reform Acts KW - Kurds KW - HawlerLiwa KW - Governorate KW - Contemporary Iraq KW - Erbil N2 - The14th of July in 1958 was a turning point in the history of contemporary Iraqpolitically, socially, and economically. One of the main changes was theacquisition of agricultural lands through the enactment of the "AgrarianReform Act" in 1958, which remained in place until the enactment ofanother act, the Agrarian Reform Act of 1970. These laws aimed to put an end tolarge ownership of agricultural land in Iraq by distributing it among thefarmers. This study aims to highlight the application of the two acts and theireffects on the governorate (Liwa) of Hawler (Erbil). It approaches the subjectthrough two different topics.Thefirst one tackles the application of 1958 Agrarian Reform Act in Hawlergovernorate. We analyze the main articles of the 1958 act, and then discuss theland ownership in the governorate, the area of lands confiscated fromlandlords, and the process of distributing those lands to the peasants. Thissectionalso highlights the effects of land distribution on production relationsbefore looking at the effects of the Kurdish Revolt of September 1961 on theapplication of the Agrarian Reform Act of 1958.                The second topic is devoted to analyzing theapplication of the Agrarian Reform Act of 1970 in Hawler governorate in thesame way as the first topic; we also note some differences between the twoacts, while looking also at the area of the land that was distributed and thenumber of beneficiaries in the Hawler governorate. This topic also focuses onsome of the shortcomings of the 1970 Act, especially nothing that some of itsarticles did not take into account the specific situation in Kurdistan.  CR - 1. Unpublished Documents: Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Seizure and General Estimation, File No: 39-4207001, Subject: Ahmed Pasha Husein Agha, No: 35078, 17/11/1959. Iraqi National Library Archives, Supreme Commission for Agrarian Reform, General Secretariat, Subject: Estimation the Lands of Hamad Ahmed Pasha, No: 1029, 5/6/1960. Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Seizure and General Estimation,the Presidency of Estimation Committee in Erbil, Subject: Estimate the Lands of Hamad Ahmed Pasha, No: 1029, 12/9/1960. Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of General Distribution, Subject: Distribution the Lands of Qaraj Area within the Makhmour district – the Liwa of Erbil - on the Farmers, No: 401-520700, 28/5/1962. Erbil Governorate Archive, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Agrarian Reform in Erbil, The Secret Office, Subject: Commencment of the Work of Research Committees in Qushtaba and Guer districts within the Erbil Liwa, No: 45, 26/6/1966. Erbil Governorate Archive, Command of the First Division, General Staff, Secret, Subject: Information Support, No: 2769, 16/11/1966. Erbil Governorate Archive, Public Security, Directorate of Erbil Liwa Security, The Secret Office, Subject: Situation in the area of the Erbil Liwa, No: 151, 20/2/1967. CR - 2. Government and Political Parties publications: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistics Department, Results of agricultural and animal statistics in Iraq 1958-1959, Baghdad, 1961. Repablic of Iraq, Committee for Celebrations of the Third Anniversary of the Law of Agrarian Reform, Al-Messaha Press, Baghdad, 1962. Directorate of Guidance and Publishing in the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Agrarian Reform in its Three Years, Trade and Printing Company, Baghdad, 1962. Supreme Commission for Agrarian Reform, Agrarian Reform Laws / Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 and its Amendments, and the regulations, instructions, statements issued thereunder and related laws, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 1965. The Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of the General Office, Guide to the agricultural sector in Iraq for the years 1968-1969, Ministry of Agriculture Press, Baghdad, 1970. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Annual Abstract of Statics 1970, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1971. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Results of 1971 Census of Agriculture, Part I, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1973. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Annual Abstract of Statics 1975, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1976. Kurdistan Regional Government, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Names of land owners subject to the laws of Agrarian Reform in the Governorate of Erbil between the years 1958-1975, unpublished statistic. Kurdistan Democratic Party, the Kurdish Liberation Movement, the political report ratified by the Conference Party held in August 1976 and approved by the 9th Conference of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in November 1979, without printing place and date . Kurdistan Democratic Party, Political Bureau, Central Bureau for Studies and research, The Land problem and the reality of agriculture in Iraqi Kurdistan, without printing place, 1996. CR - 3. Theses and Dissertations: Al-Bayati, A. (1990). Economic Conditions in Iraq 1932-1939, unpublished M.A Dissertation. Faculty of Arts, University of Baghdad. Ibrahim, I. (2004). Agrarian Reform Policy in Iraq in the Development of the Agricultural Sector 1968-1990. 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(2017). Personal Interview. July 13. Muhamed, D. (2017). Personal Interview. October 2. Said, K. (2017). Personal Interview. July 16. UR - https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.516510 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/632283 ER -