@article{article_533655, title={Fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound alone and combinations with modified atmosphere treatments against Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)}, journal={Turkish Journal of Entomology}, volume={43}, pages={179–187}, year={2019}, DOI={10.16970/entoted.533655}, author={Isıkber, Ali Arda and Tunaz, Hasan and Er, Mehmet Kubilay and Sağlam, Özgür}, keywords={Allyl isothiocyanate,uçucu yağ,değiştirilmiş atmosfer,hardal,Tribolium confusum}, abstract={<p class="BodyA" style="margin:0cm 0cm 6pt;font-size:medium;font-family:’Times New Roman’, serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:1cm;"> <span class="None"> <span lang="en-us" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.2pt;" xml:lang="en-us">This study was carried out in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound (allyl isothiocyanate) alone and in combination with high concentration (92%) of CO <sub>2  </sub>or N <sub>2 </sub>to all life stages of  <i>Tribolium confusum  </i>du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was determined. Preliminary bioassay tests indicated that 10 µl/l of mustard essential oil and allyl isothiocyanate alone resulted in 100% mortality for all life stages of  <i>T. confusum  </i>without any necessity of CO <sub>2  </sub>and N <sub>2  </sub>combinations. Lethal concentration tests indicated that combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO <sub>2  </sub>produced 1.8 to 7.3 times reductions in LC <sub>90 </sub>values for larvae, pupae and adults of  <i>T. confusum </i>. Generally, the combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO <sub>2  </sub>were more toxic to larvae, pupae and adults of  <i>T. confusum  </i>than those in combinations with 92% N <sub>2  </sub>as evidenced by significant decrements in their LC <sub>50  </sub>and LC <sub>90  </sub>values. It appears that high concentration of CO <sub>2  </sub>or N <sub>2 </sub>might have a synergistic effect on larvae, pupae and adults of  <i>T. confusum  </i>when exposed together with mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate. In conclusion, this study indicates that combinations of mustard essential oil or its main compound, allyl isothiocyanate with modified atmospheres can be a potential alternative to the most commonly used commercial fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine. </span> </span> <span class="None"> <span lang="en-us" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.2pt;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span> </span> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>}, number={2}, publisher={Türkiye Entomoloji Derneği}