TY - JOUR T1 - Tertiary-Level Internet Users’ Awareness on Cyberhate: A Cross-Cultural Study TT - Yükseköğretim Düzeyindeki İnternet Kullanıcılarının Sanal Nefret Farkındalıkları: Kültürlerarası Bir Çalışma AU - Kardaş İşler, Nergiz AU - Çelik, Serkan PY - 2020 DA - April DO - 10.14812/cuefd.568521 JF - Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi PB - Çukurova Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 1302-9967 SP - 451 EP - 476 VL - 49 IS - 1 LA - en AB - The present study aimed to determine a group of tertiary level Internet users’ knowledge of how to react to cyberhate in relation to certain independent variables such as gender, country, socio-economic status, educational background and frequency of social media use. A correlation survey method was adopted throughout the study to examine the awareness levels of Internet users regarding how to react to cyberhate. The participants of the study were determined by purposive sampling methods and the data were collected from 427 Internet users affiliated to two universities in Turkey and the United States. The most obvious finding emerged from the study was that a vast majority of the participants are not aware of cyberhate and are not equipped with the knowledge and skills to effectively fight against to racism or protect themselves from racist, discriminative, abusive, or harassing behavior online. The results also revealed that cyberhate awareness of Internet users varies according to the gender, socio-cultural environment and educational background. KW - Cyberhate KW - tertiary-level KW - intenet KW - awareness N2 - Bu çalışma, bir grup yükseköğretim düzeyindeki internet kullanıcısının cinsiyet, ülke, sosyo-ekonomik durum, eğitim durumu ve sosyal medya kullanım sıklığı gibi belirli bağımsız değişkenlerle ilişkili olarak sanal nefrete nasıl tepki verdikleri konusundaki bilgilerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yükseköğretim düzeyindeki İnternet kullanıcılarının sanal nefrete gösterdikleri tepkilere ilişkin farkındalık düzeyini incelemek için ilişkisel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları amaçlı örnekleme yöntemleriyle belirlenmiş ve veriler Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki iki üniversitede öğrenim gören 427 İnternet kullanıcısından toplanmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen en belirgin bulgu, katılımcıların büyük bir çoğunluğunun sanal nefretten haberdar olmadıkları ve çevrimiçi ortamda ırkçı, ayrımcı, istismar edici ya da taciz edici davranışlarla etkin bir şekilde mücadele etme ya da kendilerini bunlardan korumaya yönelik bilgi ve becerilere sahip olmadıkları yönündedir. Ayrıca bulgular, İnternet kullanıcılarının sanal nefret farkındalıklarının cinsiyet, sosyokültürel çevre ve eğitim durumuna göre farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. CR - Anti-Defamation League. (2010). Responding to Cyberhate: A Toolkit for Action. Retrieved from http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/combating-hate/ADL-Responding-to-Cyberhate-Toolkit.pdf CR - Australian Human Rights Commission. (2011). Cyber-racism Symposium Report. Retrieved from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/cyber-racism-symposium-report CR - Blaya, C. (2019). Cyberhate: A review and content analysis of intervention strategies. Aggression and violent behavior, 45, 163-172. CR - British Institute of Human Rights. (2012). Young People Combating Hate Speech On-line: Mapping study on projects against hate speech online. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/Source/Training/Training_courses/2012_Mapping_projects_against_Hate_Speech.pdf CR - Celik, S. (2018). Tertiary-level internet users’ opinions and perceptions of cyberhate. Information Technology & People, 31(3), 845-868. CR - Celik, S. (2019). Experiences of internet users regarding cyberhate. Information Technology & People, 32(6), 1446-1471. CR - Citron, D. K. (2011). Hate Crimes in Cyber Space. Harvard University Press, MA. CR - Clement, J. (2013). Internet Report. Retrieved August 28, 2015 from http://www.statista.com/statistics/273018/number-of-internet-users-worldwide/ CR - Douglas, K. M., McGarty, C., Bliuc, A. M., & Lala, G. (2005). Understanding cyberhate: Social competition and social creativity in online white supremacist groups. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 68-76. CR - EU Kids Online. (2011). EU Kids Online: findings, methods, recommendations. LSE, London, UK Retrieved from http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/Home.aspx CR - Gagliardone, I., Gal, D., Alves, T., & Martinez, G. (2015). Countering online hate speech. Unesco Series on Internet Freedom. France. CR - Gerstenfeld, P. B., Grant, D. R., & Chiang, C. P. (2003). Hate online: A content analysis of extremist Internet sites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3, 29-44. CR - Gojkovic, T., & Gomes, R. (2012). Freedom of expression and freedom from hate on-line (young people combating hate speech on-line).Seventh annual Internet Governance Forum, Baku, Azerbaijan. Retrieved August 20, 2015 from http://wsms1.intgovforum.org/content/no110-freedom-expression-and-freedom-hate-line-young-people-combating-hate-speech-line#report. CR - Hu, J., & Chau, M. (2007). Mining communities and their relationships in blogs: A study of online hate groups. Int. J. Human-Computer Studies, 65, 57–70. CR - Jane, E. A. (2018). Gendered cyberhate as workplace harassment and economic vandalism. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 575-591. CR - Jane, E. A., & Vincent, N. A. (2018). Cyberhate and human rights. Retrieved April 8, 2019 from https://tech.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/inline-files/112%20-%20Nicole%20Vincent%20and%20Emma%20Jane.pdf CR - Kaplan, J. E., & Moss, M. P.(2003). Investigating Hate Crimes on the Internet. Center for the Prevention of Hate Violence. University of Southern Maine. Retrieved June 30, 2015 from http://www.partnersagainsthate.org/publications/investigating_hc.pdf CR - Kemp, S. (2015). Digital, Social & Mobile Worldwide Report. Retrieved August 30, 2015 from http://wearesocial.net/blog/2015/01/digital-social-mobile-worldwide-2015/ CR - Kessler, J. (1999). Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online. An ADL Report on Internet Bigotry, Extremism and Violence. New York, NY: Anti-Defamation League. CR - Levin, B. (2002). Cyberhate: A legal and historical analysis of extremists' use of computer networks in America. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(6), 958-988. CR - Mc Donald, M. (1999). Extending persuasive techniques of low credibility sources to the world wide web. In Schuman D. W. & Thorson E. (Eds.), Advertising and the world wide web, 149-157. Mahwah, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CR - Media Awareness Network. (2012). Responding to Online Hate. Ottawa, ON Canada. CR - Notar, C. E., Padgett, S., & Roden, J. (2013). Cyberbullying: A Review of the Literature. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 1-9. CR - Perren, S. et al. (2012). Coping with Cyberbullying: A Systematic Literature Review. Final Report of Cost IS0801. Retrieved August 20, 2015 http://www.jugendundmedien.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Fachwissen/1012_COST_Cyberbullying_coping_report.pdf CR - Perry, B. (2000). “Button-down terror”: The metamorphosis of the hate movement. Sociological Focus, 33, 113-131. CR - Prutzman, P. (1994). Bias-related Incidents, Hate Crimes, and Conflict Resolution. Education & Urban Society, 27(1), 71-81. CR - Simon Wiesenthal Center. (2011). Digital Terror and Hate Report. Retrieved August 25, 2015 from http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441467&ct=9141065#.VYmFF_7bLIU CR - Stoddard, J. (2014). The Need for Media Education in Democratic Education. Democracy and Education, 22(1), 4. CR - Sweeney, M. S. (2014). What the Law Can (and Can't) Do About Online Harassment. Retrieved August 20, 2015 fromhttp://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/what-the-law-can-and-cant-do-about-online-harassment/382638/?single_page=true CR - Sweet, M. (2007). Tackling discrimination is good for health, WinterVic Health Letter, (30), 4-7. Retrieved August 22, 2015 from http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/en/Publications/VicHealth-Letter/Making-the-link-between-cultural-discrimination-and-health.aspx CR - Szoke, H. (2012). National Anti-Racism Strategy. Retrieved August 10, 2015 from https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/National%20Anti-Racism%20Strategy_0.docx CR - Thompson, B.,& Edwards, H. (2004). Providing graduate computing students with an appreciation of appropriate the ethical, professional and legal issues. Ethicomp. Syros, Greece: University of the Aegean. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/conferences/ethicomp/ethicomp2004/abstracts/59.html CR - Tippett, N., Thompson, F., & Smith, P. K. (2014). Research on Cyberbullying: Key findings and practical suggestions. Retrieved September 10, 2015 from http://www.education.com/reference/article/cyberbullying-research/ CR - Tynes, B. (2008). Children, Adolescents, and the Culture of Online Hate. In Handbook of Children, Culture, and Violence. Nancy E. Dowd, Dorothy G. Singer, Robin Fretwell Wilson (Eds.), Sage Publication. CR - Websense Security Labs. (2009). State of Internet Security. Retrieved from http://www.websense.com/content/State-of-Internet-Security-Q3-Q4-2009.aspx CR - Young Canadians in a Wired World. (2005). A national school based survey.Retrieved from http://mediasmarts.ca/sites/mediasmarts/files/publication-report/full/ycwwii-student-survey.pdf UR - https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.568521 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1070687 ER -