TY - JOUR T1 - Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri TT - Women Athletes’ Experiences of Empower and Oppression through Bikini Fitness AU - Kavasoğlu, İrem AU - Koca, Canan PY - 2019 DA - December Y2 - 2019 DO - 10.25307/jssr.633511 JF - Journal of Sport Sciences Research JO - JSSR PB - Kadir YILDIZ WT - DergiPark SN - 2548-0723 SP - 289 EP - 307 VL - 4 IS - 2 LA - tr AB - Bu araştırmanın amacı bikini fitnessınkadın sporcularınyaşantılarındaki güçlendirici ve baskı kurucuyönlerini analiz etmektir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerindenfenomenoloji kullanılmıştır. On bikini fitness sporcusuyla yapılanderinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler yoluyla toplanan veriler tematik analizyöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları bikini fitnessçı kadınlarınbedenlerinin toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş normlar etrafında inşa edildiğinigöstermektedir. Bununla birlikte bu inşada iktidarın beden üzerindeki denetimmekanizmalarına karşı sporcuların farklı güçlenme pratikleri olduğuanlaşılmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonunda bikinifitness normları Foucault’nun (1977, 1980) modern iktidarı tanımlarkenbaşvurduğu kavramsal araçlarıyla birlikte analiz edilirken, bikini fitnessçılarındeneyimleri norma uyma/normalleşme ve iktidara karşı direniş pratikleribağlamında tartışılmıştır. KW - Bikini fitness KW - Foucault KW - İktidar KW - Kadın bedeni N2 - The aim of this study is to analyze empowering andoppressesing aspects of bikini fitness in women athletes' lives. In our study,we used phenomenology, one of the qualitative research methods. We collecteddata through in-depth individual interviews with ten bikini fitness athletesselected according to the criterion sampling method and analyzed them withthematic analysis method. Research findings show that the body of bikinifitness women is built around gendered norms. However, in this construction, itis understood that the athletes have different empowering practices against thecontrol mechanisms of power on the body. When analyzing bikini fitness normswith Foucault's (1977, 1980) conceptual tools that he used to describe modernpower, we discussed the experiences of bikini fitness athletes in the contextof normalization and resistance to power practices. CR - Alkan, A. (2015). Toplumsal cinsiyet anaakımlaştırma. Ankara: Berk. CR - Aspridis, A., O’Halloran, P., & Liamputtong, P. (2014). Female bodybuilding: perceived social and psychological effects of participating in the figure class. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 22(1), 24-29. DOI:10.1123/wspaj.2014-0008. CR - Ataman, B., ve Çoban, B. (2016). Gözetim toplumu [Panoptikon]. B. Çoban ve B. Ataman (Der.), İstanbul: Ege. CR - Baştürk, E. (2016). Gözetimin soykütüğü: Foucault'dan Deleuze'e postmodern bir arkeoloji. İstanbul: Kalkedon. CR - Bell, M. C. (2008). Strength in muscle and beauty in integrity: Building a body for her. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 35(1), 43-62. DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2008.9714726. CR - Berger, J. (2018). Görme biçimleri. İstanbul: Metis. CR - Boyle, L. (2005). Flexing the tensions of female muscularity: How female bodybuilders negotiate normative femininity in competitive bodybuilding. Women's Studies Quarterly, 33(1/2), 134-149. [Erişim adresi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005506]. CR - Blinde, E. M., Taub, D. E., & Han, L. (1993). Sport participation and women's personal empowerment: Experiences of the college athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17(1), 47-60. DOI: 10.1177/019372359301700107. CR - Brace-Govan, J. (2004). Weighty matters: Control of women's access to physical strength. The Sociological Review, 52(4), 503-531. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00493. CR - Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. CR - Bulgu, N., Koca Arıtan, C., ve Aşçı, F.H. (2007). Gündelik yaşam, kadın ve fiziksel aktivite. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(4), 167-181. [Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbd/issue/16399/171450]. CR - Cantor, D., Bernay, T., & Stones, J. (1992). Woman in power: The secrets of leadership. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. CR - Cole, C. L. (1993). Resisting the canon: Feminist cultural studies, sport, and technologies of the body. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17(2), 77-97. DOI:10.1177/019372359301700202. CR - Cresswell, J.W. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. M. Bütün ve S.B. Demir (Çev.), Ankara: Siyasal. CR - Deem, R., & Gilroy, S. (1998). Physical activity, life‐long learning and empowerment—situating sport in women's leisure. Sport, Education and Society, 3(1), 89-104. DOI: 10.1080/1357332980030106. CR - Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of mixed methods research, 6(2),80-88. DOI: 10.1177/1558689812437186. CR - Duncan, M. C. (1994). The politics of women's body images and practices: Foucault, the panopticon, and Shape magazine. Journal of sport and social issues, 18(1), 48-65. DOI: 10.1177/019372394018001004. CR - Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., Holmgren, K. M., & White, K. B. (2004). Perceptions of the social and personal characteristics of hypermuscular women and of the men who love them. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(5), 487-506. DOI:10.3200/SOCP.144.5.487-506. CR - Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. CR - Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. CR - Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality: An introduction. Vintage. CR - Foucault, M. (2006). Deliliğin tarihi. M.A. Kılıçbay (Çev.), İstanbul: İmge. CR - Foucault, M. (2012). İktidarın Gözü. Seçme Yazılar 4. I. Ergüden (Çev.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı. CR - Foucault, M. (2014). Özne ve iktidar. Seçme yazılar 2. I. Ergüden ve O. Akınbay (Çev.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı. CR - George, M. (2005). Making sense of muscle: The body experiences of collegiate women athletes. Sociological Inquiry, 75(3), 317-345. CR - Glesne, C. (2013). Nitel araştırmaya giriş. A. Ersoy ve P. Yalçınoğlu (Çev.), Ankara: Anı. CR - Grogan, S., Evans, R., Wright, S., & Hunter, G. (2004). Femininity and muscularity: Accounts of seven women body builders. Journal of Gender Studies, 13(1), 49-61. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2004.10599914. CR - Guthrie, S. R., & Castelnuovo, S. (1992). Elite women bodybuilders: Models of resistance or compliance? Play & Culture, 5(4), 401-408. [Erişim adresi: https:// https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-15707-001]. CR - Ian, M. (2001). The primitive subject of female bodybuilding: Transgression and other postmodern myths. Differences: a journal of feminist cultural studies, 12(3), 69-100. [Erişim adresi: https://english.rutgers.edu/images/documents/faculty/ian-ja-2001b.pdf]. CR - Johnston, L. (1996). Flexing femininity: Female body-builders refiguring 'the body'. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 3(3), 327-340. DOI: 10.1080/09663699625595. CR - Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24. DOI: 10.1080/13552070512331332273. CR - Kalav, A. (2015). Değişen ve dönüşen sosyal bir olgu olarak namus ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Anabilim Dalı, Antalya. CR - Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Koca, C. (2018). Bikini fitnessta toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş beden. 16. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss.1062). Antalya. CR - Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Macit, A. (2018). Denetimdeki bedenler: Bikini fitnessta üretilen kadınlık kimliği. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 42-67. DOI: 10.30769/usbd.425447. CR - Koca, C. (2006). Beden eğitimi ve spor alanında toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkileri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe, 17 (2): 81-99. [Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbd/issue/16401/171459]. CR - Koca, C. (2017). Spor bilimlerinde nitel araştırma yaklaşımı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 30-48. CR - Koca, C., ve Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet: Genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, 103, 163- 181. CR - Krane, V. (2001). We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women's sport. Quest, 53(1), 115-133. CR - Krane, V., Choi, P. Y., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex roles, 50(5-6), 315-329. DOI: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000018888.48437.4f. CR - Kyei, S. (2019). Empowering rural women for gender equality in Ashanti region of Ghana through programmes and projects. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(1), 830-840. DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p85104. CR - Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage. CR - Markula, P. (1995). Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: The postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 424-453. CR - Markula, P. (2004). “Tuning into one’s self:” Foucault’s technologies of the self and mindful fitness. Sociology of sport journal, 21(3), 302-321. CR - Martin, L. S., & Gavey, N. (1996). Women's bodybuilding: feminist resistance and/or femininity's recuperation? Body & Society, 2(4), 45-57. DOI: 10.1177/1357034X96002004003. CR - McGrath, S. A., &Chananie-Hill, R. A. (2009). “Big freaky-looking women”: Normalizing gender transgression through bodybuilding. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 235-254. DOI: 10.1123/ssj.26.2.235. CR - Merriam, S. B. (2015). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. Ankara: Nobel. CR - Obel, C. (1996). Collapsing gender in competitive bodybuilding: researching contradictions and ambiguity in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 31(2), 185-202. DOI: 10.1177/101269029603100205. CR - Öztürk, P., ve Koca, C. (2014). Egzersiz ve performans sporunda beden politikaları. Toplum ve Hekim, 29(5), 333-343. CR - Rahbari, L. (2019). Pushing gender to its limits: Iranian women bodybuilders on instagram. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(5), 591-602. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2019.1597582. CR - Rail, G., & Harvey, J. (1995). Body at work: Michel Foucault and the sociology of sport. Sociology of sport journal, 12(2), 164-179. CR - Rowlands, J. (1995). Empowerment examined. Development in practice, 5(2), 101-107. DOI: 10.1080/0961452951000157074 CR - Schulze, L., (1990). On the muscle. Gaines, J. & Herzog, C. (Eds.), In Fabrications: Costume and the Female Body (59–78). New York: Routledge. CR - Schur, E. M. (1984). Labeling women deviant: Gender, stigma, and social control. New York: Random House. CR - Scott, A. (2011). Pumping up the pomp: An exploration of femininity and female bodybuilding. Vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology, 11(1), 70-88. [Erişim adresi: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org ]. CR - Shea, B. C. (2001). The paradox of pumping iron: Female bodybuilding as resistance and compliance. Women and Language, 24(2), 42-47. DOI: 10.1215/10407391-12-3-69. CR - Shaffer, D. R., & Wittes, E. (2006). Women’s precollege sports participation, enjoyment of sports, and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 55(3-4), 225-232. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9074-3. CR - Shilling, C., & Bunsell, T. (2009). The female bodybuilder as a gender outlaw. Qualitative research in sport and exercise, 1(2), 141-159. DOI: 10.1080/2159676X.2014.928897. CR - Strandberg, N. (2002). Conceptualising empowerment as a transformative strategy for poverty eradication and the implications for measuring progress. Empowerment of women as a transformative strategy for poverty eradication. New Delhi: UN-DAW Expert Group Meetings. CR - Tajrobehkar, B. (2016). Flirting with the judges: Bikini fitness competitors’ negotiations of femininity in bodybuilding competitions. Sociology of Sport Journal, 33(4), 294-304. DOI: 10.1123/ssj.2015-0152. CR - Theberge, N. (1987). Sport and women’s empowerment. Women’s Studies International Forum, 10, 387-393. DOI: 10.1016/0277-5395(87)90056-2. CR - Thorpe, H. (2008). Foucault, technologies of self, and the media: Discourses of femininity in snowboarding culture. Journal of sport and social issues, 32(2), 199-229. DOI: 10.1177/0193723508315206. CR - UNDP, (2014). UNDP Gender and equality strategy 2014-2017, the future we want: Right and empowerment. New York. CR - Wesely, J. K. (2001). Negotiating gender: Bodybuilding and the natural/unnatural continuum. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18(2), 162-180. DOI: 10.1123/ssj.18.2.162. CR - Worthen, M. G., & Baker, S. A. (2016). Pushing up on the glass ceiling of female muscularity: women’s bodybuilding as edgework. Deviant Behavior, 37(5), 471-495. DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2015.1060741. CR - ELEKTRONIK KAYNAKLAR CR - https://ifbb.com/our-disciplines/ 10.01.2019. CR - https://www.ifbbwa.com/bikini-rules/ 06.05.2019 CR - http://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/RULES/Women-Bikini-Fitness-Rules-2019.pdf 21.11.2019 CR - http://npcnewsonline.com/2017-npc-usa-womens-overall-winners-photos-gallery-bikini-figure-physique-bodybuilding/370015/ 21.11.2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.633511 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/884366 ER -