@article{article_673994, title={ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM}, journal={Cedrus}, volume={2}, pages={377–442}, year={2014}, DOI={10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469}, author={Duggan, T.m.p.}, keywords={Anemorium • Deniz yolculuğu}, abstract={This article addresses the importance, in the well documented practice in antiquity of nocturnal navigation, of marker-beacons/pharos for navigation. It suggests the presence of a Pharonic territorial marker on the conse­quently named Pharos Island from c. 1400 B.C. marking the port of Rhacotis, with the tower standing in the IVth c. B.C. noted in Arrian’s Anabasis being its probable replacement, prior to the construction of the Hellenistic Pharos. It suggests that maritime place-names beginning with the letters Pha/Phar, such as, Pharsalos, indicate the former presence of harbour marker lights, in this case with salos meaning an open roadstead. The matter of the importance of the size of the marker structure relative to the surround­ing topography, the number of light sources, possible fuels employed, and if these marker-beacons functioned at night in winter are raised. The article concludes with remarks upon two late Ist c. B.C. or early Ist c. A.D. in-situ structures at the Cilician port city of Anemorium, previously published as examples of, “a unique form of conical tomb”, which seem rather to be markers on the hillside for the probable landing quay below them, their relative heights reminding of the pharos and anti-pharos marking a harbour entrance in antiquity.}, publisher={Akdeniz Üniversitesi}