@article{article_722021, title={BOOTSTRAP PANEL CAUSALITY TESTING OF TOURISM AND GDP NEXUS FOR UPPER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES}, journal={Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi}, volume={11}, pages={80–89}, year={2020}, DOI={10.21076/vizyoner.722021}, url={https://izlik.org/JA58MD42FP}, author={Koçoğlu, Mustafa and Doyar, Bayram Veli}, keywords={Turizm, GSYİH, Üst-Orta Gelirli Ülkeler, Bootstrap Nedensellik}, abstract={One of the sources that increases the income of the countries is tourism. Many studies show that there are causal associations between GDP and tourism in various countries and country groups. In this respect, the purpose of current paper is to explore the causal relationship between tourism and GDP in 33 upper-middle income countries. Therefore, bootstrap panel causality test of Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) to annual data from 1995 to 2018. This test is powerful both under cross-section dependency and independency, also when the number of observations is small. The findings reveal that a unidirectional causality from tourism to GDP for Grenada and South Africa; a unidirectional causality from tourism to GDP in Albania, Bulgaria, Dominic Republic, Ecuador, Jamaica, Peru and Sri Lanka; bidirectional causality between tourism and GDP in Armenia, Mauritius and North Macedonia; and no causality for remaining 21 countries.}, number={Ek}