TY - JOUR T1 - Antalya ilinde yetiştirilen bazı pikan cevizi [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] çeşitlerinin antioksidan özellikleri AU - Yıldız Turgut, Demet AU - Özdemir, Mehmet AU - Seçmen, Tuba AU - Çınar, Orçun PY - 2020 DA - October Y2 - 2020 DO - 10.7161/omuanajas.751167 JF - Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi JO - ANAJAS PB - Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 1308-8750 SP - 526 EP - 533 VL - 35 IS - 3 LA - tr AB - Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin Antalya ilinde yetiştirilen yirmialtı çeşit pikan cevizinin toplam fenolik, flavonoid miktarı ve antioksidan aktiviteleri belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Pikan cevizi çeşitlerinin toplam fenolik ve flavonoid miktarları sırasıyla 372.94-1271.92 mg GAE/100 g ve 137.03-575.32 mg CE/100 g olarak belirlenmiştir. Shoshoni çeşidinin en yüksek toplam fenolik içeriğine sahip olduğu, bunu sırasıyla Wichita (1134.07 mg GAE/100 g), Mahan (1100.21 mg GAE/100 g) ve Moneymaker (1085.12 mg GAE/100 g) çeşitlerinin izlediği belirlenmiştir. En yüksek toplam flavonoid miktarı ise Wichita çeşidinde belirlenmiş, bunu sırasıyla Mahan (385.83 mg CE/100 g), Cheroke (335.94 mg CE/100 g) ve Big Z (344.45 mg CE/100 g) çeşitleri takip etmiştir. Çeşitler arasında en yüksek fenolik içeriğine sahip Shoshoni çeşidi, aynı zamanda en yüksek DPPH radikali giderme aktivitesi (3.50 mg/mL) göstermiştir. FRAP değerleri açısından, en yüksek değerler sırasıyla Wichita ( 147.93 mmol TE/g), Mahan (112.10 mmol TE/g), Harris Super (99.90 mmol TE/g) ve Shoshoni (99.17 mmol TE/g) çeşitlerinde belirlenmiştir. KW - Pikan cevizi KW - fenolik KW - flavonoid KW - DPPH KW - FRAP N2 - In this study, it was aimed to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of twenty-six cultivars of pecan grown in Antalya province. According to the research results, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of pecan cultivars were determined as 372-1271.92 mg GAE/100 g and 137.03-575.32 mg CE/100 g, respectively. It was determined that Shoshoni cultivar had the highest total phenolic content, followed by Wichita (1134.07 mg GAE/100 g), Mahan (1100.21 mg GAE/100 g) and Moneymaker (1085.12 mg GAE/100 g), respectively. On the other hand, the highest total flavonoid content was determined in Wichita cultivar, followed by Mahan (385.83 mg CE / 100 g), Cheroke (335.94 mg CE/100 g) and Big Z (344.45 mg CE/100 g), respectively. Among cultivars, Shoshoni cultivar with the highest content of total phenolic showed also the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (3.50 mg/mL). In terms of FRAP values, the highest values were determined in Wichita (147.93 mmol TE/g), Mahan (112.10 mmol TE/g), Harris Super (99.90 mmol TE/g) and Shoshoni (99.17 mmol TE/g) cultivars, respectively. CR - Abe, L. T., Lajolo, F. M., Genovese, M. I., 2010. Comparison of phenol content and antioxidant capacity of nuts. Food Science and Technology, 30: 254-259. CR - Alkan, G., Algül, B. E., & Dalkılıç, Z., 2014. Pikan tohumlarının çimlenme hızının belirlenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi,11(2): 1-6. CR - Anonim, 2020. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/batem. (Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2020) CR - Bouali, I., Trabelsi, H., Herchi, W., Martine, L., Albouchi, A., Bouzaien, G., Berdeaux, O., 2014. Analysis of pecan nut (Carya illinoinensis) unsaponifiable fraction. Effect of ripening stage on phytosterols and phytostanols composition. Food chemistry, 164, 309-316. CR - Bouali, I., Tsafouros, A., Ntanos, E., Albouchi, A., Boukhchina, S., Roussos, P. A., 2020. Inter-cultivar and temporal variation of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and carbohydrate composition of pecan (Carya illlinoinensis) kernels grown in Tunisia. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 61(1): 183-196. CR - Büyüktuncel, E., 2013. Toplam fenolik içerik ve antioksidan kapasite tayininde kullanılan başlıca spektrofotometrik yöntemler, Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 17: 93-103. CR - Cemeroğlu, B., 2010. Gıda Analizleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları No:34, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, 657s, Ankara CR - Corthout, J., Pieters, L. A., Claeys, M., Berghe, D. V., Vlietinck, A. J., 1991. Antiviral ellagitannins from Spondias mombin. Phytochemistry, 30(4): 1129-1130. CR - de la Rosa L.A., Vazquez-Flores, A. A., Alvarez-Parrilla, E., Rodrigo-García, J., Medina-Campos, O. N., Ávila Nava, A., González-Reyes, S., Pedraza-Chaverric, J., 2014. Content of major classes of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell protective activity of pecan crude extracts and their fractions. Journal of functional foods, 7: 219-228. CR - de la Rosa, L. A., Alvarez-Parrilla, E., Shahidi, F., 2011. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of kernels and shells of Mexican pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(1): 152-162. CR - Delgado, T., Malheiro, R., Pereira, J. A., Ramalhosa, E., 2010. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) kernels as a source of antioxidants and their potential in relation to other nuts. Industrial Crops and Products, 32(3): 621-626. CR - Eitenmiller, R. R., Pegg, R. B., 2009. Compositional characteristics and health effects of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Tree Nuts. Composition, Phytochemicals and Health Effects, 259-283. CR - Flores-Córdova, M. A., Sánchez Chávez, E., Chávez-Mendoza, C., García-Hernández, J. L., & Preciado-Rangel, P. (2016). Bioactive compounds and phytonutrients in edible part and nutshell of pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Cogent Food and Agriculture, 2(1):1262936. CR - Gu, L., Kelm, M. A., Hammerstone, J. F., Beecher, G., Holden, J., Haytowitz, D., Prior, R. L., 2004. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. The Journal of nutrition, 134(3): 613-617. CR - Haddad, E. H., 2011. Health effects of a pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] Nut-rich Diet. In: Preedy, V. R., Watson, R. R. (Eds.) Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press, pp. 891-898. CR - He, Z., Fu, M., Mao, L., 2011. Total phenolic, condensed tannin and antioxidant activity of four Carya species from China. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(51): 10472-10477. CR - Jia, X., Luo, H., Xu, M., Wang, G., Xuan, J., Guo, Z., 2019. Investigation of Nut Qualities of Pecan Cultivars Grown in China. Journal of Plant Sciences, 7(5): 117-124. CR - Jia, X., Luo, H., Xu, M., Zhai, M., Guo, Z., Qiao, Y., Wang, L., 2018. Dynamic changes in phenolics and antioxidant capacity during pecan (Carya illinoinensis) kernel ripening and its phenolics profiles. Molecules, 23(2): 435. CR - Lombardini, L., Villarreal-Lozoya, J. E., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., 2007. Antioxidant properties of pecan kernels. II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007, 841: 91-96. CR - Morgan, W. A., Clayshulte, B. J., 2000. Pecans lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with normal lipid levels. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100(3): 312-318. CR - Okuda, T., 2005. Systematics and health effects of chemically distinct tannins in medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 66(17): 2012-2031. CR - Oroian, M., Escriche, I., 2015. Antioxidants: Characterization, natural sources, extraction and analysis. Food Research International, 74: 10-36. CR - Rajaram, S., Burke, K., Connell, B., Myint, T., Sabaté, J., 2001. A monounsaturated fatty acid–rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women. The Journal of Nutrition, 131: 2275–2279. CR - Rosales-Martínez, P., Arellano-Cárdenas, S., Dorantes-Álvarez, L., García-Ochoa, F., López-Cortez, M. D. S., 2014. Comparison between antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts from Mexican peanuts, peanuts skins, nuts and pistachios. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 58(2), 185-193. CR - Ryan, E., Galvin, K., O'connor, T. P., Maguire, A. R., O'brien, N. M., 2006. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 57(3-4): 219-228. CR - Segura, R., Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M. A., Ros, E., 2006. Other relevant components of nuts: phytosterols, folate and minerals. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(S2): S36-S44. CR - Shahidi, F., Ambigaipalan, P., 2015. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects–A review. Journal of functional foods, 18: 820-897. CR - Singh, R. P., Sharad, S., Kapur, S., 2004. Free radicals and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: relevance of dietary antioxidants. Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, 5(3): 218-225. CR - Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. Method Enzymology, 299: 152-178. CR - Thaipong, K., Boonprakob, U., Crosby, K., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Byrne, D. H., 2006. Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. Journal of food composition and analysis, 19(6-7): 669-675. CR - Thompson, T. E., Grauke, L. J., Young, E. F., 1996. Pecan kernel color: standards using the Munsell color notation system. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 121(3): 548-553. CR - USDA, 2013. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1 In: U.S. Department of Agriculture. CR - Venkatachalam, M., 2004. Chemical composition of select pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] varieties and antigenic stability of pecan proteins. 2004. 90p. (Dissertation) - College of Human CR - Venkatachalam, M., Kshirsagar, H. H., Seeram, N. P., Heber, D., Thompson, T. E., Roux, K. H., Sathe, S. K., 2007. Biochemical composition and immunological comparison of select pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(24): 9899-9907. CR - Villarreal-Lozoya, J. E., Lombardini, L., Cisneros-Zevallos, L.,2007. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant capacity of different pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars. Food Chemistry, 102: 1241–1249. CR - Wakeling, L. T., Mason, R. L., D'Arc, B. R., Caffin, N. A., 2001. Composition of pecan cultivars Wichita and western Schley [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] grown in Australia. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 49(3): 1277-1281. CR - Wu, X., Beecher, G. R., Holden, J. M., Haytowitz, D. B., Gebhardt, S. E., Prior, R. L., 2004. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(12): 4026-4037. CR - Yang, J., Liu, R. H., Halim, L., 2009. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 42(1): 1-8. CR - Zhishen, J., Tang, M., Wu, J., 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64: 555–559. UR - https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.751167 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1146053 ER -