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ABSTRACT

of the RMS consists of 14 items, just like its original form.Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated for the reliability of the inventory.Item discrimination was examined through corrected item-total score correlation values.In addition, 27% sub-top groups were formed regarding the data and it was determined that these two groups differed significantly.In order to reveal the criterion validity of the scale, the Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) and the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CPS) were used and it was determined that there were significant relationships between them.Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to examine the construct validity of the RMS.It was determined that the inventory had a single-factor structure similar to its original form.The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient for the inventory was calculated as.91.The results showed that the Turkish Form of RMS can be used to reveal perceived racial microaggression in minority individuals.

Introduction
Numerous studies demonstrate that racism is detrimental to the mental and spiritual wellbeing of individuals.It has been reported to have a wide range of effects, from stress (Moradi & Risco, 2006) to depression (Santana et al., 2007), sleep problems (Steffan & Bowden, 2006), and some eating disorders (Mastria, 2002).In this framework, it is evident that carrying out the necessary work at the social level to prevent racial discrimination will improve the mental and physical health of members of minority groups.It should be one of the priorities of mental health professionals and experts to raise awareness of racial attitudes in minority group clients and to strengthen their clients' coping skills regarding this situation (Nadal, 2011).In this context, the discourse of a black person in the USA that everyone is human in terms of creation can be perceived as an exclusionary factor for the person exposed (Neville et al., 2000).
In the racism model known in the primitive sense, it is obvious that exclusionary and marginalizing attitudes have a significant effect.Since racism, which is seen at a clear and obvious level, has given way to a skillful and subtle racism model in the modern period, even members of the minority group cannot realize that they are excluded on a conscious level.In addition, although some people state that they are not racists in the traditional sense and defend humanistic values, they may have subliminal exclusionary feelings towards members of minority groups (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2006).Different definitions of this new form of racism have been made in the recent past: aversive racism (Dovidio et al., 2002), symbolic racism (Sears, 1988), modern racism (McConahay, 1986), and racial microaggressions (Pierce et al., 1978).Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of the term "microaggression" in fields such as sociology, psychology, and education (Nadal, 2011).Sue et al. (2007a) say that a microaggression is a short, frequent, and daily verbal or behavioral insult that goes along with hostile, humiliating, or negative racial attitudes and hurts or pushes away the target or targets, whether on purpose or not.Models of racism, such as microaggression, for which it is difficult to determine the exact boundary, may be difficult to define, measure, and correct in social life due to their nature or structure (Williams et al., 2021).Studies support the claim that recent racism has turned into more subtle, uncertain, and unintentional moves in social, political, and economic life (Dovidio et al., 2002).In other words, "old-fashioned" models of racism, in which racial hatred or violence is overt, direct, and often deliberate, have increasingly evolved into an indirect and often disguised contemporary form (Sue et al., 2007b).The humanistic approach of the modern world has created an acceptance that it is unacceptable to develop negative attitudes towards people from different cultures and normative values.As it can be understood from the literature review, it has been determined that the "new generation" racism paradigm mainly manifests in the form of microaggressions.It is extremely important to carry out microaggression studies in countries where there are refugees and asylum seekers and social structures with minority status among different ethnicities.At this point, Turkey has been exposed to a multicultural migration influx from different countries in recent years.According to the data of the Presidency of Migration Management (PMM; 2022), it hosts more than 3.6 million Syrian refugees under temporary protection status.The presence of refugees or asylum seekers in Turkey for more than ten years, particularly during the Syrian war, has created social cohesion between locals and foreign nationals, as well as local social problems of ethnic origin (Toğral-Koca, 2016).In the social trend research conducted by KONDA every three years (2016)(2017)(2018)(2019), it is seen that there is a dramatic decrease in the positive attitude of the local people towards Syrians (Bulut, 2019).The fact that a microaggression study investigating the effect of the tolerance threshold against different ethnic structures, especially Syrians, at the subconscious or conscious level has not been carried out in a geography like Turkey, which witnessed a multicultural migration influx and which hosts different sociological cultures, points to an important scientific gap.At this point, the adaptation study of the microaggression scale is expected to enable in-depth studies on ethnic minority groups at the subconscious and conscious levels.Consequently, the present study will shed light on a wide range of topics, including social psychology, political psychology, xenophobia, and immigrant integration.

Methods
The research was designed based on the survey model, one of the quantitative research methods.In survey model studies, it is aimed to describe an existent situation on the whole universe or a group of samples in order to reach a general judgment about the universe (Şata, 2020).

Study Group
In order to determine the psychometric properties of the Racial Microaggression Scale, minority individuals studying at universities in different regions of Turkey participated in the research based on voluntariness.Participants of the study were selected by random sampling method.A total of 184 participants, 91 women and 93 men, are included in the study group.These participants, aged between 18 and 62, perceive themselves as a minority in the region they live in.The geographical regions where the participants live are listed as follows: Southeastern Anatolia Region (38.5%),Eastern Anatolia Region (22.3%),Mediterranean Region (14.7%),Central Anatolia Region (11.9%),Black Sea Region (4.9%), Marmara Region (4.9%) and the Aegean Region (2.7%).
Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) and Barlett's tests were used to determine the suitability of the data of RMS, which was adapted in the study, for factor analysis.Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) and Barlett's tests were used to determine the suitability of RMS data for factor analysis.The KMO value was found .90(More than .50),Barlett's test result was found to be significant (χ² (91, N = 184) = 1187,644; p < .001).

Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS)
The validity and reliability studies of the inventory, which was originally developed as Inventory of Microaggressions Against Black Individuals, were carried out by Mercer, Hill, Wallace, and Hayes (2011).In this study conducted with 385 black university students, it was revealed that the scale has a single factor structure.The inventory, which has 14 items, is a 5-point Likert-type and has no reverse scored items.Participants are asked to reflect the microaggressive attitudes and behaviors they think they have been exposed to in the last year.When the psychometric properties of the scale were examined, it was determined that the chi-square model was statistically significant [x 2 (77, N=385)=165.39,p<.001].It was determined that the fit indices of the scale presented an acceptable model (CFI=.99;TLI=.99;RMSEA=.05).Standardized factor loadings ranged from .69 to .83.The internal consistency coefficient of 14 items was calculated as .94.In addition, it was found to be significantly associated with the original 45-item form of the scale (r=.98; p<.001).Considering the relationship of RMS with other scales for criterion validity; it was determined that RMS was significantly correlated with Rejection Sensitivity: Race Questionnaire (r=.27) and IRRS Global Racism scale (r=.84).As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the inventory, which was determined to be a valid and reliable measurement tool, was related to the variables of general distress and perceived stres (Mercer et al.,2011).

Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS)
It was developed by Ruggiero and Taylor (1995) in order to examine whether individuals are discriminated against individually or collectively.This eight-item scale, whose validity and reliability study for Turkish culture was conducted by Baysu (2007), has a two-factor structure.The scale has two sub-dimensions: Perceived Individual Discrimination and Perceived Group Discrimination.

Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES)
The Collective Self-Esteem Scale developed by Luhtanen and Crocker (1992) was adapted to Turkish culture by Baysu (2007).The scale, which was developed to reveal the cognitive and affective elements, which are seen as the two basic expressions of ethnic identification, consists of 13 items.

Process
Firstly, the permission was obtained from the developers of the Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS) for the scale adaptation study.Then, ethical approval was obtained from the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Siirt University (Decision Date andNumber: 05.04.2022-2488).The data of the research were collected through the online platform (Google Forms) from university students (Rangeage = 18-62, Meanage = 22.61, SDage = 5.65) studying in different regions of Turkey in March-July 2022.Then, support was received from three domain experts for the translation of the original form of the scale into Turkish.The Turkish version of the scale was created with three domain experts who have a good of both languages.The Turkish form of the scale was translated back into English by three experts in the English linguistic area.In the next step, the original version of the scale, its Turkish form and the form translated back into English were conveyed to a different field expert who have a good of both languages, and his opinions were asked.According to the expert opinion, it was determined that these three forms were appreropriate with each other in terms of language and structure.Then, the Turkish form of this scale was applied to 184 foreign national minority individuals living in Turkey.In addition to this scale, the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES) and the Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) were also conducted to the participants.Then, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed on the participants' RMS scores.Afterwards, correlation coefficients between RMS and PDS, CSES were calculated.After the validity studies of the scale, the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient and item total statistics were calculated within the scope of reliability studies, and finally the subtop groups formed from the participants were compared.

4.1. Criterion Validity
In order to determine the criterion validity of RMS, the correlation coefficients between the scale's Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES) and Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) sub-dimensions were calculated (p < .05).

Construct Validity
Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the construct validity of RMS.First of all, it was examined whether the data were normally distributed or not, and it was determined that the kurtosis (.26) and skewness (.69) values varied between -1 and +1.Then, it was examined whether there was a multicollinearity problem between RMS and other variables examined for criterion validity.It was determined that VIF values were less than 10 and tolerance values were greater than 0.1.In this context, it is seen that the data are normally distributed and there is no multicollinearity problem between the variables (Can, 2017;Öztürk, 2005).
The relevant values tested and the criteria considered in Confirmatory Factor Analysis are presented below: When the table above (Cited by Karagöz, 2016) was examined, it was determined that x2 = 1.86, x2 / sd = .03,GFI = .91and IFI = .95and the model fit was goodness.However, it was determined that AGFI = .87,CFI = .95and RMSEA = .07and model showed acceptable fit.On the other hand, the RMR value, which did not have a goodness fit, was found to be very close to the acceptable fit at the .10level.When the path diagram and factor loads related to RMS were examined with Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was determined that the one-dimensional structure was confirmed similar to the original form of the scale.It was determined that item factor loads varied between .52 and .75.

Internal Consistency Confidence Coefficient
In order to demonstrate the reliability of the Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS), the internal reliability coefficient was calculated.The Cronbach Alpha value was found to be .91,which is satisfactory.As a matter of fact, according to Büyüköztürk (2005), this value indicates that the reliability of the RMS is quite sufficient.

Item Total Statistics
The corrected item-total correlation coefficient allows to comment on the position of the items in the scale.If the items in the scale are compatible in terms of the features it measures, it is expected that the score obtained from an item and the total score will change in the same direction (Can, 2017).While it was observed that the corrected item total coefficients of RMS ranged between .51 and .68, it was determined that the items of the scale were at a good level (Büyüköztürk, 2005).

Comparison of Sub-Top Groups
Another way to determine the ability of a measurement tool to measure the features it wants to measure is to compare the sub-top groups.For this purpose, the total scores obtained from the inventory are sorted from largest to smallest.Then, the correlation coefficient between the mean score of the top 27% and the mean score of the bottom 27% is calculated and compared (Can, 2017).Within the scope of this research, firstly, 27% of the participants were calculated and the number 49.68 (184*27/100) was reached.50 people from the sub-top groups were determined and their mean scores were compared.Within the scope of this research, firstly, 27% of the participants were calculated and the number (184*27/100) 49.68 was reached.Fifty participants from the sub-top groups were determined and their mean scores were compared.While the RMS top-group mean score was 2.50, the sub-group mean score was .22.As a result of the analysis, it was determined that there was a significant difference between these two groups (p < .05).

Conclusion/Discussion/Suggestions
The discrimination and humiliation of black and/or Muslim individuals in many parts of the world in the last centuries continues to add new crimes of racism to the history of humanity (Lilienfeld, 2017).However, since the 1990s, internal and external wars in different countries have increased the number of minority groups in the world who had to migrate to various countries.Especially in Turkey, which is one of the countries that receive the most immigration in the world due to its geopolitical position, the issue of refugee/immigrant has started to be discussed a lot with the recent economic problems (Karaman, 2022).While some of the citizens living in Turkey say that refugees should be protected and protected, some others think that it is right not to be accepted into the country and to send those who come back to the country (Selvi, 2022).Although the thought of not accepting and sending refugees or immigrants depends on different reasons (i.e., cultural difference, economic, security), it can be said that one of the main reasons is microaggression (Wong et al., 2014).
It can be said that aggression may include cyber dimensions (Ateş et al., 2018;Ateş & Kaya, 2022) and may affect immigrants and individuals perceived as the other more negatively in today's world (Batmaz et al., 2021;Doğrusever et al., 2022), where the psychological resilience levels of individuals are gradually decreasing.Microaggression is a type of racism that includes humiliating and exclusionary thoughts and behaviors towards individuals who are perceived as different and other in society (Türk, 2020;Türk & Atlı, 2022), especially minority groups (Sue et al., 2007).
Although the subject of microaggression has been studied mainly on a racial basis in the literature, there is very little research on this subject in Turkey, where different ethnic and racial communities live together (voluntary/compulsory).For this reason, there is a need for an accurate understanding of the psychological, sociological and political context of the emergence processes and effects of racial microaggression and to carry out the necessary preventive-developmental studies (Mekawi & Todd, 2021).Considering the current need, in this study, it is aimed to adapt the Microaggression Inventory for Black Individuals developed by Mercer and friends (2011) into Turkish with the name of the Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS).
While adapting the scale, expert opinion was taken for content validity, and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis was performed to ensure construct validity.The fit values obtained as a result of the DFA analysis (x2 = 1.86; x2 / sd = .03;GFI = .91;IFI = .95;RMSEA=0.07;AGFI = .87;CFI = .95) were found to be at an acceptable level.The Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES) and the Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) were used to determine the criterion validity of the Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS).It was determined that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between MSMI and CSES (r= -.21).It was also understood that Perceived Individual Discrimination (r= .60)and Perceived Collective Discrimination (r= .38),which are the subdimensions of the Perceived Discrimination Scale, have significant positive relationships with RMS.According to these results of the study, it can be said that individuals exposed to microaggression think that they are discriminated against individually and collectively, as well as their collective self-esteem decreases.
Along with the criterion validity of the RMS, its reliability was also examined.As a result of the analyzes made, the Cronbach's Alpha value, which represents the internal consistency coefficient of RMS, was found to be .91.This high value reveals that the scale has sufficient reliability in terms of reliability.Item analysis was performed to determine the item discrimination and item total scores of the RMS.According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that the corrected item total coefficients varied between .51 and .68.The fact that these coefficient values are .30and above indicates that the items are sufficient to represent the feature to be measured (Büyüköztürk, 2005).In order to evaluate item discrimination, 27% lower-upper group comparisons were also made.The data obtained revealed that the difference between the groups was statistically significant and the item discrimination level was at a good level.
In conclusion, in this study, which was carried out with the aim of translating the Microaggression Inventory for Black Individuals into Turkish, it is seen that the RMS is a valid and reliable measurement tool.It is thought that this scale will provide important contributions to researchers who want to examine racial microaggression experienced by minority individuals over the age of 18.In future research on minority groups, studies can be conducted on topics such as the causes and consequences of racial microaggression; racial microaggression and social adaptation and belonging to the country; psychological and physical disorders due to immigration and racial microaggression.

Table 1 :
The Relationships between the Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS), the Collective Self-

Table 2 :
Goodness of Fit Index