POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN DIYARBAKIR

*1 Dicle University, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Department of Management and Organisation, 21280 Diyarbakır/Turkey, mbulut@dicle.edu.tr 2 Dicle University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Machinery and Metal Technologies, 21280 Diyarbakır/Turkey, hbayindir@dicle.edu.tr 3 Dicle University, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Department of Accounting and Tax Applications,[ 21280 Diyarbakır/Turkey, hasan.arslan@dicle.edu.tr


Introduction
All the countries, which are willing to provide sustainable development, have been in serious quest for years to reduce the economic, social and environmental cost of development.As the need for energy use, which is an indispensable part of development, is increasing directly proportional to development, it has been required to incline to 100 % domestic renewable energy sources instead of conventional fuels that cause great economic and environmental cost and foreign dependency.Studies on the use of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, have gained momentum especially since the 1970s due to increasing dependency on fossil energy sources, gradually declining oil reserves and increasing oil prices due to the oil crisis."Since 1950, the world population has increased about three times, while energy demand has increased six times" [1].The world population is projected to be 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.8 billion in 2050.The population of Turkey will be 96 billion in 2050 [2].When Turkey's potential for renewable energy sources is taken into account, the utilization of its own renewable energy sources is quite low despite the large sums it pays to other countries for energy purchasing.
The state of Diyarbakır, which is one of the most sun-dense cities in the country, is not different from Turkey [3].The main source of energy used in the city, which is a metropolitan area and has a population of nearly 2 million, was fossil fuel until recently.Hydraulic energy source ranked the 2 nd .Today, imported natural gas energy sources have replaced the first place of fossil-based sources.The city, which is well above the country average in terms of the potential of renewable energy sources, benefits from these renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, slightly.Although Diyarbakır province needs to contribute to the country's economy with its potential, it cannot make a significant contribution.

Material and Method
The study was carried out in Diyarbakır province.In this study, Turkey and Diyarbakır data of the Turkish Statistical Institute, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works and General Directorate of Renewable Energy were used predominantly.

Current Situation of Turkey in terms of Renewable Energy Sources
In order to make precise evaluations of the potential of renewable energy sources in the province of Diyarbakır, firstly the current situation of our country should be known.Although Turkey is a very rich country in terms of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, Turkey does not have sufficient production potential, so it supplies about 80 % of its energy need from abroad.According to Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) data, in 2015 [4], Turkey imported $ 37,843,294,000 of energy consisting mineral fuels, mineral oils and their distillation products, which was an important share in its total of $ 207,234,359,000 import.According to these results, Turkey's share of energy imports in its total imports is still around 20 %, despite the 31.1 % decrease in energy prices due to reductions in natural gas prices in addition to the previous year's oil prices.The general situation in the world about renewable energy source production and consumption seems to be the same like as Turkey.The import dependency rate of our country on petroleum is 93.6 % and the import dependency rate on natural gas is 99.2 % [6].These figures require our country to use the potential of renewable energy sources in the best way.

Turkey's Solar Energy Potential
Turkey's Solar Energy Potential is given in Fig. 3.2.
Turkey has an average annual solar radiation intensity of 1311 kWh / m² and an average annual insolation period of 2640 hours [8].This figure corresponds to a daily power of 3.6 kWh / m² and a time of about 7.2 hours a day, 110 days of insolation period in total [9].Average Global Solar Radiation is given as 1520 kWh / m²-year.Up to 63 % of the country's surface area can benefit from solar energy technically and economically during the 10 months of the year.Despite this great potential, the level of harnessing solar energy is very low [10].

Turkey's Wind Energy Potential
The wind energy potential of Turkey is shown in table 3.1.

Turkey's Geothermal Energy Potential
Turkey is a country with a very high geothermal potential due to its geographical location.The geothermal potential in Turkey is theoretically 31,500 MW [12].According to the data by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) of the year 2016, 5,000 MW of thermal energy was acquired with newly opened wells.According to this report, the number of sites suitable for electricity generation has risen to 25, greenhouse heating to 3,931 acres, residential heating to the equivalent of 114,567 homes, electricity generation to 820 MW, and country visible thermal capacity to 14,000 MW [12].

Turkey's Biomass Energy Potential
It is estimated that the biomass waste potential of Turkey is about 8.6 million tons equivalent petroleum (MTEP), and the amount of biogas that can be produced is 1.5-2 MTEP.It is projected that the biomass power plant installed power target of the country will be 1000 MW in 2023 [13].

Turkey's Hydraulic Energy Potential
Hydraulic energy is one of the renewable energy sources.It is provided by converting the potential energy of the water that stored in the dams, into kinetic energy.Hydropower plants are used for this purpose.Hydraulic Energy Potential of Turkey is given in table 3.2.When Fig. 3.3 is analysed, it is seen that only 57.6 % of the total potential is active compared to the developed projects.

Turkey's Targets for Renewable Energy Sources
Turkey's targets for renewable energy resources in 2023, on the 100 th anniversary of the Republic, are as the following [15]: The entire economically feasible hydroelectric potential of Turkey will be used in generating electricity (34,000 MW). 2. 20,000 MW of wind energy capacity will be in operation.3. Solar power capacity of at least 5000 MW will be reached.4. At least 1000 MW geothermal power plant will be constructed.5.The established capacity of the biomass will be 1000 MW.

Renewable Energy Sources of Diyarbakır Province
We have seen five different sources of energy as renewable energy sources in Diyarbakır Province.These can be listed as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydraulic energy.However, as shown below, it is seen that the province is rich in terms of the potential of solar, hydraulic and biomass energy sources but the potential of wind and geothermal energy is low.

Solar Energy
It is understood that Diyarbakır is rich in terms of solar energy when considering the average insolation periods and global radiation values shown in the Solar Energy Potential Atlas (GEPA) published by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy [7].The Global Solar Radiation Distribution of Diyarbakır province is given in GEPA in Fig. 5.1.It is seen that the month with the maximum insolation is June when the radiation value is the highest and the month with the least insolation is December when the radiation value is the lowest.In the study conducted by Kılıç and et.al. [16], it was determined that the average global radiation value of Diyarbakır province is 3.8 kWh / m² per day.According to this, it was determined that the average daily radiation value of Diyarbakır province is 0.2 kWh / m² more than the average daily global radiation values of the country and it receives 73 kWh more solar energy per m² per year.The amount of energy that can be produced in an area of 100 m 2 in Diyarbakır with a photovoltaic method is shown at Fig. 5.4.

Diyarbakır Solar Energy Power Plants
As of 2017, the established capacity of the current active solar power plants and companies in Diyarbakır province are given in Tab.5.1.As you can see on the table, the established power is 2.54 MW in the province.In addition, there are 3 Solar Power Plants, which is under construction, in power of 2,23 MW.

Wind Energy
Diyarbakır Province does not have enough sources in terms of wind energy.As it is known, the most important points to take into consideration about the rationalization of wind power plant investments are; -The wind speed at 50 m height should be 7 m/s or above [11].
-The capacity factor at 50 meters should be 35 % or over [11].When province based REPA (Wind Energy Potential Atlas -WEPA) published by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy ( 2017) is analysed, it has been seen that the wind speed at 50 m height in Diyarbakır Province is only 6.5 m / s and above in limited areas, and 4.5 m / s, in the rest of the province.It is also seen that the height speed capacity is not different and the capacity factor at 50 meters is between 10 % and 25 % [11].The power capacity of the wind power plant that can be established in Diyarbakır Province is given in Tab.5.2.8.6 -9.5 0,00 0,00 >800 >9.5 0,00 0,00 127,01 635,04 As seen in Tab.5.2, the wind energy potential of Diyarbakır Province is not sufficient.

Geothermal energy
According to the Geothermal Energy Atlas published by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy, the sources with temperatures between 70 -100 0 C are concentrated in the Aegean, Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia Regions [19].The Geothermal Energy Source in the province of Çermik in Diyarbakır is given in Tab.5.3.Geothermal energy source located in Çermik, Diyarbakır is in low temperature, it contains 36 kinds of minerals at a distance of 100 meters from the users.

Biomass Energy
Biomass energy is considered as a significant source of energy in terms of being a renewable and sustainable resource.The use of biomass is gaining increasingly importance to solve the energy problem especially in rural areas because energy resources such as oil, coal, natural gas are limited, and they damage the environment, Potential and Calorific Values of Biomass Sources of Diyarbakır Province are given in Tab.5.4.When the calorific values of crops are taken into consideration, it is seen that the calorific values of especially legumes, cereals, industrial crops, oil seeds and forage crops are very high and this creates a potential that cannot be neglected in biomass energy production together with other orchard and horticultural products and oil seeds.

Hydraulic Energy
Diyarbakır Province is home to hydroelectric power generation, which contributes significantly to the country's economy, with the Hydroelectric Powers (HEPPs) built on the Fırat and Tigris rivers, two of the country's most fertile rivers [22].HEPPs established in Diyarbakır province and the total energy they provide is given in Tab.5.5.Dicle Dam and HEPP, with a power of 110 MW, generate electricity of 298 million kWh per year and contribute 2 million 980 thousand TL to the country's economy at the 1997 prices and contribute 9 million 800 thousand TL more with the irrigation per year -reaching 12 million 780 thousand TL in total [23].Kralkızı Hydroelectric Power Plant has made a significant contribution to the economy by generating 146 GWh electricity Worthing 1 million 460 thousand TL at the 1997 prices.
Karakaya Dam, with a power of 1,800 MW, generates 7.354 GWh of electricity per year, a significant contribution to the economy Worthing of 735 million 400 thousand TL at the 1997 prices.

Power Plants Established and Projected in Diyarbakır Province
There are 7 hydropower and 5 solar power plants in Diyarbakir with a total established capacity of 2252.54MW.The HEPPs and solar power plants, which are under construction, have production licence, have pre-licence are presented in the following table.

Electricity Generation and Consumption Potential in Diyarbakır Province
According to the statistics of the Turkish Statistical Institute, while 2004.*Construction site consumption is in the industrial plant.** Totals can be different due to rounding.When we analyse the electricity consumption figures according to the places of usage, it is seen that the electricity consumption is the highest in the houses.The province's total electricity consumption corresponds to 1 % of the total electricity consumption of the country, indicating that industrialization and economic development are low.Electricity consumption per capita is given in Tab.7.3.The low industrial electricity consumption per capita in Diyarbakır coincides with the previous table and clearly shows that the industrial sector is quite low in the province.

Conclusions
As a result of this study, it is seen that Turkey does not use its potential of renewable energy sources favourably; it imports oil and natural gas in order to meet the increasing demand for energy and is paying high amounts for it.It is also seen that the situation for Diyarbakır, which is especially rich in solar and hydraulic energy sources potential, is not different.
The energy need of Diyarbakır province is increasing gradually, as in the whole country due to factors such as population increase, growth and manufacturing activities.This need is mainly ensured by consumption of oil and natural gas, which also reflects external dependency.A considerable amount of money is paid abroad for purchasing these energy sources The import dependency rate of Turkey and also Diyarbakır on petroleum is above 90 %.Therefore it is necessary to invest in renewable energy resources.Increasing use of renewable energy resources in Diyarbakır causes a decrease in the use of fossil based fuels.This causes a significant decrease in outflow of foreign exchange paid for fossil-based fuels.
Thanks to its rich water potential and solar intensity, Diyarbakır can provide not only its own energy needs but also the energy for neighbouring cities with the energy generated from these renewable energy sources.It is clear that this will provide significant contributions to the both the economy of the province and the country.
Accordingly, it has been concluded that the renewable energy potential in Diyarbakır is on an important level in terms of solar energy and all electricity needs in Diyarbakır and even neighbouring cities can be met by solar power plants to be established in Diyarbakır and this will provide a major contribution to the provincial economy.In terms of using this potential, local authorities, Dicle University, the trade associations and the other organizations in the city need to closer cooperate.

Figure 3 . 1
Figure 3.1 Global primary energy consumption rates in 2015 [5]The import dependency rate of our country on petroleum is 93.6 % and the import dependency rate on natural gas is 99.2 %[6].These figures require our country to use the potential of renewable energy sources in the best way.

Figure 5 . 4
Figure 5.4 Diyarbakır PV type energy producible area (kwh-year) [7]The amount of energy that can be produced in an area of 100 m 2 in Diyarbakır with a photovoltaic method is shown at Fig.5.4.

Table :
[14]urkey's hydraulic energy potential[14]According to General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works data, Turkey's technically feasible hydroelectric potential is 1.5 % of world potential and 17.6 % of European potential.Although Turkey has the greatest potential following Russia in European countries, it is not in a good position to benefit from this potential[14].Turkey's hydroelectric potential is given in Figure3.3.

Table 6 . 1
[18]r plants established and projected in Diyarbakır Province[18] 5 MW of energy was generated at HEPPs established in Diyarbakır province in 2005, this figure reached 2250 MW in 2017.Electricity generation capacity is given in Tab.7.1 [18].

Table 7 . 1
Electricity generation capacity in Diyarbakır in 2005 [24]As it can be seen from the table above, the electricity generated, by hydraulic energy source, in Diyarbakır Province, without using the potential of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, is only 6 % of the total generation capacity of Turkey in 2005.Electricity consumption according to usage places is given in Tab.7.2.