Antibacterial Activity of Cotton, Wool and Silk Fabrics Dyed with Daphne sericea Vahl Collected from Antalya

Antalya is very important in the rich vegetation of the Mediterranean region. This richness of plants is an important source for dyes as well as the medicine, cosmetics and food industry. In this article, Daphne sericea Vahl is used as a source of dyestuff, locally called “ezentere” in Dosemealti. Daphne (Thymealaceae) species have been widely used in traditional Anatolian medicine, but Daphne sericea Vahl is evaluated as a dyestuff in this study. A natural dye has been extracted from Daphne sericea Vahl and its antibacterial activity on cotton, wool and silk fabrics has been studied. According to results of against antimicrobial activity of dyed fabrics; Non mordant and alum mordant dyeing was seen to provide effective protection for all bacteria species (2 gram negative and 2 gram positive) and also all fabric samples (silk satin, silk mongol, cotton, gabardine), iron mordant dyeing was effective against to just gram negative bacteria except gabardine fabric. Potassium mordant dyeing was not providing any protection to bacteria species.


Introduction
Natural dyes have been used in textiles for thousands of years. They have lost their importance after the discovery of synthetic dyes. However, after the negative effects of synthetic dyes on environmental pollution (wastewater) and human health, natural dyes became important again. At this point, it is aimed not only to reuse natural dyes but also to gain importance with correct and sustainable studies.
Including annual species, which spread in the world's tropical and temperate regions, one of the members of the Thymelaeaceae family, belonging to the genus Daphne, 7 species are known to grow in the Flora of Turkey (Borris, 1988). Tosun (2006) gave brief information about chemical constituents and biological activities of daphne L. species on her article. The aerial parts of Daphne sericea yielded two new flavonoids, luteolin 7-methyl ether 5-β-d-glucoside and luteolin 7,3′dimethyl ether 5-β-d-glucoside, as well as luteolin 7-methyl ether, isovitexin, apigenin and its 7-βd-glucoside.the following (Ulubelen, 1982).
Bacteria need basic requirements such as oxygen, moisture, nutrients, temperature to grow and multiply. Protein, cellulose etc., in the structure of natural fibers are very suitable for them. This environment, which is found in textile products, generally causes objectionable odor, dermal infection, product degradation, allergic reactions and other related diseases (Singh et al., 2005;Thiry, 2001).
The regional temperature changes in the body during active activity are the triggers of the growth of these bacteria. The presence of food sources (various food impurities, fat, protein, sugar and skin residues) on textile products is another factor that accelerates microbial growth on textile materials.
Textile products which are given antimicrobial properties help to reduce and eliminate the negative effects caused by microorganisms. These product groups are used to prevent infection of micro-organisms, to control infections, to prevent odor and staining and color change caused by micro-organisms and to prevent loss of quality. In recent years, interest in these products has increased due to their antibacterial effects.
Many test methods are being developed to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial textiles. These methods generally fall into two categories: quantitative (AATCC100) and qualitative (AATCC 147) analysis. These are called agar diffusion test and suspension test respectively. In Table 1, some test standards are given under quantitative and qualitative analysis methods (Palamutçu, 2008 The aim of this study, determination of antibacterial activity of cotton, wool and silk fabrics dyed with D. sericea commonly can be collected in Antalya.
Daphne sericea Vahl. plant were collected from Ağırtaş, Döşemealtı, Antalya which coordinates are N 37°13ˈ0,091" E 30°40ˈ13,66" and N 37°12ˈ57,754" E 30°40ˈ11,883". Plants dried in the shade and in an open airy place. Above ground part of the plant was used in dyeing process. For dyeing process, plants were used as a 100% proportion of the quantity of the textile. Dried plants were put in a kettle with the ratio of 1:40. Boiled for an hour and let in the kettle for 24 hours then filtered. was used as an auxiliary substance in alum mordanting. Pre-mordanting method was applied.
In the AATCC 147 agar diffusion test method, pre-prepared bacterial concentrations are poured into the medium and then 25 mm diameter sample fabrics are placed. After the sample fabrics were stored at 37 ° C for 24 hours, the efficiency of the sample fabric was determined in mm by measuring the diameter around the fabric (inhibition zone diameter) ( Figure 1A).
The AATCC 100 test method is used to quantitatively determine the degree of activity of the antibacterial agent present in textile samples. Quantitative evaluation provides important information about whether antibacterial agent used in textile products is effective on bacteria. The fabric samples prepared in the same dimensions are sterilized by standing at 121 ° C and 1.5 atm pressure for 15 minutes. The untreated sample and a control sample whose antimicrobial activity is assured should be combined with the test sample. Sowing samples are stored at 37 °C for 48 hours. The sample is wetted with 1 ml solution containing microorganism at a density of 105/ml. The soaked sample is then poured into the neutralization solution, mixed well. The neutralization solution is diluted to certain dilutions and sown on the solid medium. The aim of this process is to reduce the number of bacteria to a countable level. All the sown oil is kept in the oven at 37 ° C for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the count is made and evaluated. The reproduction amounts at the respective dilutions were obtained by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution rate. The following formula is used to calculate the activity value of the antimicrobial agent of interest ( Figure 1B).
Viable colonies of bacteria on the agar plate were counted and the percentage of reduction in the number of bacteria was calculated using Eq.(1) as follows: Where R is the percentage reduction of bacteria, A represents the number of bacteria colonies in the control (the untreated fabric), and B represents the number of bacteria colonies in the treated fabrics (Palamutçu, 2009

Results
Totally 16 fabrics (4 different fabrics for 4 different mordants) were dyed with Daphne sericea Vahl. Antibacterial activity was analyzed of the naturally dyed fabrics. All results are reported (Table 2).

Discussion
According to results of against antimicrobial activity of dyed fabrics in the Table 2; Non mordant and Alum mordant dyeing was seen to provide effective protection for all bacteria species [against gram positive (+) (Staphylococus aureus, Listeria Monocytogenes) and gram negative (-) (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aureginosa)].
Iron mordant dyeing was effective against to just gram negative bacteria except gabardine fabric. Potasium mordant dyeing was not providing any protection to bacteria species.
We think that the use of alum mordant or non mordant dyeing will provide a better antibacterial effect in natural dyeing with daphne species.
The use of naturally dyed textile products can be increased by solving one of the most important problem which the lack of dyestuff. The other advantage of using pulp of plant is decreasing dyestuff cost.