THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND THE CLIMATE-SECURITY NEXUS: CSDP MISSIONS AND OPERATIONS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 373 - 396, 30.12.2022

Ayfer Genç Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1226833

Öz

Since the mid-2000s, the climate-security nexus has come to the forefront of scholarly debates. For some scholars, the linkages between climate change and security should be analyzed from the national security perspective, whereas others from a human security perspective. Taking into consideration the implications of climate change on national and human security, international organizations worldwide started to develop policies in this field. The EU acknowledges climaterelated security risks and searches for new policies and tools to respond to them. Yet, the EU’s efforts remain mainly at the discursive level. On the practical level, the EU’s various policy tools have not yet incorporated climate-security nexus in their agenda. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the climate-security nexus on the EU’s CSDP missions and operations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

the EU, CSDP, Climate Change, Security, Missions and Operations

Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve İklim-Güvenlik Bağıntısı: Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası (OGSP) Misyon ve Operasyonları Örneği

Öz

2000’li yılların ortalarından itibaren, iklim-güvenlik bağıntısı akademik tartışmaların ön saflarına yerleşmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar iklim değişikliği ve güvenlik bağıntısını ulusal güvenlik perspektifinden incelerken, diğer araştırmacılar insan güvenliği perspektifine odaklanmıştır. İklim değişikliğinin ulusal güvenlik ve insan güvenliğine dair etkilerini dikkate alan uluslararası örgütler de iklim değişikliği
ile ilişkili risklere yönelik politikalar geliştirmeye başlamıştır. AB, iklim ile ilişkili güvenlik risklerini kabul etmiş ve bu risklere cevaben çeşitli politika ve araç arayışına girmiştir. Ancak, AB’nin çabalarının büyük ölçüde söylemsel düzeyde kaldığı söylenebilir. Uygulama düzeyinde, AB’nin çeşitli politika araçlarının ajandaları hala iklim-güvenlik bağıntısını içermiş değildir. Bu çalışma, iklim-güvenlik bağıntısının AB’nin OGSP misyon ve operasyonlarına yönelik etkisini analiz etmek niyetindedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

AB, OGSP, İklim Değişikliği, Güvenlik, Misyon ve Operasyonlar

Kaynakça

• Abshir, Sagal, “Climate-Fragility Policy Paper, Climate Change and Security in the Horn of Africa: Can Europe Help to Reduce the Risks”, Climate Security Expert Network (Berlin, Adelphi, 2021) Retrieved on 30 August 2021 from https://climate-security-expert-network.org/ sites/climate-security-expert network.com/files/documents/csen_policy_paper_climate_change_and_securit y_in_the_horn_of_africa.pdf.
• Adger, W. Neil, “Vulnerability”, Global Environmental Change 16 (2006): 268-281 Allison, Roy, “New Thinking About Defence in the Soviet Union”. In New Thinking on Strategy and International Security, edited by Ken Booth, (London: Harper Collins, 1991)
• Barnett, Jon, The Meaning of Environmental Security: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era (New York: Zed Books, 2001).
• Barnett, Jon, “Security and Climate Change”, Global Environmental Change 13 (2003): 7-17 Baysal, Başar & Uluç Karakaş, Climate Change and Security, Different Perceptions, Different Approaches, Uluslararası İlişkiler 14, no 54(2017): 21-44.
• Bilgin, Pınar, “Individual and Societal Dimensions of Security”, International Studies Review 5 (2003): 203-222.
• Bogdanovski, Andreja & Uros Zivkovic, The future of International Police Missions in the New Global Security Environment - Contribution of Western Balkans Police Forces to EU’s International Policing. (Belgrade Center for Security Policy, 2016).
• Booth, Ken, “Security and Emancipation”, Review of International Studies, 17, no 4 (1991): 313-326, Brandao, Ana Paula, “The Internal-External Security Nexus in the security narrative of the European Union”, JANUS.NET e-journal of International Relations 6, no 1(2015): 1-19.
• Bremberg, Niklas and Malin Mobjörk European Union steps up its efforts to become the global leader on addressing climate-related security risks, SIPRI Essay (2018). Retrieved on 3 October 2021 from https://www.sipri.org/commentary/essay/2018/european-union-steps-its efforts-become-global-leader-addressing-climate-related-security-risks
• Brown, Lester, “Redefining National Security”, Worldwatch Paper No 14 (1977). Brown, Oli, Climate-Fragility Risk Brief. Afghanistan, Climate-Security Expert Network, (Adelphi, Berlin, 2019). Retrieved on 26 September 2021 from https://climate-security-expert-network.org/sites/climate-security-expert- 392network.com/files/documents/csen_climate_fragility_risk_brief_- _afghanistan_0.pdf
• Brown, Oli, “Climate-Fragility Risk Brief, North Africa and Sahel”, Climate Security Expert Network, (Adelphi, Berlin, 2020) Retrieved on 26 October 2021 from https://climate-security-expert-network.org/sites/climate-security-expert network.com/files/documents/csen_climate_fragility_risk_brief_- _north_africa_sahel.pdf.
• Bull, Hedley, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Red Globe Press, 1977) Busby, Joshua W, States and Nature The Effects of Climate Change on Security (Cambridge University Press, 2022).
• Buzan, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. 2nd Edition (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 1991).
• Buzan, Barry, Ole Weaver & Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998) Detraz, Nicole & Michele Betsill, Climate Change and Environmental Security, For whom the discourse shifts, International Studies Perspectives 10, no 3(2009): 303-320.
• Dixon, Thomas Homer, Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases, International Security 19, no 1(1994): 5-40.
• Dixon, Thomas Homer, On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as the cause of acute conflict, International Security 16, No 2(1991): 76-116.
• Dixon, Thomas Homer, Environment Security and Violence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999) Eakin, Hallie & Amy L. Luers, “Assessing the Vulnerability of Social-Environmental Systems”, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31(2006): 365-394.
• Elliott, Lorraine, Environmental Conflict: Reviewing the Arguments, The Journal of Environment & Development 5, No 2(1996):149-167.
• European Centre of Excellence for Civilian Crisis Management in Berlin (CoE) (2021), “Compact 2.0, Integrating Civilian CSDP into the Strategic Compass”, Draft Food for Thought Paper, August. Retrieved on 10 September from https://www.coe-civ.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/2021-08- 26_coe_fft_paper_compact_2.0-strategic_compass.pdf
• Falk, Richard A., This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (Random House: New York, 1971) Fetzek, Shiloh & Louise van Schaik, “Europe’s Responsibility to Prepare, Managing Climate Security Risks in a Changing World”(2018), Retrieved on 19 October 2021 from https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2018- 06/Report_Europe_Responsibility_to_prepare.pdf.
• Floyd, Rita, “The environmental security debate and its significance for climate change”, International Spectator 45, no 3(2008): 51-65.
• Galtung, Johan, “A Structural Theory of Aggression”, Journal of Peace Research 1, no 2(1964): 95-119.
• Galtung, Johan, Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (London: Sage, 1996)
• Gleick, Peter H, “Water as a weapon and causality of armed conflict: a review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen”, WIREs Water 6(2019): e.1351
• Hough, Peter H, “Who’s Securing Whom? The Need for International Relations to Embrace Human Security”, St Anthony’s International Review 1, No 2(2005):72-87.
• Klare, Michael T & Daniel C. Thomas, World Security: Challenges for a New Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994) Kaplan, Robert, “The Coming Anarchy”, Atlantic Monthly 273, no 2(1994): Retrieved on 22.11.2021 from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/ 1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/.
• Khagram, Sanjeew, William C. Clark, Dana Firaas Raad, “From the Environment and Human Security to Sustainable Security and Development”, Journal of Human Development 4, no 2 (2003): 289-313.
• Lindstrom, Gustav, “Emerging security challenges”, Daniel Fiott (Ed.), The CSDP in 2020, The EU’s legacy and ambition in security and defense. (European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2020): 88-97.
• Lövbrand, Eva, Malin Mobjörk, Rickard Söder, “One Earth Multiple Worlds: Securing collective survival on a human-dominated planet”, In Eva Lövbrand and Malin Mobjörk (Eds.), Anthropocene (In)Securities, Reflections on Collective Survival 50 Years after the Stockholm Conference, SIPRI Research Report 26 (Oxford University Press, 2021): 1-17.
• Mathews, Jessica T, Redefining Security, Foreign Affairs 68, no 2(1989): 162-177. McDonald, Matt, Security, the Environment and Emancipation: Contestation over Environmental Change (London: Routledge, 2012).
• Mearsheimer, John, “Why We Will Soon Miss the Cold War”, The Atlantic Monthly 226, No 2(1990): 35-50.
• Meyer, Christoph, Francesca Vantaggiatto & Richard Youngs, In-Depth Analysis: Preparing the CSDP for the new security environment created by climate change, (European Union, Brussels, 2021)..
• Michel, David, “Climate Security, Conflict Prevention, and Peacebuilding”, Olivia Lazard & Richard Youngs (Eds.) The EU and Climate Security: Toward Ecological Diplomacy. (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2021). Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from https://carnegieeurope.eu/2021/07/12/eu and-climate-security-toward-ecological-diplomacy-pub-84873.
• Nye, Joseph & Sean M. Lynn Jones, “International Security Studies. A Report of a Conference on the State of the Field”, International Security 12, No 4(1988): 5- 27. Obama, Barack (2016, September 21).
• Presidential Memorandum, Retrieved on 26 September 2021 from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press office/2016/09/21/presidential-memorandum-climate-change-and-national security. Organized Crime and terrorism find fertile ground in fragile environments like in the Sahel. Our task is not an easy one.
• EEAS Homepage, Retrieved on 16.02.2022 from https://eeas.europa.eu/ csdp-missions-operations/eu-racc sahel/109599/organised-crime-and-terrorism-find-fertile-ground-fragile environments-sahel-our-task-not_en
• Ovalı, Şevket, Revisiting the Environment-Security Nexus and Prospects for Turkey, İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 10, No 2(2009): 221-243.
• Ovalı, A. Şevket, “Ütopya ile Pratik Arasında: Uluslararası İlişkilerde İnsan Güvenliği Kavramsallaştırması”, Uluslararası İlişkiler 3, No 10(2006): 3-52.
• Peterson, Spike V, Feminist (Re)visions of International Relations Theory (Boulder CO, Lynne Rienner, 1992).
• Pérez de las Heras, Beatriz, “Climate Security in the European Union’s Foreign Policy: addressing the responsibility to prepare for conflict prevention”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies 28, No 3(2020): 335-347
• Pirages, Dennis C. “Environmental Security and Social Evolution”, International Studies Notes 16, No 1(1991): 8-12.
• Remling, Elise & Anniek Barnhoorn, “A Reassessment of the European Union's Response to Climate -Related Security Risks”, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, No 2021/2 (2021, March 21).
• Rothe, Delf, Securitizing Global Warming, A Climate of Complexity, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016) Rowlands, Ian, “The Security Challenges of Global Environmental Change”, The Washington Quarterly 14, No 1(1991), 99-114
• Salehyan, Idean, “From climate change to conflict? No consensus yet”, Journal of Peace Research 45, No 3(2008): 315-326.
• Schaller, Stella, Katarina Schulz, Beatrice Mosello (2020). Climate change and Security: The Handbook, (Adelphi, Berlin, 2020).
• Scheffran, Jürgen, Peter Michael Link, and Janpeter Schilling, Climate and Conflict in Africa, In Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Climate Science Ed. Hans von Storch (Oxford University Press, 2019)
• Schwartz, Peter and Doug Randall, An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and its Implications for United States National Security (Washington D.C., Global Business Network, 2003).
• Shaw, Martin, “There is No Such Thing as Society, Beyond Individualism and Statism in International Security Studies”, Review of International Studies 19 (1993): 159-175
• Sonnsjö, Hannes & Niklas Brember, “Climate Change in an EU Security Context: The Role of the European External Action Service”, Research Report 2016 (2016).
• Steinbruner, John D, Paul. C. Stern & Jo L. Husbands, Climate and Social Stress, Implications for Security Analysis, (Washington D.C. The National Academies Press, 2013).
• The CNA Corporation, “National Security and the Threat of Climate Change” (2017). Retrieved from https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/national%20security %20and%20the%20threat%20of%20climate%20change.pdf on 2 November 2021.
• The United Nations Development Programme’s 1994 Human Development Report, Retrieved on 15.02.2022 from https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/ 255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf
• Thomas, Raju G. C. What is World Security, Annual Reviews in Political Science 6 (2003): 205-232.
• Thomas, Caroline, “Southern Instability, Security, and Western Concepts, On an Unhappy Marriage and the Need for Divorce”, The State and Instability in the South, edited by Caroline Thomas and Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu (NewYork: St. Martins Press, 1989).
• Ullmann, Richard H, “Redefining Security”, International Security 8, No 1(1983): 129-153.
• Vogel, Coleen & Karen O’Brien, “Vulnerability and Global Environmental Change: Rhetoric and Reality”, AVISO 13(2004):1-8. 396
• Walt, Stephen M, “The Renaissance of Security Studies”. International Studies Quarterly 35, No 2(1991): 211-239.
• Youngs, Richard, “The EU’s Indirect and Defensive Approach to Climate Security”, Olivia Lazard & Richard Youngs (Eds.) The EU and Climate Security: Toward Ecological Diplomacy. (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2021). Retrieved from https://carnegieeurope.eu/2021/07/12/eu-and-climate-security toward-ecological-diplomacy-pub-84873 on 21.10.2021.
• Zwolski, Kamil and Christian Kaunert, “The EU and Climate Security: A Case of Successful Norm Entrepreneurship?”, European Security 20, no 1(2011): 21-43.