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ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ON CONSUMER CONFLICTS IN THE EU AND TURKEY

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Esra Ünal

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1366552

Öz

Consumer conflicts arise every day and how to handle this issue is a major part of ensuring consumer redress mechanisms. Because of the workload of courts and the length of cases, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) on consumer conflicts began to occur in the 1970s. The European Union (EU) has always been a supporter of ADR and regulated a specifically Directive with its principles to bring a minimum harmonization duty for member states to ensure a single market. However, because of the general nature of the articles, there have been lots of different approaches and methods in the member states. And, it has become imprecise to understand if it is a good role or effective because of the ambiguous provisions and a variety of approaches.
Turkish Law on Consumer Protection entered into force in 2014 to assure harmonization duty of EU acquis, and it regulated the sui generis procedure of Consumer Arbitration Committees (CAC) and then compulsory mediation on consumer conflicts with an added article in 2020. This article argues that CAC is harmonized with the EU acquis and ADR systems in Turkey bring more effective consumer redress mechanism due to cultural and economic reasons for now even if it is not perfect and has to be improved.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Consumer Protection Alternative Dispute Resolution Consumer Law European Union Turkey

Kaynakça

  • Amt, Auswärtiges. “Consumer Protection in the European Union.” Germany’s Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://www.eu2020.de/eu2020-en/news/article/consumer-protection-in-the-european-union/2419996.
  • Aktürk, Altay İltan, and Ayşe Acar Umut. “Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri ve İşleyişine Genel Bir Bakış.” Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 5, no.1 (2019): 25-54.
  • Arslan, Ramazan, Ejder Yılmaz and Sema Ayvaz Taşpınar. Medeni Usul Hukuku Ankara:Yetkin Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Atalı, Murat. “6502 sayılı Kanun’un Tüketici Sorunları Hakem Heyetlerine İlişkin Hükümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi.” In Prof. Dr. Ejder YILMAZ’a Armağan, edited by Emel Hanağası, Mustafa Göksu, 397-418, Ankara:Yetkin Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Başlar, Kemal. “Anayasa Yargısında ‘Davaya Bakmakta Olan Mahkeme Kavramı.” Anayasa Yargısı İncelemeleri, edited by Mehmet Turhan, Hikmet Tülen, 219-259. Ankara: SFN Yayıncılık,2006.
  • Benedikt, Antoni, Robert Susło, Mateusz Paplicki and Jarosław Drobnik. “Mediation as an alternative method of conflict resolution: A practical approach.” Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 22, no.3 (2020): 235-39.
  • Biard, A. “Impact of Directive 2013/11/EU on Consumer ADR Quality: Evidence from France and the UK.” Journal of Consumer Policy 42, (2019): 109-147.
  • Budak, Ali Cem. “6502 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun’a Göre Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, (2014): 77-103.
  • Carvalho, Jorge Morais. “Consumer ADR in the European Union and in Portugal As A Means Of Ensuring Consumer Protection.” In Vulnerable Consumers and the Law: Consumer Protection and Access to Justice, edited by Christine Riefa and Séverine Saintier, 193-208. (Routledge, 2020).
  • Competition and Markets Authority. “Consumer Vulnerability: Challenges and Potential Solutions.” Accessed January 13, 2024 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c77f164ed915d29eb6a0045/CMA-Vulnerable_People.
  • Comptroller and Auditor General. “Vulnerable consumers in regulated industries,” National Audit Office, (2017): 1-45.
  • Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. “Modernising consumer markets: Consumer Green Paper.” Accessed January 13, 2024, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5ad0d1cb40f0b617df3359b7/modernising-consumer-markets-green-paper.pdf.
  • De Palo, Giuseppe, Ashley Feasley and Flavia Orecchini. “Quantifying the Cost of Not Using Mediation – A Data Analysis.” European Parliament, (2011): 1-24.
  • DG, SANCO. “Study on the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution in the European Union.” (2009): 1-97.
  • Doyle, Margaret. “Why Use ADR? Pros & Cons.” Accessed January 12, 2024, https://asauk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Why-use-ADR.pdf.
  • Eidenmueller, Horst G. M., and Martin Engel. “Against False Settlement: Designing Efficient Consumer Rights Enforcement Systems in Europe.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (2013): 1-38.
  • Erişir, Evrim. “Tüketici Uyuşmazlıklarında Zorunlu Arabuluculuğun Kapsamının Belirlenmesindeki Güçlüklerin Ortaya Çıkardığı Bazı Meseleler.” Arabulucuğun Geleceği Sempozyumu, (2020): 309-357.
  • Ermenek, İbrahim. “Yargı Kararları Işığında Tüketici Sorunları Hakem Heyetleri ve Bu Alanda Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlara İlişkin Çözüm Önerileri.” Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 17, no. 2 (2013): 563-630.
  • European Commission. “A New Deal for Consumers.” Accessed January 12, 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/620435/en.
  • European Commission. “Consumers: Cheaper, Faster, Easier Ways to Settle Disputes without Going to Court”. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_11_45.
  • European Commission. “Green Paper on ADR in civil and commercial law.” Accessed January 13, 2024, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/61c3379d-bc12-431f-a051-d82fefc20a04.
  • European Parliament. “Quantifying The Cost of Not Using Mediation – A Data Analysis.” 2011.
  • Gill, Chris, Naomi Creutzfeldt, Jane Williams, Sarah O’Neill, ve Nial Vivian. “Confusion, gaps, and overlaps: A consumer perspective on alternative dispute resolution between consumers and businesses.” Citizens Advice, 2017.
  • Graham, Cosmo. “Improving Courts And ADR To Help Vulnerable Consumers Access Justice.” In Vulnerable Consumers and the Law: Consumer Protection and Access to Justice, edited by Christine Rieafa, Severine Saintier, 155-177, New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Hodges, Christopher, “Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution.” In Implementing EU Consumer Rights By National Procedural Law, edited by Burkhard Hess and Stephanie Law. Bloomsbury 2019.
  • Ildır, Gülgün. Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümü Medeni Yargıya Alternatif Yöntemler, Ankara:Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Ipsos European Public Affairs “Survey of Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Cross-border Trade and Consumer-related Issues 2023.” (2023): 1-29.
  • Knudsen, Laine Fogh, and Signe Balina. “Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Across the European Union, Iceland and Norway.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109, (2014): 944-48.
  • Kuru, Baki. İstinaf Sistemine Göre Yazılmış Medeni Usul Hukuku, İstanbul:Yetkin Yayınları, 2016.
  • Leff, Arthur Allen. “Injury, Ignorance and Spite The Dynamics of Coercive Collection.” The Yale Law Journal 80, (1970).
  • Ministry of Justice. “Mediation Statistics” Ministry of Justice. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://adb.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/9052022162408t%C3%BCketici%20%2004.05.2022.pdf.
  • Ministry of Justice, Forensic Statistics 2022. Accessed January 12, 2024, https://adlisicil.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/29032023141410adalet_ist-2022cal%C4%B1sma100kapakl%C4%B1.pdf.
  • Ministry of Trade. “2022 Statistics.” Accessed January 12, 2024, https://tuketici.ticaret.gov.tr/yayinlar/istatistikler/istatistikler.
  • Mucha, Jagna. “Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities.” Queen Mary Law Journal, (2016): 27-35.
  • Narbay, Şafak and Muhammed Akkuş. “Ticari Iş ve Tüketici Işlemi Kavramları Ekseninde Görevli Mahkeme ve Dava Şarti Arabuluculuk Üzerine Düşünceler.” TAAD, (2020): 301-334.
  • O’Shea, Paul and Charles Rickett. “In Defence of Consumer Law: The Resolution of Consumer Disputes.” Sydney Law Review 28, (2006): 139-171.
  • O’Shea, Paul M., “The Lion’s Question Applied to Industry-Based Consumer Dispute Resolution Schemes.” University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law Research Paper 25, no.1 (2008): 63-81.
  • Özbek, Mustafa Serdar, Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümü. Ankara:Yetkin Yayınları, 2013.
  • Özbay, İbrahim. “Tüketici Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuğa Elverişlilik.” TOGÜHFD, (2023): 8-18.
  • Özsağir, Arif. “Ekonomide Güven Faktörü.” Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 6, no. 20 (2007):46-62.
  • Özmumcu, Seda. Uzak Doğu’da Arabuluculuk Anlayışı ile Türk Hukuk Sisteminde Arabuluculuk Kanununa Genel Bir Bakış. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayınları, 2013.
  • Ramsay, Iain D. C. “Consumer Redress Mechanisms for Poor-Quality and Defective Products.” The University of Toronto Law Journal 31, no. 2 (1981): 117-152.
  • Ross, H. Laurence and Neil O. Littlefield. “Complaint as a Problem-Solving Mechanism.” Law & Society Review 12, no.2 (1978): 199-216.
  • Schiff, David N "Socio-Legal Theory: Social Structure and Law". The Modern Law Review 39 (1976): 287.
  • Silvestri, Elisabetta. “ADR in the EU: An Overview”. Russian Law, 1 (2013).
  • Tandoğan Özbaykal, Nagihan. “Tüketici Hakem Heyetlerinde İtirazın İptali Davası Sorunu Ve 7063 Sayılı Kanun Sonrasında Verilen Yargı Kararlarının Değerlendirilmesi.”Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 26, no.1 (2020): 467-86.
  • Topuz, Gökçen. Tüketici Mahkemeleri, Ankara:Yetkin Yayınevi, 2018.
  • Tunç, Süleyman. “Development of the Consumer Rights in Turkey and the Internet as a Way to Legal Remedies”. MPRA Paper. University Library of Munich, Germany, (2015): 73-85.
  • Tutumlu, Mehmet Akif. Norm, Kuram ve İçtihat Işığında Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 2015.
  • UK Gambling Commission. “Complaints Processes in the Gambling Industry: A Review One Year After The Introduction of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Scheme.” (2017): 1-32.
  • Uyumaz, Alper. “Tüketici Hukukundan Doğan Uyuşmazlıkların Alternatif Çözüm Yolları”, SUHFD, (2012): 103-32.
  • Voet, Stefaaan, Sofia Caruso, Anna D'Agostino, and Stien Dethier. Recommendations From Academic Research Regarding Future Needs of the EU Framework of the Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).” (2022):1-134.
  • VOS, Geoffrey and WALLIS, Diana. “The Relationship between Formal and Informal Justice: The Courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution" European Law Institute and of the European Network of Councils for the Judiciary. (2018): 1-30.
  • Wagner, Gerhard. “Private Law Enforcement through ADR: Wonder Drug or Snake Oil?” Common Market Law Review 51, no. 1 (2014): 165-94.
  • Welsh, Nancy. “The Place of Court-Connected Mediation in a Democratic Justice System.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (2004): 117-144.
  • Whitford, William C. “A Critique of the Consumer Credit Collection System.” Wisconsin Law Review. (1979): 1049-1126.
  • Yağbasan, Hicabi. Medeni Usul Hukuku Kuralları Çerçevesinde Tüketici Hakem Heyetlerinde Ortaya Çıkan Bazı Usuli Sorunlar, SÜAMYOD, (2019):73-125.

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE TÜRKİYE'DE TÜKETİCİ İHTİLAFLARINDA ALTERNATİF UYUŞMAZLIK ÇÖZÜMÜ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Esra Ünal

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1366552

Öz

Tüketici uyuşmazlıkları her gün ortaya çıkmaktadır ve bu konunun nasıl ele alınacağı, tüketici tazmin mekanizmalarının sağlanmasının önemli bir parçasıdır. Mahkemelerin iş yükü ve davaların uzunluğu nedeniyle 1970'lerde tüketici uyuşmazlıklarına ilişkin alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları oluşmaya başlamıştır. Avrupa Birliği her zaman alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarının destekçisi olmuş ve üye devletlerin tek bir pazar sağlama amacıyla bu görevi yerine getirmeleri için asgari düzeyde uyumlaştırma amacıyla özel bir Direktif düzenlemiştir. Ancak maddelerin genel doğası gereği birçok farklı yaklaşım ve yöntem uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Belirsiz hükümler ve farklı yaklaşımlar nedeniyle iyi bir rol model veya etkili olup olmadığını anlamak zor bir hale gelmiştir.
Türkiye'nin AB müktesebatına uyum yükümlülüğünü yerine getirmek amacıyla, 2014 yılında Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun yürürlüğe girmiş ve kendine özgü bir yapıya sahip Tüketici Hakem Heyetlerini düzenlemiştir. Daha sonra da 2020 yılında Kanuna eklenen bir madde ile tüketici uyuşmazlıklarında zorunlu arabuluculuk getirilmiştir. Bu makale, Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri sisteminin AB ile uyumlu olduğunu, kültürel ve ekonomik nedenlerle Türkiye’de alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarının mükemmel olmasa ve geliştirilmesi gerekse de daha etkin bir tüketici tazmin mekanizması getirdiğini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tüketicinin Korunması Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümü Tüketici Hukuku Avrupa Birliği Türkiye

Kaynakça

  • Amt, Auswärtiges. “Consumer Protection in the European Union.” Germany’s Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://www.eu2020.de/eu2020-en/news/article/consumer-protection-in-the-european-union/2419996.
  • Aktürk, Altay İltan, and Ayşe Acar Umut. “Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri ve İşleyişine Genel Bir Bakış.” Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 5, no.1 (2019): 25-54.
  • Arslan, Ramazan, Ejder Yılmaz and Sema Ayvaz Taşpınar. Medeni Usul Hukuku Ankara:Yetkin Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Atalı, Murat. “6502 sayılı Kanun’un Tüketici Sorunları Hakem Heyetlerine İlişkin Hükümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi.” In Prof. Dr. Ejder YILMAZ’a Armağan, edited by Emel Hanağası, Mustafa Göksu, 397-418, Ankara:Yetkin Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Başlar, Kemal. “Anayasa Yargısında ‘Davaya Bakmakta Olan Mahkeme Kavramı.” Anayasa Yargısı İncelemeleri, edited by Mehmet Turhan, Hikmet Tülen, 219-259. Ankara: SFN Yayıncılık,2006.
  • Benedikt, Antoni, Robert Susło, Mateusz Paplicki and Jarosław Drobnik. “Mediation as an alternative method of conflict resolution: A practical approach.” Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 22, no.3 (2020): 235-39.
  • Biard, A. “Impact of Directive 2013/11/EU on Consumer ADR Quality: Evidence from France and the UK.” Journal of Consumer Policy 42, (2019): 109-147.
  • Budak, Ali Cem. “6502 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun’a Göre Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, (2014): 77-103.
  • Carvalho, Jorge Morais. “Consumer ADR in the European Union and in Portugal As A Means Of Ensuring Consumer Protection.” In Vulnerable Consumers and the Law: Consumer Protection and Access to Justice, edited by Christine Riefa and Séverine Saintier, 193-208. (Routledge, 2020).
  • Competition and Markets Authority. “Consumer Vulnerability: Challenges and Potential Solutions.” Accessed January 13, 2024 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c77f164ed915d29eb6a0045/CMA-Vulnerable_People.
  • Comptroller and Auditor General. “Vulnerable consumers in regulated industries,” National Audit Office, (2017): 1-45.
  • Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. “Modernising consumer markets: Consumer Green Paper.” Accessed January 13, 2024, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5ad0d1cb40f0b617df3359b7/modernising-consumer-markets-green-paper.pdf.
  • De Palo, Giuseppe, Ashley Feasley and Flavia Orecchini. “Quantifying the Cost of Not Using Mediation – A Data Analysis.” European Parliament, (2011): 1-24.
  • DG, SANCO. “Study on the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution in the European Union.” (2009): 1-97.
  • Doyle, Margaret. “Why Use ADR? Pros & Cons.” Accessed January 12, 2024, https://asauk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Why-use-ADR.pdf.
  • Eidenmueller, Horst G. M., and Martin Engel. “Against False Settlement: Designing Efficient Consumer Rights Enforcement Systems in Europe.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (2013): 1-38.
  • Erişir, Evrim. “Tüketici Uyuşmazlıklarında Zorunlu Arabuluculuğun Kapsamının Belirlenmesindeki Güçlüklerin Ortaya Çıkardığı Bazı Meseleler.” Arabulucuğun Geleceği Sempozyumu, (2020): 309-357.
  • Ermenek, İbrahim. “Yargı Kararları Işığında Tüketici Sorunları Hakem Heyetleri ve Bu Alanda Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlara İlişkin Çözüm Önerileri.” Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 17, no. 2 (2013): 563-630.
  • European Commission. “A New Deal for Consumers.” Accessed January 12, 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/620435/en.
  • European Commission. “Consumers: Cheaper, Faster, Easier Ways to Settle Disputes without Going to Court”. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_11_45.
  • European Commission. “Green Paper on ADR in civil and commercial law.” Accessed January 13, 2024, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/61c3379d-bc12-431f-a051-d82fefc20a04.
  • European Parliament. “Quantifying The Cost of Not Using Mediation – A Data Analysis.” 2011.
  • Gill, Chris, Naomi Creutzfeldt, Jane Williams, Sarah O’Neill, ve Nial Vivian. “Confusion, gaps, and overlaps: A consumer perspective on alternative dispute resolution between consumers and businesses.” Citizens Advice, 2017.
  • Graham, Cosmo. “Improving Courts And ADR To Help Vulnerable Consumers Access Justice.” In Vulnerable Consumers and the Law: Consumer Protection and Access to Justice, edited by Christine Rieafa, Severine Saintier, 155-177, New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Hodges, Christopher, “Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution.” In Implementing EU Consumer Rights By National Procedural Law, edited by Burkhard Hess and Stephanie Law. Bloomsbury 2019.
  • Ildır, Gülgün. Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümü Medeni Yargıya Alternatif Yöntemler, Ankara:Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Ipsos European Public Affairs “Survey of Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Cross-border Trade and Consumer-related Issues 2023.” (2023): 1-29.
  • Knudsen, Laine Fogh, and Signe Balina. “Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Across the European Union, Iceland and Norway.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109, (2014): 944-48.
  • Kuru, Baki. İstinaf Sistemine Göre Yazılmış Medeni Usul Hukuku, İstanbul:Yetkin Yayınları, 2016.
  • Leff, Arthur Allen. “Injury, Ignorance and Spite The Dynamics of Coercive Collection.” The Yale Law Journal 80, (1970).
  • Ministry of Justice. “Mediation Statistics” Ministry of Justice. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://adb.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/9052022162408t%C3%BCketici%20%2004.05.2022.pdf.
  • Ministry of Justice, Forensic Statistics 2022. Accessed January 12, 2024, https://adlisicil.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/29032023141410adalet_ist-2022cal%C4%B1sma100kapakl%C4%B1.pdf.
  • Ministry of Trade. “2022 Statistics.” Accessed January 12, 2024, https://tuketici.ticaret.gov.tr/yayinlar/istatistikler/istatistikler.
  • Mucha, Jagna. “Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities.” Queen Mary Law Journal, (2016): 27-35.
  • Narbay, Şafak and Muhammed Akkuş. “Ticari Iş ve Tüketici Işlemi Kavramları Ekseninde Görevli Mahkeme ve Dava Şarti Arabuluculuk Üzerine Düşünceler.” TAAD, (2020): 301-334.
  • O’Shea, Paul and Charles Rickett. “In Defence of Consumer Law: The Resolution of Consumer Disputes.” Sydney Law Review 28, (2006): 139-171.
  • O’Shea, Paul M., “The Lion’s Question Applied to Industry-Based Consumer Dispute Resolution Schemes.” University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law Research Paper 25, no.1 (2008): 63-81.
  • Özbek, Mustafa Serdar, Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümü. Ankara:Yetkin Yayınları, 2013.
  • Özbay, İbrahim. “Tüketici Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuğa Elverişlilik.” TOGÜHFD, (2023): 8-18.
  • Özsağir, Arif. “Ekonomide Güven Faktörü.” Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 6, no. 20 (2007):46-62.
  • Özmumcu, Seda. Uzak Doğu’da Arabuluculuk Anlayışı ile Türk Hukuk Sisteminde Arabuluculuk Kanununa Genel Bir Bakış. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayınları, 2013.
  • Ramsay, Iain D. C. “Consumer Redress Mechanisms for Poor-Quality and Defective Products.” The University of Toronto Law Journal 31, no. 2 (1981): 117-152.
  • Ross, H. Laurence and Neil O. Littlefield. “Complaint as a Problem-Solving Mechanism.” Law & Society Review 12, no.2 (1978): 199-216.
  • Schiff, David N "Socio-Legal Theory: Social Structure and Law". The Modern Law Review 39 (1976): 287.
  • Silvestri, Elisabetta. “ADR in the EU: An Overview”. Russian Law, 1 (2013).
  • Tandoğan Özbaykal, Nagihan. “Tüketici Hakem Heyetlerinde İtirazın İptali Davası Sorunu Ve 7063 Sayılı Kanun Sonrasında Verilen Yargı Kararlarının Değerlendirilmesi.”Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 26, no.1 (2020): 467-86.
  • Topuz, Gökçen. Tüketici Mahkemeleri, Ankara:Yetkin Yayınevi, 2018.
  • Tunç, Süleyman. “Development of the Consumer Rights in Turkey and the Internet as a Way to Legal Remedies”. MPRA Paper. University Library of Munich, Germany, (2015): 73-85.
  • Tutumlu, Mehmet Akif. Norm, Kuram ve İçtihat Işığında Tüketici Hakem Heyetleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 2015.
  • UK Gambling Commission. “Complaints Processes in the Gambling Industry: A Review One Year After The Introduction of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Scheme.” (2017): 1-32.
  • Uyumaz, Alper. “Tüketici Hukukundan Doğan Uyuşmazlıkların Alternatif Çözüm Yolları”, SUHFD, (2012): 103-32.
  • Voet, Stefaaan, Sofia Caruso, Anna D'Agostino, and Stien Dethier. Recommendations From Academic Research Regarding Future Needs of the EU Framework of the Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).” (2022):1-134.
  • VOS, Geoffrey and WALLIS, Diana. “The Relationship between Formal and Informal Justice: The Courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution" European Law Institute and of the European Network of Councils for the Judiciary. (2018): 1-30.
  • Wagner, Gerhard. “Private Law Enforcement through ADR: Wonder Drug or Snake Oil?” Common Market Law Review 51, no. 1 (2014): 165-94.
  • Welsh, Nancy. “The Place of Court-Connected Mediation in a Democratic Justice System.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (2004): 117-144.
  • Whitford, William C. “A Critique of the Consumer Credit Collection System.” Wisconsin Law Review. (1979): 1049-1126.
  • Yağbasan, Hicabi. Medeni Usul Hukuku Kuralları Çerçevesinde Tüketici Hakem Heyetlerinde Ortaya Çıkan Bazı Usuli Sorunlar, SÜAMYOD, (2019):73-125.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Esra Ünal 0000-0001-9252-4589

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Kasım 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Ünal, Esra. “ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ON CONSUMER CONFLICTS IN THE EU AND TURKEY”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23, sy. 2 (Kasım 2024). https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1366552.