Urban Vertical Farming as a Path to Healthy and Sustainable Urban Built Environment
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 67 - 88, 08.08.2022
Abdulsalam Ibrahim Shema
,
Halima Abdulmalık
Öz
The issue of global warming and food insecurity are among the most problematic challenges of the 21st century. Meeting the current and future demands for food production and the willingness to survive is one of the recent problems the world is facing today. The fundamental concern of this article is to explore the significant role of urban vertical farms (UVF) in how they can pave the way for a healthy and sustainable built environment. Within this 21st century, issues such as climate change, bio-and environmental degradation, and other related man-made activities that lead to the loss of agricultural lands and vertical farms can be regarded as a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture. Consequently, urban farming provides impeccable opportunities for the sustainable development of places such as urban cities and provides a form of moral support economically, socially and ecologically, and also addresses the recent changes brought to the general built environment by the COVID-19 Pandemic. The primary objective of this paper is to explore and introduce possible and various functions which support the ecosystem and how they affect assessable benefits for urban masses at different scales of solutions within the scope of urban vertical farming. In conclusion, this research has demonstrated that UVF can enhance the general well-being of the urban masses as well as ensure a healthy and sustainable urban built environment at different scales and capacities.
Destekleyen Kurum
Girne American University
Kaynakça
- [1] Abel, C. (2010). The vertical garden city: towards a new urban topology. CTBUH journal, 2(1), 20-30.
Ahmad, S., Ab Kadir, M. Z. A., & Shafie, S. (2011). Current perspective of the renewable energy development in Malaysia. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(2), 897-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.009
- [2] Al-Kodmany, K. (2016). Sustainable tall buildings: cases from the global south. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 10(2), 52.
- [3] Al-Kodmany, K. (2018). The vertical farm: A review of developments and implications for the vertical city. Buildings, 8(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020024
- [4] Banerjee, C., & Adenaeuer, L. (2014). Up, up and away! The economics of vertical farming. Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2(1), 40-60.
- [5] Baudoin, W., Nono-Womdim, R., Lutaladio, N., Hodder, A., Castilla, N., Leonardi, C., ... & Duffy, R. (2013). Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops: principles for mediterranean climate areas. FAO plant production and protection paper (FAO).
- [6] Benke, K., & Tomkins, B. (2017). Future food-production systems: vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 13(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054
- [7] Bergquist, D. (2011). Emergy synthesis of urban agriculture in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- [8] Chen, J. (2007). Rapid urbanization in China: A real challenge to soil protection and food security. Catena, 69(1), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.019
- [9] Cho, R. (2011). Vertical farms: From vision to reality. State of the Planet, Blogs from the Earth Institute, 13.
- [10] Corvalan, C., Hales, S., McMichael, A. J., Butler, C., & McMichael, A. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis. World Health Organization.
- [11] Deelstra, T., & Girardet, H. (2000). Urban agriculture and sustainable cities. Bakker N., Dubbeling M., Gündel S., Sabel-Koshella U., de Zeeuw H. Growing cities, growing food. Urban agriculture on the policy agenda. Feldafing, Germany: Zentralstelle für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (ZEL), 43-66.
- [12] Despommier, D. (2010). The vertical farm: feeding the world in the 21st century. Macmillan.
- [13] Despommier, D. (2013). Farming up the city: the rise of urban vertical farms. Trends in biotechnology, 31(7), 388-389. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.03.008
- [14] Despommier, D. (2014). Encyclopedia of food and agricultural ethics (vertical farms in horticulture). Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Retrieved July, 15, 2014.
- [15] Despommier, D., & Ellingsen, E. (2008). The vertical farm: the skyscraper as vehicle for a sustainable urban agriculture. In CTBUH 8th World Congress on Tall & Green: Typology for a Sustainable Urban Future (pp. 311-318).
- [16] Diver, S., & Rinehart, L. (2000). Aquaponics-Integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. Attra.
- [17] Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015). Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(2), 483-498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y
- [18] Ellingsen, E., & Despommier, D. (2008). The Vertical Farm-the origin of a 21st century Architectural Typology. CTBUH Journal, 3, 26-34.
- [19] Farhangi, M., Farhangi, S., van de Vlasakker, P. C., & Carsjens, G. J. (2021). The role of urban agriculture technologies in transformation toward participatory local urban planning in rafsanjan. Land, 10(8), 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080830
- [20] Ghandar, A., Ahmed, A., Zulfiqar, S., Hua, Z., Hanai, M., & Theodoropoulos, G. (2021). A decision support system for urban agriculture using digital twin: A case study with aquaponics. IEEE Access, 9, 35691-35708. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061722
- [21] Gwynn-Jones, D., Dunne, H., Donnison, I., Robson, P., Sanfratello, G. M., Schlarb-Ridley, B., ... & Convey, P. (2018). Can the optimization of pop-up agriculture in remote communities help feed the world?. Global food security, 18, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.07.003
- [22] Hedenblad, E., & Olsson, M. (2017). Urban growth analysis of crop consumption and development of a conceptual design to increase consumer adoption of vertical greenhouses (Doctoral dissertation, Chalmers University of Technology).
- [23] Hou J, Johnson JM and Lawson LJ (2009) Greening Cities, Growing Communities: Learning from Seattle's Urban Community Gardens. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
- [24] Irvine, S. (2012) Carrot City: Creating Places for Urban Agriculture, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 5:2-3, 273-275, DOI: 10.1080/17549175.2012.692572
- [25] Kalantari, F., Mohd Tahir, O., Mahmoudi Lahijani, A., & Kalantari, S. (2017). A review of vertical farming technology: A guide for implementation of building integrated agriculture in cities. In Advanced engineering forum (Vol. 24, pp. 76-91). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.24.76
- [26] Kalantari, F., Nochiana, A., Darkhania, F., & Asif, N. (2020). The significance of vertical farming concept in ensuring food security for high-density urban areas. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 32(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(1)-13
- [27] Kalantari, F., Tahir, O. M., Joni, R. A., & Aminuldin, N. A. (2018). The importance of the public acceptance theory in determining the success of the vertical farming projects. Management Research and Practice, 10(1), 5-16.
- [28] Koh, S. Y., Zhao, Y., & Shin, H. B. (2021). Moving the mountain and greening the sea: the micropolitics of speculative green urbanism at Forest City, Iskandar Malaysia. Urban Geography, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2021.1999725
- [29] Lee, K., Elliott, C., & Pattison, P. (2020). Energy Savings Potential of SSL in Agricultural Applications. US Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.2172/1644398
- [30] Lehmann, S. (2010). The principles of green urbanism: Transforming the city for sustainability (pp. 1-15). London: Earthscan. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2013.878102
- [31] Maassen, J. (2017). Food consumption in Rosendal: the environmental support to diets in a "green" urban district.
- [32] McClintock N., 2010. Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3(2): pp 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq005
- [33] Miner, R. C., & Raftery, S. R. (2012). Turning brownfields into "green fields": growing food using marginal lands. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ, 162, 413-419.
[34] Mir, M. S., Naikoo, N. B., Kanth, R. H., Bahar, F. A., Bhat, M. A., Nazir, A., ... & Ahngar, T. A. (2022) Vertical farming: The future of agriculture: A review.
[35] Mougeot L (2005) Agropolis: The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. London: Earthscan.
- [36] Mougeot, L. J. (2000). Urban agriculture: definition, presence, potentials and risks. Growing cities, growing food: Urban agriculture on the policy agenda, 1, 42.
- [37] Muller, A., Ferré, M., Engel, S., Gattinger, A., Holzkämper, A., Huber, R., ... & Six, J. (2017). Can soil-less crop production be a sustainable option for soil conservation and future agriculture?. Land Use Policy, 69, 102-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.014
- [38] Munoz, H., & Joseph, J. (2010). Hydroponics: Home-based vegetable production system, inter-american institute for cooperation on agriculture (IICA). June 2010.
- [39] Nochian, A., Tahir, O. M., Maulan, S., & Mikaeili, A. R. (2016). A review of systematic approach for sustainable redevelopment of a closed landfill site. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(5). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8318
- [40] Pearson, L.J., Pearson, L. & Pearson, C.J. (2010). "Sustainable urban agriculture: stocktake and opportunities", International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 7-19. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0468
- [41] Perez, V. M. (2014). Study of the sustainability issues of food production using vertical farm methods in an urban environment within the state of Indiana. Purdue University.
- [42] Proksh, G. (2012). Sustainably integrated infrastructure: Synergies between water management and agricultural practices. Int. J. Environ. Sustain, 1, 1-11.
- [43] Ren, C., Lau, K. L., Yiu, K. P., & Ng, E. (2013). The application of urban climatic mapping to the urban planning of high-density cities: The case of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Cities, 31, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.12.005
- [44] Safikhani, T., Abdullah, A. M., Ossen, D. R., & Baharvand, M. (2014). A review of energy characteristic of vertical greenery systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.166
- [45] Sanderson, W. C., Scherbov, S., & Gerland, P. (2017). Probabilistic population aging. PloS one, 12(6), e0179171. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179171
- [47] Sanyé‐Mengual, E., Cerón‐Palma, I., Oliver‐Solà, J., Montero, J. I., & Rieradevall, J. (2013). Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from roof top greenhouses in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5736
- [48] Specht, K., Siebert, R., & Thomaier, S. (2016). Perception and acceptance of agricultural production in and on urban buildings (ZFarming): a qualitative study from Berlin, Germany. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(4), 753-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9658-z
- [49] Su, P. H. (2021). Urban Farming Design in Los Angeles: an Adaptive Reuse Project in Response to Food Crisis and Housing Crisis (Doctoral dissertation, Rochester Institute of Technology).
- [50] Tariq, M. A. U. R., Faumatu, A., Hussein, M., Shahid, M. L. U. R., & Muttil, N. (2020). Smart city-ranking of major Australian cities to achieve a smarter future. Sustainability, 12(7), 2797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072797
- [51] The United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2017.
- [52] Tornaghi C., 2017. Urban agriculture in the food-disabling city: (Re)defining urban food justice, reimagining a poli¬tics of empowerment. Antipode 49(3): pp 781–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12291
- [53] Touliatos, D., Dodd, I. C., & McAinsh, M. (2016). Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics. Food and energy security, 5(3), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.83
- [54] URL1 https://www.israelagri.com/?CategoryID=484&ArticleID=1269 Accessed on 4th May, 2022.
- [55] URL2 https://www.agrifarming.in/aeroponics-system-information-beginners Accessed on 4th May 2022.
- [56] Van Tuijl E., Hospers G.J., Van Den Berg L., 2018. Opportu¬nities and challenges of urban agriculture for sustainable city development. European Spatial Research and Policy 25: pp 5–22.
- [57] Viana-Cárdenas, C. V. (2013). El campo y la ciudad, áreas de reencuentro. Hacia una Nueva Cultura del Territorio. Habitat y Sociedad, (6). https://doi.org/10.12795/HabitatySociedad.2013.i6.02
- [59] Zaręba, A., Krzemińska, A., & Kozik, R. (2021). Urban Vertical Farming as an Example of Nature-Based Solutions Supporting a Healthy Society Living in the Urban Environment. Resources, 10(11), 109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10110109
- [60] Zhang, X. H., Zhang, R., Wu, J., Zhang, Y. Z., Lin, L. L., Deng, S. H., ... & Peng, H. (2016). An emergy evaluation of the sustainability of Chinese crop production system during 2000–2010. Ecological indicators, 60, 622-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.004
- [61] Zhao, J. (2011). Exploration and practices of China's urban development models. In Towards Sustainable Cities in China (pp. 15-36). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8243-8_2
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 67 - 88, 08.08.2022
Abdulsalam Ibrahim Shema
,
Halima Abdulmalık
Kaynakça
- [1] Abel, C. (2010). The vertical garden city: towards a new urban topology. CTBUH journal, 2(1), 20-30.
Ahmad, S., Ab Kadir, M. Z. A., & Shafie, S. (2011). Current perspective of the renewable energy development in Malaysia. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(2), 897-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.009
- [2] Al-Kodmany, K. (2016). Sustainable tall buildings: cases from the global south. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 10(2), 52.
- [3] Al-Kodmany, K. (2018). The vertical farm: A review of developments and implications for the vertical city. Buildings, 8(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020024
- [4] Banerjee, C., & Adenaeuer, L. (2014). Up, up and away! The economics of vertical farming. Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2(1), 40-60.
- [5] Baudoin, W., Nono-Womdim, R., Lutaladio, N., Hodder, A., Castilla, N., Leonardi, C., ... & Duffy, R. (2013). Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops: principles for mediterranean climate areas. FAO plant production and protection paper (FAO).
- [6] Benke, K., & Tomkins, B. (2017). Future food-production systems: vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 13(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054
- [7] Bergquist, D. (2011). Emergy synthesis of urban agriculture in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- [8] Chen, J. (2007). Rapid urbanization in China: A real challenge to soil protection and food security. Catena, 69(1), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.019
- [9] Cho, R. (2011). Vertical farms: From vision to reality. State of the Planet, Blogs from the Earth Institute, 13.
- [10] Corvalan, C., Hales, S., McMichael, A. J., Butler, C., & McMichael, A. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis. World Health Organization.
- [11] Deelstra, T., & Girardet, H. (2000). Urban agriculture and sustainable cities. Bakker N., Dubbeling M., Gündel S., Sabel-Koshella U., de Zeeuw H. Growing cities, growing food. Urban agriculture on the policy agenda. Feldafing, Germany: Zentralstelle für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (ZEL), 43-66.
- [12] Despommier, D. (2010). The vertical farm: feeding the world in the 21st century. Macmillan.
- [13] Despommier, D. (2013). Farming up the city: the rise of urban vertical farms. Trends in biotechnology, 31(7), 388-389. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.03.008
- [14] Despommier, D. (2014). Encyclopedia of food and agricultural ethics (vertical farms in horticulture). Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Retrieved July, 15, 2014.
- [15] Despommier, D., & Ellingsen, E. (2008). The vertical farm: the skyscraper as vehicle for a sustainable urban agriculture. In CTBUH 8th World Congress on Tall & Green: Typology for a Sustainable Urban Future (pp. 311-318).
- [16] Diver, S., & Rinehart, L. (2000). Aquaponics-Integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. Attra.
- [17] Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015). Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(2), 483-498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y
- [18] Ellingsen, E., & Despommier, D. (2008). The Vertical Farm-the origin of a 21st century Architectural Typology. CTBUH Journal, 3, 26-34.
- [19] Farhangi, M., Farhangi, S., van de Vlasakker, P. C., & Carsjens, G. J. (2021). The role of urban agriculture technologies in transformation toward participatory local urban planning in rafsanjan. Land, 10(8), 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080830
- [20] Ghandar, A., Ahmed, A., Zulfiqar, S., Hua, Z., Hanai, M., & Theodoropoulos, G. (2021). A decision support system for urban agriculture using digital twin: A case study with aquaponics. IEEE Access, 9, 35691-35708. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061722
- [21] Gwynn-Jones, D., Dunne, H., Donnison, I., Robson, P., Sanfratello, G. M., Schlarb-Ridley, B., ... & Convey, P. (2018). Can the optimization of pop-up agriculture in remote communities help feed the world?. Global food security, 18, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.07.003
- [22] Hedenblad, E., & Olsson, M. (2017). Urban growth analysis of crop consumption and development of a conceptual design to increase consumer adoption of vertical greenhouses (Doctoral dissertation, Chalmers University of Technology).
- [23] Hou J, Johnson JM and Lawson LJ (2009) Greening Cities, Growing Communities: Learning from Seattle's Urban Community Gardens. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
- [24] Irvine, S. (2012) Carrot City: Creating Places for Urban Agriculture, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 5:2-3, 273-275, DOI: 10.1080/17549175.2012.692572
- [25] Kalantari, F., Mohd Tahir, O., Mahmoudi Lahijani, A., & Kalantari, S. (2017). A review of vertical farming technology: A guide for implementation of building integrated agriculture in cities. In Advanced engineering forum (Vol. 24, pp. 76-91). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.24.76
- [26] Kalantari, F., Nochiana, A., Darkhania, F., & Asif, N. (2020). The significance of vertical farming concept in ensuring food security for high-density urban areas. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 32(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(1)-13
- [27] Kalantari, F., Tahir, O. M., Joni, R. A., & Aminuldin, N. A. (2018). The importance of the public acceptance theory in determining the success of the vertical farming projects. Management Research and Practice, 10(1), 5-16.
- [28] Koh, S. Y., Zhao, Y., & Shin, H. B. (2021). Moving the mountain and greening the sea: the micropolitics of speculative green urbanism at Forest City, Iskandar Malaysia. Urban Geography, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2021.1999725
- [29] Lee, K., Elliott, C., & Pattison, P. (2020). Energy Savings Potential of SSL in Agricultural Applications. US Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.2172/1644398
- [30] Lehmann, S. (2010). The principles of green urbanism: Transforming the city for sustainability (pp. 1-15). London: Earthscan. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2013.878102
- [31] Maassen, J. (2017). Food consumption in Rosendal: the environmental support to diets in a "green" urban district.
- [32] McClintock N., 2010. Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3(2): pp 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq005
- [33] Miner, R. C., & Raftery, S. R. (2012). Turning brownfields into "green fields": growing food using marginal lands. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ, 162, 413-419.
[34] Mir, M. S., Naikoo, N. B., Kanth, R. H., Bahar, F. A., Bhat, M. A., Nazir, A., ... & Ahngar, T. A. (2022) Vertical farming: The future of agriculture: A review.
[35] Mougeot L (2005) Agropolis: The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. London: Earthscan.
- [36] Mougeot, L. J. (2000). Urban agriculture: definition, presence, potentials and risks. Growing cities, growing food: Urban agriculture on the policy agenda, 1, 42.
- [37] Muller, A., Ferré, M., Engel, S., Gattinger, A., Holzkämper, A., Huber, R., ... & Six, J. (2017). Can soil-less crop production be a sustainable option for soil conservation and future agriculture?. Land Use Policy, 69, 102-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.014
- [38] Munoz, H., & Joseph, J. (2010). Hydroponics: Home-based vegetable production system, inter-american institute for cooperation on agriculture (IICA). June 2010.
- [39] Nochian, A., Tahir, O. M., Maulan, S., & Mikaeili, A. R. (2016). A review of systematic approach for sustainable redevelopment of a closed landfill site. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(5). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8318
- [40] Pearson, L.J., Pearson, L. & Pearson, C.J. (2010). "Sustainable urban agriculture: stocktake and opportunities", International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 7-19. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0468
- [41] Perez, V. M. (2014). Study of the sustainability issues of food production using vertical farm methods in an urban environment within the state of Indiana. Purdue University.
- [42] Proksh, G. (2012). Sustainably integrated infrastructure: Synergies between water management and agricultural practices. Int. J. Environ. Sustain, 1, 1-11.
- [43] Ren, C., Lau, K. L., Yiu, K. P., & Ng, E. (2013). The application of urban climatic mapping to the urban planning of high-density cities: The case of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Cities, 31, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.12.005
- [44] Safikhani, T., Abdullah, A. M., Ossen, D. R., & Baharvand, M. (2014). A review of energy characteristic of vertical greenery systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.166
- [45] Sanderson, W. C., Scherbov, S., & Gerland, P. (2017). Probabilistic population aging. PloS one, 12(6), e0179171. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179171
- [47] Sanyé‐Mengual, E., Cerón‐Palma, I., Oliver‐Solà, J., Montero, J. I., & Rieradevall, J. (2013). Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from roof top greenhouses in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5736
- [48] Specht, K., Siebert, R., & Thomaier, S. (2016). Perception and acceptance of agricultural production in and on urban buildings (ZFarming): a qualitative study from Berlin, Germany. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(4), 753-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9658-z
- [49] Su, P. H. (2021). Urban Farming Design in Los Angeles: an Adaptive Reuse Project in Response to Food Crisis and Housing Crisis (Doctoral dissertation, Rochester Institute of Technology).
- [50] Tariq, M. A. U. R., Faumatu, A., Hussein, M., Shahid, M. L. U. R., & Muttil, N. (2020). Smart city-ranking of major Australian cities to achieve a smarter future. Sustainability, 12(7), 2797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072797
- [51] The United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2017.
- [52] Tornaghi C., 2017. Urban agriculture in the food-disabling city: (Re)defining urban food justice, reimagining a poli¬tics of empowerment. Antipode 49(3): pp 781–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12291
- [53] Touliatos, D., Dodd, I. C., & McAinsh, M. (2016). Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics. Food and energy security, 5(3), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.83
- [54] URL1 https://www.israelagri.com/?CategoryID=484&ArticleID=1269 Accessed on 4th May, 2022.
- [55] URL2 https://www.agrifarming.in/aeroponics-system-information-beginners Accessed on 4th May 2022.
- [56] Van Tuijl E., Hospers G.J., Van Den Berg L., 2018. Opportu¬nities and challenges of urban agriculture for sustainable city development. European Spatial Research and Policy 25: pp 5–22.
- [57] Viana-Cárdenas, C. V. (2013). El campo y la ciudad, áreas de reencuentro. Hacia una Nueva Cultura del Territorio. Habitat y Sociedad, (6). https://doi.org/10.12795/HabitatySociedad.2013.i6.02
- [59] Zaręba, A., Krzemińska, A., & Kozik, R. (2021). Urban Vertical Farming as an Example of Nature-Based Solutions Supporting a Healthy Society Living in the Urban Environment. Resources, 10(11), 109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10110109
- [60] Zhang, X. H., Zhang, R., Wu, J., Zhang, Y. Z., Lin, L. L., Deng, S. H., ... & Peng, H. (2016). An emergy evaluation of the sustainability of Chinese crop production system during 2000–2010. Ecological indicators, 60, 622-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.004
- [61] Zhao, J. (2011). Exploration and practices of China's urban development models. In Towards Sustainable Cities in China (pp. 15-36). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8243-8_2