IŞIK KİRLİLİĞİ SORUNUNUN KENT AYDINLATMA PROJELERİNDE “KARAR AĞACI” YÖNTEMİ İLE PRATİK DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 84 - 100, 15.12.2023

Gülçin Gülsüm Konuk Taştan , Işıl İplik , Şensin Yağmur

Abstract

Işık kirliliği; 20 yy’ın sonlarında başlayan ve öngörülenden hızlı bir şekilde ilerleyen çevresel bir sorundur. Artan kent hayatı sebebiyle kentlerin; eğlence, spor, alışveriş, ulaşım gibi gündüz işlevlerinin gece de devam etmesi toplumsal bir ihtiyaç haline gelmiştir. İşlevsel aydınlatmanın yanı sıra; “kent imajı” kavramının gelişmesi ile kent algısını oluşturan ögelerin aydınlatılması süreci başlamıştır. Aydınlatma teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin sunduğu imkanlar ve aydınlatma endüstrisindeki artan ürün çeşitliliği ile kent aydınlatma uygulamaları plansız ve kontrolsüz bir şekilde artmıştır. Bu sebeple; nedenleri ve sonuçları itibariyle interdisipliner bir alan olan ışık kirliliği önlemlerine yönelik çok yönlü araştırmalar yapılmış, kamu otoriteleri ve uluslararası organizasyonlar tarafından çok sayıda standart ve rapor yayınlanmıştır. Günümüzde, ışık kirliliği önlemlerine yönelik veriler artmış ve karmaşıklaşmıştır. Işık kirliliği sorununun kent aydınlatma projelerinde pratik bir şekilde değerlendirilebilmesi için konunun sadeleştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Karar ağacı; çok sayıda değişkene bağlı bir problemi grafik desteği ile, birden fazla kararın ardışık değerlendirilmesi sonucu sadeleştirerek sonuca ulaştıran çözüm modelidir. Bu çalışmada; ışık kirliliği biçimleri açıklanmış, uluslararası kuruluşların yayınladığı standartlar ve raporlar doğrultusunda ışık kirliliğini azaltacak aydınlatma ilkeleri ve sınır değerler irdelenmiş ve bu bilgiler ışığında geliştirilen “karar ağacı” aracılığıyla kent aydınlatma projelerinde kullanılabilecek pratik bir rehber oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan çalışma ile; ışık kirliliği sorununun çözümüne yönelik mesleki katılımın artmasına katkı sunulması hedeflenmiştir.

Keywords

Işık Kirliliği, Kent Aydınlatma, Karar Ağacı

PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF LIGHT POLLUTION PROBLEM IN URBAN LIGHTING WITH “DECISION TREE” METHOD

Abstract

Light pollution, which started in the late 20th century and spread more rapidly than predicted, is an environmental problem. Due to the increasing city life, urban lighting become essential to continue social daytime activities, such as entertainment, sports, shopping and transportation, at night. In addition to visual lighting, with the evolution of "the image of the city" concept, the lightening process of the components that constitute the perception of the city image has begun. Unplanned and uncontrolled urban lighting applications have increased by means of the capabilities provided by lighting technology and the increasing diversity of products in the lighting industry. Since light pollution is an interdisciplinary field in terms of its cause types and outcome effects, varied researches have been conducted on light pollution control techniques, and a number of standards or reports have been published by public authorities and international organizations. Today, light pollution control recommendations have increased and become more complex. A simplification of the subject is needed in order to evaluate the light pollution problem in urban lighting projects practically. The decision tree is a solution model that simplifies a problem by analyzing various alternatives through a graphic and the sequential evaluation of multiple decisions. The decision tree is a solution model that simplifies a problem involving a large number of factors, through the sequential evaluation of multiple decisions and using graphical support. In this study; forms of light pollution are explained, lighting principles and limit values that will reduce light pollution are reviewed in accordance with the standards and reports published by international organizations, and a practical guide that could be utilized in urban lighting projects is formed by using the "decision tree" developed in the light of this data. This study aims to contribute to increased architectural participation in solving the light pollution problem.

Keywords

Light Pollution, Urban Lighting, Decision Tree

References

• [1]Halıcıoğlu, F. H., Öztank, N., & Vatansever, N. (2007). Aydınlatma Teknolojisinin Mimariye Etkisi. IV. National Lighting Symposium, Izmir, Turkey, 28-30 November 2007, Available: https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/a6bd2e165570e4e_ek.pdf.
• [2]Lynch, K. (1984). Reconsidering the Image of the City. in Cities of the Mind. Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 151-161.
• [3]Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C., Elvidge, C., Baugh, K., Portnov, B., Rybnikova, N., & Furgoni, R. (2016). The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness. Science Advances, 2 (6): 1-25. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600377.
• [4]Narisada, K. & Schreuder, D. (2004). Light Pollution Handbook. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9.
• [5]Wyse, C. A., Selman, C., Page, M., Coogan, A., & Hazlerigg, D. (2011). Circadian Desynchrony and Metabolic Dysfunction; Did Light Pollution Make Us Fat? Medical Hypotheses, 77 (6): 1139-1144. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.023.
• [6]Rich, C. & Longcore, T. (2013). Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
• [7]Walker, W. H., Bumgarner, J. R., Walton, J. C., Liu, J. A., Meléndez-Fernández, O. H., Nelson, R. J., & DeVries, A. C. (2020). Light Pollution and Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21 (24): 9360. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249360.
• [8]Hölker, F., Wolter, C., Perkin, E. K., & Tockner, K. (2010). Light Pollution as a Biodiversity Threat. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25 (12): 681-682. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.09.007.
• [9]Zielinska-Dabkowska, K. M. & Xavia, K. (2019). Global Approaches to Reduce Light Pollution from Media Architecture and Non-Static, Self-Luminous Led Displays for Mixed-Use Urban Developments. Sustainability, 11 (12): 3446. doi: 10.3390/su11123446.
• [10]Teikari, P. (2007). Light Pollution: Definition, Legislation, Measurement, Modeling and Environmental Effects. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya. [Online]. Available: citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/documenrepid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=5f626248a56efb6da4d4ef39ae7096a01727cc66.
• [11]Azman, M., Dalimin, M., Mohamed, M., & Bakar, M. A. (2019). A Brief Overview on Light Pollution. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Bali, Indonesia, 269, 1, 012014, IOP Publishing, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012014.
• [12]Yetiş, K. (2019). Karaman Işık Kirliliği Ölçümü Ve Haritalanması. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, Karaman, Turkey.
• [13]Briggs, W. (2006). Physiology of Plant Responses to Artificial Lighting in Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting in Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. London, UK: Island Publishing, pp. 389–411.
• [14]EN 12464-1 Light and Lighting - Lighting of Work Places - Part 1: Indoor Work Places, European Committee for Standardization, BSI Standards Publication: Brussels, 2011.
• [15]Giavi, S., Blösch, S., Schuster, G., & Knop, E. (2020). Artificial Light at Night Can Modify Ecosystem Functioning Beyond the Lit Area. Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 11870. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68667-y.
• [16]Kempenaers, B., Borgström, P., Loës, P., Schlicht, E., & Valcu, M. (2010). Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song, Extra-Pair Siring Success, and Lay Date in Songbirds. Current Biology, 20 (19): 1735-1739. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.028.
• [17]Skene, D. J. & Arendt, J. (2006). Human Circadian Rhythms: Physiological and Therapeutic Relevance of Light and Melatonin. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 43 (5): 344-353. doi: 10.1258/000456306778520142.
• [18]Stevens, R. G. (1987). Electric Power Use and Breast Cancer: A Hyptothesis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 125 (4): 556-561. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114569.
• [19]Lake, K. N. & Eckert, K. L. (2009). Reducing Light Pollution in a Tourism-Based Economy (Report No. 11). Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network, Ballwin, Missouri, USA, https://www.widecast.org/Resources/Docs/Lake_and_Eckert_2009_Sea_Turtle_Lighting_Policy_Anguilla_Case_Study.pdf.
• [20]Torcellini, P. & Ellis, P. (2006). Early-Phase Design Methods. Center for Buildings Thermal Systems at National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL.
• [21]International DarkSKY Association. (2023). What Is Light Pollution. Available https://darksky.org/resources/what-is-light-pollution/. (Accessed: 19.08.2023).
• [22]Crawford, D. L. (1992). Light Pollution. in The Protection of Astronomical and Geophysical Sites, Kovalevski, J. (ed. gif-sur-yvette cedex, Fransa: Edition Frontieres, pp. 31-72.
• [23]Elliott, I. (1981). Light Pollution. Irish Astronomical Journal, 15: 58
• [24]Dawson, D. W. (1982). Fight Light Pollution with Your Photometer. International Amateur-Professional Photoelectric Photometry Communication, 10: 14-17. doi: 1982IAPPP..10...14D.
• [25]Knell, M. (2006). Light Pollution. Available https://www.flickr.com/photos/mpk/171117951/in/album-72157594171605008/. (Accessed: 27.08.2023).
• [26]EN 17037, Daylight in Buildings, European Committee for Standardization, BSI Standards Publication: Brussels, 2018.
• [27]Theodore Roosevelt NP. (2023). Light Pollution: The Solution Is Easy! Available https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk_yirISflc. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [28]Skibba, R. (2023). Citizen Scientists Show Light Pollution Erases Stars from the Sky. Available https://www.wired.com/story/citizen-scientists-show-light-pollution-erases-stars-from-the-sky/. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [29]Balsky, M. & Terrich, T. (2020). Light Trespass in Street Led Lighting Systems. 21st International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE), Prague, Czechia, 1-4, IEEE, doi: 10.1109/EPE51172.2020.9269248.
• [30]Schreuder, D. (1991). Light Trespass Countermeasures. International Astronomical Union Colloquium, Cambridge, UK, 112, 25-32, Cambridge University Press, doi: 10.1017/S0252921100003626.
• [31]Schreuder, D. (1986). Light Trespass: Causes, Remedies and Actions. CIE/MBE Symposium Lighting and Signalling for Transport, 22-23 September 1986, Available: https://swov.nl/system/files/publication-downloads/r-86-31.pdf.
• [32]Çetin, F. D., Gümüş, B., & Özbudak, Y. B. (2003). Işık Kirliliği Problemi Ve Diyarbakır Ölçeğinde Incelenmesi II. National Lighting Symposium, Diyarbakır, Turkey, 08-10 October 2003, Available: https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/2e656adee09f839_ek.pdf?dergi=4.
• [33]New England Light Pollution Advisory Group. (2023). What Is “Light Pollution”? Available https://nelpag.org/welcome-and-be-patient/what-is-light-pollution/. (Accessed: 27.08.2023).
• [34]Zielińska-Dabkowska, K. M., Xavia, K., & Bobkowska, K. (2020). Assessment of Citizens’ Actions against Light Pollution with Guidelines for Future Initiatives. Sustainability, 12 (12): 4997. doi: 10.3390/su12124997.
• [35]Şahin, A. (2011). Kentsel Aydınlatma Ilkelerinin Üsküdar Örneğinde Incelenmesi Ve Bir Öneri. Yıldız Technical University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Master Thesis, İstanbul.
• [36]International Commission on Illumination (CIE). (2017). CIE 150: Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations. Vienna, Austria: CIE. doi: 10.25039/TR.150.2017.
• [37]ARUP. (2018). Kemeraltı Lighting Master Plan. Available https://www.arup.com/projects/kemeralti-lighting-masterplan. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [38] Sirel, Ş. (1997). Lighting Dictionary. İstanbul, Turkey: YEM.
• [39]Derlofske, J. V. & McColgan, M. (2003). Implementation of Decision-Making Tools That Address Light Pollution for Localities Planning Street Lighting. Efficient Street Lighting and Light Pollution, NY, USA, 12 March 2003, Available: https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/whitePaper.pdf.
• [40]RZB. (2023). Lupalo Tower. Available https://www.rzb.de/en/products/outdoor-lighting/bollard-luminaires/lupalo/tower/?print=1&cHash=5422a6f99370d1014b5623f87f4ba07f. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [41]Ekoyapı. (2017). Tarihi Yapılar Doğru Aydınlatma Ile Kentlere Kazandırılmalı. Available https://www.ekoyapidergisi.org/tarihi-yapilar-dogru-aydinlatma-ile-kentlere-kazandirilmali. (Accessed: 04.09.2023).
• [42]ERCO. (2023). Path Lighting. Available https://files.trio-lighting.com/epaper/epaper-trio_outdoor_2023/epaper/TRIO_Outdoor_2023.pdf. (Accessed: 04.09.2023).
• [43]EN 12464-2, Light and Lighting - Lighting of Work Places - Part 2: Outdoor Work Places, European Committee for Standardization, BSI Standards Publication: Brussels, 2014.
• [44]IESNA-RP-8-00. (2000). American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting. NY, USA: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
• [45]IESNA-RP-33-99. (1999). Lighting for Exterior Environments. NY, USA: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
• [46]Amherst Massachusetts Government. (2023). Dark Sky Compliant Lighting Examples. Available https://www.amherstma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/47279/Dark-Sky-Compliant-Lighting---Examples. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [47]Durmuş, D. (2022). Correlated Color Temperature: Use and Limitations. Lighting Research & Technology, 54 (4): 363-375. doi: 10.1177/14771535211034330.
• [48]International Commission on Illumination (CIE). (2020). CIE S 017/E:2020: International Lighting Vocabulary. Vienna, Austria: CIE.
• [49]Amanpour, A., Kahraman, S., Çınar, B., & Çelik, F. (2021). Mavi Işık Maruziyetinin Sirkadiyen Ritim Ve Beslenme Üzerindeki Etkisi. Celal Bayar University Health Sciences Institute Journal, 8 (3): 566-573. doi: 10.34087/cbusbed.891351.
• [50]International DarkSKY Association. (2023). Five Principles for Responsible Outdoor Lighting. Available https://darksky.org/resources/guides-and-how-tos/lighting-principles/. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [51]The Lighting Design Studio. (2023). Colour Temperature. Available https://lightingdesignstudio.co.uk/colour-temperature/#:~:text=The%20colour%20or%20warmth%20of,%2C%203000k%2C%204000k%20or%205000k. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [52]Society of Light and Lighting (SLL). (2009). SLL Handbook. London: The Society of Light and Lighting.
• [53]International Commission on Illumination (CIE). (2010). CIE:115 Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic. CIE.
• [54]EN 13201-2. (2016). Road Lighting - Part 2: Performance Requirements. Brussels: BSI Standards Publication.
• [55]Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE). (1994). Code for Interior Lighting London: CIBSE.
• [56]Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2013). General Lighting Regulations. Legal Gazette. [Online]. Available: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/07/20130727-20.htm.
• [57]Chen, L. C., Sheu, R. K., Peng, W. Y., Wu, J. H., & Tseng, C. H. (2020). Video-Based Parking Occupancy Detection for Smart Control System. Applied Sciences, 10 (3): 1079. doi: 10.3390/app10031079.
• [58]TS 3033 EN 60529. (1997). Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (Ip Code) (for Electrical Equipments). Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institution.
• [59]TS EN 62262. (2015). Mahfazalarla Sağlanan Koruma Dereceleri- Dış Mekanik Darbelere Karşı Elektrikli Donanımın Korunması Için (Ik Kodu). Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institution.
• [60]Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (1993). Electricity Outdoor Lighting Regulation. Legal Gazette. [Online]. Available: https://tug.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/images/tug/enerji_ve_tabii_kaynaklar_bakanligi_dis_aydinlatma_yonetmeligi.html.
• [61]Gündüz, N., Onaygil, S., & Erkin, E. (2013). The Analysis of Mesopic Vision Conditions on Led Based Road and Street Lighting. 9. National Lighting Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 19-20 April 2013, Available: http://www.nyz.com.tr/yayinlar/Mezopik_Gorme.pdf.
• [62]Sirel, Ş. (1974). Cie'nin Üçrenksel Dizgesi. in Kuramsal Renk Bilgisi, vol. 124. İstanbul, Turkey: IDMMA ch. 4, pp. 40-60.
• [63]Lighting Industry Association. (2013). Sp Ratios and Mesopic Vision. Available https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/Outdoor-Agricultural-Operations-During-Hours-of-Darkness-dr8.pdf. (Accessed: 09.09.2023).
• [64]Uchida, T. & Ohno, Y. (2017). Simplified Field Measurement Methods for the Cie Mesopic Photometry System. Lighting Research & Technology, 49 (6): 774-787. doi: 10.1177/1477153516643571.
• [65]BS EN 5489-1. (2013). Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting - Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas. Brussels: BSI Standards Publication.
• [66]Fotios, S. (2020). A Review of Design Recommendations for P-Class Road Lighting in European and Cie Documents–Part 1: Parameters for Choosing a Lighting Class. Lighting Research & Technology, 52 (5): 607-625. doi: 10.1177/14771535198769.
• [67]Lezki, Ş. (2014). Using Decision Tree in Multi Criteria Decision Making Problems. Journal of Economic Innovaiton, 2 (1): 16-31. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iy/issue/22655/241964
• [68]Demirel, Ş. & Giray Yakut, S. (2019). Decision Tree Algorithms and an Application on Child Labor. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8 (4): 52-65.
• [69]Emel, G. G. & Taşkın, Ç. (2005). Decision Trees in Data Mining and a Sales Analysis Application. Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (2): 221-239.