Phytoseiid species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on walnut trees in Samsun Province, Turkey

Abstract

This research was conducted to determine the phytoseiid species on walnut trees in Samsun Province, Turkey in 2018. Most of the surveys were done in unsprayed orchards. A total of nine phytoseiid species were collected - Euseius finlandicus, E. gallicus, E. stipulatus, Kampimodromus aberrans, Neoseiulella tiliarum, Phytoseius finitimus, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) rapidus, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) sp. and Amblyseius (andersoni?) sp. Euseius finlandicus was the most abundant species, followed by Phytoseius finitimus. Mite density was twice as high on the lower surface as on the upper surface of leaves. These nine species represent a substantial local genetic resource with the potential to improve the efficacy of biological control programs.

Keywords

• Acari,Mesostigmata,Phytoseiidae,walnut,Black Sea

References

1. Abdallah, A.A., Zhang, Z-Q., Masters, G.J. and Mcneill, S. 2001. Euseius finlandicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential biocontrol agent against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): life history and feeding habits on three different types of food. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 25 (10-11): 833-847. doi: 10.1023/A:1020431531446
2. Aguirre-Gil, O.J., Jorge, S.J. and Busoli, A.C. 2013. Controle biologico classico na America Latina: o caso do Peru. In: Topicos em entomologia Agricola-VI. Busoli, A.C., de Alencar J.R.C.C., Fraga, D.F., de Souza L.A., de Souza B.H.S. and Grigolli J.F.J. (Eds). Grafica Multipress, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil, 66-75.
3. Akyazı, F. and Ecevit, O. 2003. Determination of mite species in hazelnut orchards in Samsun, Ordu and Giresun provinces. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18 (3): 39-45. [In Turkish]
4. Akyazi, R., Ueckermann E.A., Akyol, D. and Soysal, M. 2017. Distribution of mite species (Acari) on persimmon trees in Turkey (Ordu), with one newly recorded mite species and one re-described species. International Journal of Acarology, 43: 563-581. doi: 10.1023/A:1020431531446
5. Akyazı, R., Ueckermann, E.A., Soysal, M. and Akyol, D. 2016. Population dynamics of mites (Acari) on Diospyros kaki Thunb. and Diospyros lotus L. (Ebenaceae) trees in Ordu, Turkey. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21 (10): 1334-1346. doi: 10.11158/saa.21.10.4
6. Alaoğlu, Ö. 1984. Erzurum ve Erzincan yörelerindeki bazı bitkilerde bulunan Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Actinedida) akarlarının sistematiği ve zarar şekli üzerinde çalışmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (3-4): 1-16. [In Turkish]
7. Anonymous. 2019a. Samsun’un ilçeleri. Available from: https://www.wikiwand.com/tr/Samsun%27un_il%C3%A7eleri (Last accessed: 24 November 2019).
8. Anonymous. 2019b. Biobest introduces Dyna-mite®: a new predatory mite strategy in rose. Available from: https://www.biobestgroup.com/en/page/288149/undefined (Last accessed: 04 December 2019).

9. Athias-Henriot, C. 1960. Nouveaux amblyseius d’Algerie (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae). Acarologia, 2: 288-299.
10. Bayram, Ş. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2007. Mite fauna (Acari: Prostigmata, Mesostigmata, Astigmata) of coniferous plants in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 31 (4): 279-290.
11. Canıhoş, E., Öztürk, N., Sütyemez, M., Toker, D.S. and Hazır, A. 2014. Ceviz. TÜBİTAK Tarım, Orman ve Veterinerlik Araştırma Grubu Yayını, Adana, 69 pp. [In Turkish]
12. Collyer, E. 1980. Phytoseiidae (Acari) from the Pacific Islands. New Zealand Entomology, 7: 138-139. doi: 10.1080/00779962.1980.9722356
13. Chant, D.A. and McMurtry, J.A. 2007. Illustrated keys and diognoses for the genera and subgenera of the Phytoseiidae of the world (Acari: Mesostigmata). Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, USA, 219 pp.
14. Çakmak, I. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2006. Amblyseius californicus (McGregor, 1954) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a new record for the Turkish fauna. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 30: 55-58.
15. Çelik, F., Cimrin, K.M. and Kazankaya, A. 2011. Some physi-cal and chemical characteristics of promising walnuts (Juglans regia L.) genotypes selected from Tavas (Denizli). Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21 (1): 42-48. [In Turkish]
16. Çevik, T. 1996. Faunistic studies on the harmful and beneficial insects on walnuts in central Anatolia. Plant Protection Bulletin, 36 (1-2): 55-72. [In Turkish]
17. Çobanoğlu, S. 1989. Determination of the Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) species from vegetable growing areas of Antalya. Plant Protection Bulletin, 29 (1-2): 47-64. [In Turkish]
18. Çobanoğlu, S. 1993. Systematic studies on the Phytoseiidae (Acarina) species, found in the apple growing areas of Turkey I. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 17 (1): 41-54. [In Turkish]
19. Çobanoğlu, S. 1997. New phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Mesostigmata) for Turkish fauna. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 21 (4): 361-370.
20. Çobanoğlu, S. 2004. Phytoseiid mites (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) of Thrace, Turkey. Israel Journal of Entomology, 34: 83-107.
21. Çobanoğlu, S. 2008. Mites (Acari) associated with stored apricots in Malatya, Elazığ and İzmir provinces of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 32 (1): 3-20.
22. Çobanoğlu, S. and Güldali, B. 2017. Plant parasitic and pred-atory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) and population density fluctuation of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on strawberry in the Mersin Province of Turkey. Research & Reviews: Journal of Zoological Sciences, 5 (2): 57-67.
23. Çobanoğlu, S. and Kumral, N.A. 2016. The biodiversity, density and population trend of mites (Acari) on Capsicum annuum L. in temperate and semi-arid zones of Turkey. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21 (2): 907-918. doi: 10.11158/saa.21.7.5
24. Cobanoglu, S. and Özman, S.K. 2002. Beneficial mite species of hazelnut orchard ecosystems from the Black Sea Re-gion of Turkey. Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of WG 4: Prague 30-31st May 2002, Bio-control of Arthropod Pests in the Stored Products, 91-99.
25. Denizhan, E. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2009. Eriophyid mites of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) and their predators in Ankara. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19 (1): 33-37. [In Turkish]
26. Denmark, H.A. and Rather, A.Q. 1996. Revision of the genus Neoseiulella Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae). International Journal of Acarology, 22 (1): 43-77. doi: 10.1080/01647959608684080
27. Demite, P.R., Mcmurtry, J.A. and De Moraes, G.J. 2014. Phy-toseiidae database: a website for taxonomic and distri-butional information on phytoseiid mites (Acari). Zootaxa, 3795: 571-577. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.5.6
28. Dicke, M., Sabelis, M.W. and de Jong, M. 1988. Analysis of prey preference in phytoseiid mites by using an olfactometer, predation models and electrophoresis. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 5: 225-241. doi: 10.1007/BF02366096
29. Döker, İ. 2019. First report of Neoseiulus cinctutus (Livshitz and Kuznetsov) for Turkey, with an identification key for Turkish Neoseiulus Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Turkish Journal of Biological Control, 10 (1): 73-81. doi: 10.31019/tbmd.540500
30. Döker, İ., Kazak, C. and Karut, K. 2015a. A new species and two new records of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 3918: 439-445. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.3.8
31. Döker, İ., Yalçın, K. and Kazak, C. 2015b. Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Available http://www. biy-olojikmucadele.org.tr/uploads/Phytoseiidae.pdf(Last accessed: 19 December 2019). [In Turkish]
32. Döker, İ., Kazak, C. and Karut, K. 2017. Three new species of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 4243 (3): 565-576. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4243.3.8
33. Döker, İ., Kazak, C. and Karut, K. 2018. Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) of Turkey: from past to present. Abstracts Book of XV International Congress of Acarology, 2-8 September 2018, Antalya, Turkey, p. 177.
34. Döker, İ., Kazak, C. and Karut, K. 2019. The genus Graminaseius Chant and McMurtry (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Turkey with descriptions of two new species and re-description of Graminaseius graminis (Chant). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 24 (5): 731-741. doi: 10.11158/saa.24.5.2
35. Döker, İ., Stathakis, T.I., Kazak, C., Karut, K. and Papadoulis, G.Th. 2014a. Four new records and two new species of Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Turkey, with a key to the Turkish species. Zootaxa, 3827: 331-342. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.3.3
36. Doker, I., Witters, J., Pijnakker, J., Kazak, C., Tixier, M.S. and Kreiter, S. 2014b. Euseius gallicus Kreiter and Tixier (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is present in four more countries in Europe: Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Turkey. Acarologia, 54 (3): 245-248. doi: 10.1051/acarologia/20142132
37. Duso, C. and de Lillo, E. 1996. Grape. In: Eriophyoid mites: their biology, natural enemies and control. Lindquist, E.E., Sabelis M.W. and Bruin, J. (Eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 571-582.
38. Duso, C., Ahmad, S., Trello, P., Pozzebon, A., Klaric, V., Baldessari, M., Malagnini, V. and Angeli, G. 2014. The impact of insecticides applied in apple orchards on the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 62: 391-414. doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9741-3
39. Düzgüneş, Z. 1963. Türkiye’de yeni bulunan akarlar (The mite species newly found in Turkey). Plant Protection Bulletin, 3 (4): 237-246. [In Turkish]
40. Düzgüneş, Z. and Kılıç, S. 1983. Determination of Phytoseiidae species in important apple growing areas of Turkey and studies on the effectiveness of the most important of them on Tetranychus viennensis Zacher. Doğa Bilim Dergisi, 7: 193-205. [In Turkish]
41. Edland, T. and Evans, G.O. 1998. The genus Typhlodromus (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Norway. European Journal of Entomology, 95: 275-295.
42. Erkam, B. 1981. Marmara Bölgesinde yumuşak çekirdekli meyve ağaçlarında zarar yapan Parlatoria oleae Colv. (Homoptera: Diaspididae)’nin tanınması, biyolojisi, yayılışı, konukçuları, zararı ve doğal düşmanları üzerinde araştırmalar. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü, İstanbul Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Araştırma Eserleri Serisi, No: 17, 94 pp. [In Turkish]
43. Faraji, F., Çobanoğlu, S. and Çakmak, I. 2011. A checklist and a key for the Phytoseiidae species of Turkey with two new species records (Acari: Mesostigmata). International Journal of Acarology, 37 (1): 221-243. doi: 10.1080/01647954.2011.558851
44. Ferragut, F., Garcia-Mari, F. and Marzal, M.C. 1983. Determination and abundance of Phytoseiidae in Spanish cit-rus. Proceedings of the 1st National Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Sciences, 28 November-1 December 1983, Valencia, Spain, 299-308.
45. Ferragut, F., Laborda, R., Costa-Comelles, J. and Garcia-Mari, F. 1992. Feeding behaviour of Euseius stipulatus and Typhlodromus phialatus on the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Entomophaga, 37 (4): 537-543. doi: 10.1007/BF02372323
46. Gerson, U., Smiley, R.L. and Ochoa, R. 2003. Mites (Acari) for pest control. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 558 pp. doi: 10.1002/9780470750995
47. Gökçe, P.G. 2015. Determination of mite species of orna-mental plants in green areas of Tekirdağ. MSc. Thesis, Namık Kemal University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Entomology, Tekirdağ, Turkey, 61 pp. [In Turkish]
48. Güçlü, Ş., Hayat, R. and Özbek, H. 1995. An investigation on phytophagous insect species on walnut (Juglans regia Linnaeus) in Erzurum and its neighbouring provinces. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 19 (2): 137-145. [In Turkish]
49. Hajizadeh, J., and Mortazavi, S. 2015. The genus Euseius Wainstein (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Iran, with a revised key to Iranian phytoseiid mites. International Journal of Acarology, 41 (1): 53-66. doi: 10.1080/01647954.2014.985712
50. Helle, W. and Sabelis, M.W (Eds). 1985. Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, 1 B, 458 pp.
51. İncekulak, R. and Ecevit, O. 2002. A research on determina-tion of harmful and beneficial mite species in apple or-chards in Amasya and their population densities. Proceedings of the Fifth Turkish National Congress of Biological Control, 4-7 September 2002, Erzurum, Turkey, 297-314.
52. Jeppson, L.R., Keifer, H.H. and Baker, E.W. 1975. Mites inju-rious to economic plants. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA, 613 pp.
53. Kabíček, J. 2010. Scarceness of phytoseiid species co-occurrence (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on leaflets of Juglans regia. Plant Protection Science, 46 (2): 79-82. doi: 10.17221/32/2009-PPS
54. Kasap, İ. 2005. Life history traits of the predaceous mite Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on four different types of food. Biological Control, 35: 40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.05.014
55. Kasap, İ. 2019. Effect of pollen with different predator re-lease ratios on biological control of Tetranychus urticae by the predaceous mite Kampimodromus aberrans. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 24 (7): 1310-1318. doi: 10.11158/saa.24.7.13
56. Kasap, İ., Çobanoğlu, S. and Pehlivan, S. 2013. Predatory mite species on pome fruit trees and weeds in the province of Çanakkale and Balıkesir. Turkish Journal of Bio-logical Control, 4 (2): 109-124. [In Turkish]
57. Kasap, İ., Atlıhan, R., Özgökçe, M.S., Kaydan, M.B., Polat, E. and Yarımbatman, A. 2008. Harmful mite species and their predators in the walnut orchards around Van Lake. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18 (2): 99-102. [In Turkish]
58. Kasap, İ., Atlıhan, R., Özgökçe, M.S., Kaydan, M.B., Polat, E. and Yarımbatman, A. 2009. Population density of the important harmful mites and their predatories in the walnut orchards of around Van Lake. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 33 (4): 305-314. [In Turkish]
59. Kavianpour, M., Karimpour, Y. and Nemati, A. 2016. Ascoidea and Blattisociidae (Mesostigmata) mites of Urmia (West Azerbaijan, Iran), with identification keys to genera and species. Biharean Biologist, 12 (2): 1-6.
60. Khan, A.A., Dar, H., Shah, M.A., Mohiud-Din, S and Majid, S. 2016. Insect pests of walnut and their management. In: Insect pests management of fruit crops. Pandey, A.K. and Mall, P. (Eds). Biotech, India, 308-355.
61. Kostiainen, T. and Hoy, M.A. 1994. Egg-harvesting allows large scale rearing of Amblyseius finlandicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 18: 155-165. doi: 10.1007/BF02353683
62. Kozlowski, J and Kozlowska, M. 1991. Notes on Aculus schlechtendali as food for predatory mites. In: Modern acarology, Vol. 2. Dusbabek, F. and Bukva, V. (Eds). Academia, Prague, Czechoslovakia and SPB Academic Publishing BV, The Hague, The Netherlands, 675-678.
63. Kumral, N.A. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2015. A reservoir weed for mites: Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) in the vicinity of cultivated solanaceous plants in Turkey. International Journal of Acarology, 41 (7): 563-573. doi: 10.1080/01647954.2015.1084043
64. Lazarov, A.V. and Grigorov, S.P. 1961. Karantina na Rastenijata. Zemin dat, Sofia, Bulgaria, 258 pp.
65. Lorenzon, M., Pozzebon, A. and Duso, C. 2012. Effects of potential food sources on biological and demographic parameters of the predatory mites Kampimodromus aberrans, Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 58: 259-278. doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9580-7
66. Martínez, M.L., Labuckas, D.O., Lamarque, A.L. and Maestri, D.M. 2010. Walnut (Juglans regia L.): genetic resources, chemistry, by products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90 (12): 1959-1967. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4059
67. McMurtry, J.A. 1977. Some predaceous mites (Phytoseiidae) on citrus in the Mediterranean region. Entomophaga, 22: 19-30. doi: 10.1007/BF02372986
68. McMurtry, J.A. 1983. Phytoseiid predators in orchard sys-tems: a classical biological control success story. In: Biological control of pests by mites. Hoy, M.A., Cunningham, G.L. and Knutson, L. (Eds). Division of Agricultural Sciences Publication 3304, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 21-26.
69. McMurtry, J.A. and Croft, B.A. 1997. Life-styles of phytosei-id mites and their roles in biological control. Annual Re-view of Entomology, 42: 291-321. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.291
70. McMurtry, J., Huffaker, C. and Van de Vrie, M. 1970. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: A review: I. Tetranychid enemies: Their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia, 40 (11): 331-390.
71. Mijuskovic, M. and Tomasevic, B. 1975. The mites on the citrus trees on the Yugoslav littoral. Society for Science and Art of Montenegro Monographs. Section of Natural Sciences, 1: 1-203.
72. Mills, N.J., Grafton-Cardwell, E.E. and Cois, C. 2013. Spider mite management in walnut. California Walnut Board. Walnut Research Reports, 247-261.
73. Miñarro, M. and Kreiter, S. 2012. Phytoseiids in vineyards of the appellation Cangas Quality Wine (Asturias, NW Spain). Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 38 (1): 73-82.
74. Moraes, G.J. de, McMurtry, J.A., Denmark, H.A. and Campos, C.B. 2004. A revised catalog of the mite family Phytoseiidae. Zootaxa, 434: 1-494. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.434.1.1
75. Nesbitt, H.H.J. 1951. A taxonomic study of the Phytoseiinae (Family Laelaptidae) predaceous upon Tetranychidae of economic importance. Doctoral Dissertation, Carleton College, Ottawa, Canada, 96 pp.
76. Oudemans, A.C. 1930. Acarologische Aanteekeningen. CII. Entomologische Berichten, 8: 69-74.
77. Ozman-Sullivan, S.K. 2006. Life history of Kampimodromus aberrans as a predator of Phytoptus avellanae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Phytoptidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 38: 15-23. doi: 10.1007/s10493-005-5786-2
78. Ozman, S.K. and Cobanoğlu, S. 2001. Current status of hazelnut mites in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 556: 479-487. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.556.70
79. Ozsisli, T. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2011. Mite (Acari) fauna of some cultivated plants from Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (11): 2149-2155.
80. Öksüz, F. 2019. Determination of mite species and their population densities on summer and winter vegetables in Bafra and Carsamba plains. MSc. Thesis, Ondokuz Mayis University, Graduate School of Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, 156 pp. [In Turkish]
81. Papadoulis, G.Th., Emmanouel, N.G. and Kapaxidi, E.V. 2009. Phytoseiidae of Greece and Cyprus (Acari: Meso-stigmata). Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, Michigan, 200 pp.
82. Pappas, M.L., Xanthis, C., Samaras, K., Koveos, D.S. and Broufas, G.D. 2013. Potential of the predatory mite Phytoseius finitimus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to feed and reproduce on greenhouse pests. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 61 (4): 387-401. doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9711-9
83. Peverieri, G.S., Simoni, S., Goggioli, D., Liguori, M. and Castagnoli, M. 2009. Effects of variety and management practices on mite species diversity in Italian vineyards. Bulletin of Insectology, 62 (1): 53-60.
84. Ragusa, S. and Swirski, E. 1976. Notes on predaceous mites of Italy, with a description of two new species and of an unknown male (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Redia, 59: 179-196.
85. Ragusa, S. and Tsolakis, H. 1994. Revision of the genus Kampimodromus Nesbitt, 1951 (Parasitiformes, Phyto-seiidae), with a description of a new species. Acarologia, 35 (4): 305-322.
86. Rahmani, H., Kamali, K. and Faraji, F. 2010. Predatory mite fauna of Phytoseiidae of northwest Iran (Acari: Mesostigmata). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34 (4): 497-508. doi: 10.3906/zoo-0902-23
87. Rather, A.Q., Paray, M.A., Mir, G.M. and Gupta, S. 2015. Specificity, distribution and abundance of predatory mites (Arachnida: Arthropoda) on walnut in Kashmir himalaya. Plant Protection Association of India, 43 (4): 524-525.
88. Ripka, G., Szabó, Á., Tempfli, B. and Varga, M. 2013. New plant-inhabiting mite records from Hungary (Acari: Mesostigmata, Prostigmata and Astigmata). II. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 48 (2): 237-244. doi: 10.1556/APhyt.48.2013.2.5
89. Salmane, I. and Petrova, V. 2002. Overview on Phytoseiidae mites (Acari, Mesostigmata, Gamasina) of Latvia. Latvijas Entomologs, 39: 48-54.
90. Satar, S., Ada, M., Kasap, İ. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2013. Acarina fauna of citrus trees in eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 95: 171-178.
91. Schausberger, P. 1992. Comparative investigations on the effect of different foods on development and reproduction of Amblyseius aberrans Oud. and A. finlandicus Oud. (Acarina, Phytoseiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 113: 476-486.
92. Soysal, M. and Akyazı, R. 2018. Mite species of the vegeta-ble crops in Ordu Province with first report of Am-blyseius rademacheri Dosse, 1958 (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (4): 265-286. doi: 10.16970/entoted.447218
93. Sudo, M. and Osakabe, M. 2011. Do plant mites commonly prefer the underside of leaves? Experimental and Applied Acarology, 55: 25-38. doi: 10.1007/s10493-011-9454-4
94. Swirski, E. and Amitai, S. 1982. Notes on predacious mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from Turkey, with description of the male of Phytoseius echinus Wainstein and Arutunjan. Israel Journal of Entomology, 16: 55-62.
95. Strand, L.L. 2003. Integrated pest management for walnuts. Third edition. University of California, Oakland, California, USA, 136 pp.
96. Șekeroğlu, E. 1984. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina, Mesostigmata) of southern Anatolia, their biology, and effectiveness as a biological control agent on strawberry plants. Doğa Bilim Dergisi, 8 (3): 320-336.
97. Şekeroğlu E. and Kazak C. 1993. First record of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Turkey. Entomophaga, 38: 343-345. doi: 10.1556/APhyt.48.2013.2.5
98. Tixier, M.S., Kreiter, S., Auger, P. and Weber, M. 1998. Colonization of Languedoc vineyards phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae): influence of wind and crop environment. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 22: 523-542. doi: 10.1023/A:1006085723427
99. Tixier, M.S., Kreiter, S., Okassa, M. and Cheval, B. 2009. A new species of the genus Euseius Wainstein (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from France. Journal of Natural History, 44 (3-4): 241-254. doi: 10.1080/00222930903383529
100. Wackers, F. 2013. Food for thought: Nutritional supple-ments to boost biocontrol. Presentation at the Annual Biocontrol Industry Meeting (ABIM), 21-23 October 2014, Basel, Switzerland. Available https://www.abim.ch/fileadmin/abim/documents/presentations2013/ABIM_2013_3_2_Wackers.pdf (Last accessed: 15 December 2019).
101. Wainstein, B.A. and Arutunjan, E.S. 1968. New species of predaceous mites of the genus Typhlodromus (Parasiti-formes: Phytoseiidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 47 (8): 1240-1244.
102. Welter, C.S., Bentley, W. and Cave, F. 2011. Biological control of spider mites in walnuts. California Walnut Board. Walnut Research Reports, California, USA, 247-261.
103. Yanar, D. and Ecevit, O. 2005. Plant injurious and predatory mite species in apple (Malus communis L.) orchards in Tokat Province. Journal of Agricultural Faculty, OMU, 20 (1): 18-23. [In Turkish]
104. Yeşilayer, A. and Çobanoğlu, S. 2011. The distribution of predatory mite species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on ornamental plants and parks of Istanbul, Turkey. Turkish Bulletin of Entomology, 1 (3): 135-143.
105. Zhang, Z-Q. 2003. Mites of greenhouses: identification, biology and control. CABI Publishing, UK, 244 pp. doi: 10.1079/9780851995908.0000