Isolation and characterization of 3D chitin from a mite species Trachytes pauperior (Parasitiformes: Uropodina)

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 66 - 72, 31.07.2021

Emel Çakmak , Behlül Koç Bilican

https://doi.org/10.47121/acarolstud.908554

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Chitin is the most abundant structural biopolymer after cellulose in terrestrial ecosystems. Until now, chitin isolation in powder or granule form has been carried out from many macro living groups (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Mollusca etc.). However, studies on chitin characterization of microscopic organisms have remained limited. In this study, three dimensional (3D) chitin extraction was performed for the first time from Trachytes pauperior (Berlese), a mite species. The obtained chitin was observed by light microscopy and characterized by FT-IR, and SEM analysis. Our findings suggest that chitin, which was obtained in high purity and constitutes a large part of the organism's body structure, could be a potential source for future studies.

Keywords

Acari, biopolymer, characterization, extraction, Trachytes pauperior

Thanks

We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Salih DOĞAN, (Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Turkey) for supporting over this manuscript.

References

• Al Sagheer, F., Al-Sughayer, M., Muslim, S. and Elsabee, M. 2009. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbo-hydrate Polymers, 77 (2): 410-419. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.032
• Anitha, A., Sowmya, S., Kumar, P.S., Deepthi, S., Chennazhi, K. et al. 2014. Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 39 (9): 1644-1667. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.008
• Arbia, W., Arbia, L., Adour, L. and Amrane, A. 2013. Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods–a review. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 51 (1): 12-25.
• Bal, D.A. 2002. Uropodid (Acari, Gamasida, Uropodina) fauna of Erzincan and Erzurum provinces. PhD Dissertation. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 328 pp. [In Turkish]
• Bloszyk, J. 1980. Mites of the genus Trachytes Michael, 1894 (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Poland. Prace Komisji Biologicznej, Poznan, 54: 1-51.
• Bloszyk, J. 1999. Geographical and ecological variability of mites of the kohort Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland. I. Uropodine mites of oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinion betuli). Kontekst, Poznan, Poland, 245 pp. [In Polish]
• Bo, M., Bavestrello, G., Kurek, D., Paasch, S., Brunner, E. et al. 2012. Isolation and identification of chitin in the black coral Parantipathes larix (Anthozoa: Cnidaria). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 51 (1-2): 129-137. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.016
• Brimacombe, J.S. and Webber, J.M. 1964. Mucopolysaccharides: chemical structure, distribution and isolation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 181 pp.
• Ehrlich, H., Maldonado, M., Spindler, K., Eckert, C., Hanke, T. et al. 2007. Evidence of chitin as a component of the skeletal fibers of marine sponges. Part I. Verongidae (Demospongia: Porifera). Journal of Experimental Zoology-B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 308 (4): 347-356. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21156
• Fadlaoui, S., El Asri, O., Mohammed, L., Sihame, A., Omari, A. and Melhaoui, M. 2019. Isolation and characterization of chitin from shells of the freshwater crab Potamon algeriense. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives, 24: 23-35. doi: 10.15259/PCACD.24.002
• Fernando, L.A.T., Poblete, M.R.S., Ongkiko, A.G.M. and Diaz, L.J.L. 2016. Chitin extraction and synthesis of chitin-based polymer films from Philippine blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) shells. Procedia Chemistry, 19: 462-468. doi: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.039
• Hamed, I., Özogul, F. and Regenstein, J.M. 2016. Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48: 40-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.007
• Hutu, M. 1973. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 145. Zur Kenntnis der Uropodiden-Fauna Rumäniens. Neue Uropodiden-Arten der Gattungen Trachytes Michael, 1894, Dinychus Kramer, 1886 und Trachyuropoda (Berlese, 1888) Hirschmann u. Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1961 nov. comb. Acarologie, Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 19: 45-51.
• Hutu, M. 1982. Strukturelle Eigenschaften Von Uropodiden-Zoenosen In Der Streuschicht Verschiedener Walottypen Laengs Eines Hoehengradienten. Pedobiologia, 23 (1): 68-89.
• Ifuku, S., Nomura, R., Morimoto, M. and Saimoto, H. 2011. Preparation of chitin nanofibers from mushrooms. Materials, 4 (8): 1417-1425. doi: 10.3390/ma4081417
• Jang, M.K., Kong, B.G., Jeong, Y.I., Lee, C.H. and Nah, J.W. 2004. Physicochemical characterization of α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin separated from natural resources. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 42 (14): 3423-3432. doi: 10.1002/pola.20176
• Jayakumar, R., Prabaharan, M., Kumar, P.S., Nair, S. and Tamura, H. 2011. Biomaterials based on chitin and chi-tosan in wound dressing applications. Biotechnology Advances, 29 (3): 322-337. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.005
• Jeon, Y.-J., Shahidi, F. and Kim, S.-K. 2000. Preparation of chitin and chitosan oligomers and their applications in physiological functional foods. Food Reviews Interna-tional, 16 (2): 159-176. doi: 10.1081/FRI-100100286
• Kardas, I., Struszczyk, M.H., Kucharska, M., van den Broek, L.A., van Dam, J.E. and Ciechańska, D. 2012. Chitin and chitosan as functional biopolymers for industrial ap-plications. In: The European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE). Navard, P. (Ed.), Springer, Vienna, 329-373. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0421-7_11
• Kaya, M., Tozak, K. Ö., Baran, T., Sezen, G. and Sargin, I. 2013. Natural porous and nano fiber chitin structure from Gammarus argaeus (Gammaridae Crustacea). Excli Journal, 12: 503-510.
• Kaya, M., Seyyar, O., Baran, T. and Turkes, T. 2014a. Bat guano as new and attractive chitin and chitosan source. Frontiers in Zoology, 11 (1): 1-10.
• Kaya, M., Seyyar, O., Baran, T., Erdoğan, S. and Kar, M. 2014b. A physicochemical characterization of fully acetylated chitin structure isolated from two spider species: With new surface morphology. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 65: 553-558. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.010
• Kaya, M., Baublys, V., Sargin, I., Šatkauskienė, I., Paulauskas, A. et al. 2016. How taxonomic relations affect the physicochemical properties of chitin. Food Biophysics, 11 (1): 10-19. doi: 10.1007/s11483-015-9404-5
• Kaya, M., Mujtaba, M., Ehrlich, H., Salaberria, A.M., Baran, T. et al. 2017. On Chemistry of γ-chitin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 176: 177-186. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.076
• Kontschán, J. 2010. Taxonomical and faunistical studies on the Uropodina mites of Greece (Acari: Mesostigmata). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 41 (1): 29-38.
• Kontschán, J. 2013. Species of the genus Trachytes Michael, 1894 (Acari: Uropodina: Trachytidae) of Romania. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 59 (4): 321-336.
• Kontschán, J., Park, S.J., Yoon, T.J. and Choi, W.Y. 2013. Uropodina mites from Korean Peninsula (Acari: Mesostigmata). Ad Librum, Budapest, Hungary, 70 pp.
• Krantz, G.W. and Walter, D.E. 2009. A manual of Acarology. Third Edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, USA, 807 pp.
• Machałowski, T., Amemiya, C. and Jesionowski, T. (2020). Chitin of Araneae origin: Structural features and biomimetic applications: A review. Applied Physics A, 126 (9): 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s00339-020-03867-x
• Manu, M., Bancila, R.I. and Onete, M. 2018. Importance of moss habitats for mesostigmatid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Romania. Turkish Journal of Zoology 42 (6): 673-683. doi: 10.3906/zoo-1712-6
• Masan, P. 2003. Identification key to Central European species of Trachytes (Acari: Uropodina) with redescriptions, ecology and distribution of Slovak species. European Journal of Entomology, 100 (3): 435-448. doi: 10.14411/eje.2003.066
• Merzendorfer, H. 2009. Chitin: structure, function, and metabolism. In: The Sugar Code: Fundamentals of Glycosciences. Gabius, H.-J. (Ed.), Wiley, VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 217-229.
• Mothes, U. and Seitz, K.A. 1981. A possible pathway of chitin synthesis as revealed by electron microscopy in Tetranychus urticae (Acari, Tetranychidae). Cell and Tissue Research, 214 (2): 443-448.
• Mothes, U. and Seitz, K.A. 1982. Action of the microbial metabolite and chitin synthesis inhibitor nikkomycin on the mite Tetranychus urticae; an electron microscope study. Pesticide Science, 13 (4): 426-441.
• Mothes, U. and Seitz, K.A. 1984. Fine structure of the cuticle and structural changes occurring during moulting in the mite Tetranychus urticae. I. Fine structure of the cuticle. Acarologia, 25 (3): 253-258.
• Mushi, N.E., Butchosa, N., Salajkova, M., Zhou, Q. and Berglund, L.A. 2014. Nanostructured membranes based on native chitin nanofibers prepared by mild process. Carbohydrate Polymers, 112: 255-263. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.038
• Özen, E. 2012. Uropodid (Acari: Mesostigmata: Uropodina) fauna of Kelkit Valley. MSc Dissertation. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey, 128 pp. [In Turkish]
• Pecina, P. 1970a. Contribution to the knowledge of Uropodidae (Berlese, 1892) sensu Hirschmann et Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1964, of the environs of Prague (Acari, Mesostigmata). Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Biologica, 1968: 417-434.
• Pecina, P. 1970b. Czechoslovak uropodid mites of the genus Trachytes Michael, 1894 (Acari, Mesostigmata). Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Biologica, 1969: 39-59.
• Pecina, P. 1980. Additional knowledge of members of the genus Trachytes Michael, 1894 (Acari, Mesostigmata) from Czechoslovakia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Biologica, 1978: 389-407.
• Petrenko, I., Bazhenov, V.V., Galli, R., Wysokowski, M., Fromont, J. et al. 2017. Chitin of poriferan origin and the bioelectrometallurgy of copper/copper oxide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 104: 1626-1632. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.084
• Rahman, M.A. and Halfar, J. 2014. First evidence of chitin in calcified coralline algae: new insights into the calci-fication process of Clathromorphum compactum. Scientific Reports, 4: 6162. doi: 10.1038/srep06162
• Rinaudo, M. 2006. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 31 (7): 603-632. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001
• Rudall, K. 1963. The chitin/protein complexes of insect cuticles. Advances in Insect Physiology, 1: 257-313. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60177-0
• Seyyar, F. and Demir, H. 2020. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin from Phalangium opilio Linnaeus, 1758 (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Biologica Turcica, 33 (4): 258-263.
• Sobotnik, J., Kudlikova-Krizkova, I., Vancova, M., Munzbergova, Z. and Hubert, J. 2008. Chitin in the peritrophic membrane of Acarus siro (Acari: Acaridae) as a target for novel acaricides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 (3): 1028-1033. doi: 10.1093/jee/101.3.1028
• Wu, T., Zivanovic, S., Draughon, F.A. and Sams, C.E. 2004. Chitin and chitosan value-added products from mush-room waste. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52 (26): 7905-7910. doi: 10.1021/jf0492565
• Zirngiebl-Nicol, I. 1973. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 134. Wiederbeschreibung von 7 bekannten Uroseius-Arten (Uropodini, Uropodinae). Acarologie, 19: 5-10.
• Żółtowska-Aksamitowska, S., Tsurkan, M.V., Lim, S.C., Meissner, H., Tabachnick, K. et al. 2018. The demosponge Pseudoceratina purpurea as a new source of fibrous chitin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 112: 1021-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.071