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Solventlerin fitobileşenler ve Ocimum gratissimum ve Eugenia caryophyllata Ekstraktlarının Listeria monocytogenes’e Karşı Antimikrobial aktiviteleri Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1, 31 - 38, 16.01.2018

Öz

Bu çalışmada farklı solventlerin aktif
maddeler ile Ocimum gratissimum
un taze
yaprakları ve Eugenia caryophyllata
nın  kuru tomurcuklarının
antimikrobial performansları üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı. Bitki
parçacıkları soxhlet cihazı içerisinde dietil eter, etil asetat ve etanol
kullanılarak ekstrakte edildi. Bitkilerin fito-bileşenleri, gaz kromatografisi-
kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) kullanılarak saptandı. Yüksek öjenol
konsantrasyonlu ekstrakt 7 işlemde hazırlandı (160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, and 0
mg/mL) ve Listeria monocytogenes
e karşı
agar kuyucuk difüzyon metodu ile 3 kez tekrar edilerek test edildi. Minimum
inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MIC) ve inhibisyon sahası standart teknik
kullanılarak tespit edildi. Veriler istatistiki olarak hesaplandı ve
α0.05 düzeyinde tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) yapıldı. Sonuçlara
göre ekstraktın fito-kimyasal konsantrasyonu solventler ile ilişkili olarak
anlamlı ölçüde (p<0,05) farklılık gösterdi. Etil asetat kullanılarak elde
edilen E. caryophyllata ekstraktının en yüksek (%71,32); O. Gratissimum
un ise %16,67 oranında öjenol konsantrasyonu içerdiği gözlendi.
Bulgulara göre, Ocimum gratissimum
un taze
yaprakları ve Eugenia caryophyllata
nın  kuru tomurcuklarının
sırasıyla 13,33 mm ve 19,00 mm
lik
inhibisyon sahaları ile L. Monocytogenes
e karşı antimikrobiyel aktivite gösterdiği ve MIC değerinin 80 mg/mL
olduğu belirlendi. Bu sonuçlar, Ocimum gratissimum
un taze yaprakları ve Eugenia caryophyllatanın kuru tomurcuklarının gıda kaynaklı bakterilerin, özellikle L.
Monocytogenes
in gelişimini engellemek
için kullanabileceklerini kanıtlamaktadır.  

Kaynakça

  • Adetunji, V.O., Ishola, T.O. 2011. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, Listeria and Salmonella isolates from retail meat Tables in Ibadan municipal abattoir, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 10, 5795-5799.
  • Bayoub, K., Baibai, T., Mountassif, D., Retmane, A., Soukri, A., 2010. Antibacterial activities of the crude ethanol extracts of medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes and some other pathogenic strains. African Journal of Biotechnology 9, 4251-4258.
  • Bello, O.S., Olaifa, F.E., Emikpe, B.O., Ogunbanwo, S.T., 2013. Potentials of walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) leaf and onion (Allium cepa Linn) bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish. African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, 2027-2033.
  • Christybapita, D., Divyagnaneswari, M., Michael, R.D., 2007. Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 21, 1113-1117.
  • CLSI, 2011. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-first Informational Supplement (M100-S21). Wayne, PA: CLSI.
  • Daayf, F., Lattanzio, V., 2008. Recent advances in polyohenol research. 1st ed. United States of America: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Dugenci, S.K., Arda, A., Candan, A., 2003. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. Journal of Ethnoopharmacology 88, 99-106.
  • Durling, N.E., Owen, J., Catchpole, J.B., Grey, R.F., Webby, K.A., Mitchell, L.Y.F., Nigel, B.P. 2007. “Extraction of phenolics and essential oil from dried sage (Salvia officinalis) using ethanol–water mixtures”. Food Chemistry 101, 1417-1424.
  • Eruteya, O.C., Odunfa, S.A., Lahor, J. 2014. Listeria spp. in Raw Cow and Goat Meat in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. British Biotechnology Journal 4, 204-214.
  • FDA, 2008. Everything added to food in the United States (EAFUS). FDA www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngridientsPackagin/ucm115326.htm.pdf http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/ucm115326.htm (Accessed 15.10.2016).
  • GHC, 1998. Tips for growing clove. Global Healing Center Website: http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/organic-herbs/growing-clove (Accessed 25.08.2015)
  • Gupta, C., Garg, A., Uniyal, R., Gupta, S., 2008. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activities of Clove Oil and Its Extract On Some Food Borne Microbes. The Internet Journal of Microbiology 7, 1-7.
  • Harbone, J.B., 1998. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plants analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall. Harvey, W.F., John, U.L., 2015. Caryophyllus U.S.P. Clove, King’s American Dispensatory, 1989. Materia Medica of the New Mexican Pharmacopoeia: part 1 - part 2 - part 3 - part 4 - part 5 - part 6 -part 7 - part 8. http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/syzygium.html. (Accessed 25.08.2015)
  • Hema, R., Kumaravel, S., Sivasubramanian, C., 2010. GC-MS study on the potentials of Syzygium aromaticum. Researcher 2, 1-4.
  • Ilori, M., Sheteolu, A.O., Omonibgehin, E.A., Adeneye, A.A., 1996. Antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae). Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 14, 283-285.
  • Joshi, B., Sah, G.P., Basnet, B.B., Bhatt, M.R., Sharma, D., Subedi, K., Pandey, J., Malla, R., 2011. Phytochemical extraction and antimicrobial properties of different medicinal plants: Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Achyranthes bidentata (Datiwan) and Azadirachta indica (Neem). Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials 3, 1-7.
  • Kamat, A.S., Nair, P.M., 1993. Incidence of Listeria species in Indian seafoods and meat. Journal of Food Safety 2, 117-130. Karla, S., Carretero, E., Villar, A., 1994a. Antiinflammatory activity of leaf extracts of Eugenia jambos in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43, 9-11.
  • Karla, S., Monica, S., Emilia, C., Angel, V., 1994b. Flavonoid glycosides from Eugenia jambos. Phytochemistry 37, 255-8.
  • Ladipo, M.K., Doherty, V.F., Kanife, U.C., 2010. Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Investigation of the Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum (Scent Leaf) On Selected Enterobacteriaceae. Pathology 6 2, 75-84.
  • LQAD, 2008. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from red meat, poultry, egg, and environmental samples. MLG 8.06. Laboratory Quality Assurance Division Website: http://www.lqad_quality.org/listeriamonocytogenes (Accessed 2.09.2016).
  • Marcano, L., Hasenawa, D. 1991. Analysis of Phytochemicals in Leaves and Seeds. Agronomy Journal 83, 445-452.
  • Matasyoh L.G., Matasyoh J.C., Wachira F.N., Kinyua M.G., Thairu Muigai A.W., Mukiama T.K., 2008. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. from different populations of Kenya. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5, 187-193.
  • Mayuri, P.N., 2012. Screening of Ailanthus (Excelsa Roxb.) for Secondary Metabolites. Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 10, 19-219.
  • Michiels, J.A., Kevers, C., Pincemail, J., Defraigne, J.O., Dommes, J., 2012. Extraction conditions can greatly influence antioxidant capacity assays in plant food matrices. Food Chemistry 130, 986-993.
  • Miettinen, H., 2006. Listeria monocytogenes in Fish Farming and Processing, PhD Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland, 77.
  • Miettinen, H., Wirtanen, G., 2006. Ecology of Listeria spp. in a fish farm and molecular typing of L. monocytogenes from fish farming and processing companies. International Journal of Food Microbiology 47, 12-19.
  • Moreno, L.Z., Paixão, R., Gobbi, D.D.S., Raimundo, D.C., Ferreira, T.P., Moreno, A.M., Hofer, E., Reis, C.M.F., Matté, G.R., Matté, M.H., 2014. Characterization of antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. isolated from slaughterhouse environments, pork and human infections. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries 8, 416-423.
  • Naczk, M., Shahidi, F., 2006. Phenolic in cereals, fruit and vegetables: Occurrence, extraction and analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 10, 1523-1542.
  • Nanasombat, S., Lohasupthawee, P., 2005. Antibacterial activity of crude ethanolic extracts and essential oils of spices against salmonellae and other enterobacteria. Science Technology Journal 5, 527-535.
  • NCCLS, 2002. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests of bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved Standard M100-S12. NCCLS http://www.nccls.org (Accessed 17.10.2016)
  • Odebiyi, O.O., Sofowora, E.A., 1978. Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants. Lyodia 3, 150-156.
  • Okoye, E.I., Madumelu, C.B., 2013. Phytochemical constituent of leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and production of mosquito coil. Global Research Journal of Science 2, 62-66.
  • Omotayo, O.A., Adepoju, O.T., Keshinro, O.O., 2013. Evaluation of micronutrient potentials of seven commonly consumed indigenous spices from Nigeria. America Journal of Food Nutrition 3(3), 122-126.
  • Onajobi, F.D., 1986. Smooth muscle contracting lipid soluble principles in chromatographic fractions of Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18, 3-11.
  • Philippe, S., Souaïbou, F., Guy, A., Sébastien, D.T., Boniface, Y., Paulin, A., Issaka, Y., Dominique, S., 2012. Chemical Composition and Antifungal activity of Essential oil of Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum from Benin against six Mycotoxigenic Fungi isolated from traditional cheese wagashi. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 1, 22-27.
  • Ponce, A.G., Fritz, R., del Valle, C., Roura, S.I., 2003. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on the native microflora of organic Swiss chard. Lebensm.-Wiss. u.Technological 36, 679-684.
  • Pusztahelyi, T., Szabó, J., Dombrádi, Z., Kovács, S., Pócsi, I., 2016. Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes: A Real Challenge in Quality Control, Scientifica 20, 1-6.
  • Saliu B.K., Usman L.A., Sani A., Muhammad N.O., Akolade J.O., 2011. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial (Oral Isolates) Activity of leaf Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. Grown in North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research 3, 22-28.
  • Schillinger, U., Lucke, F., 1989. Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus sake isolated from meat. Applied Environmental Microbiology 55, 1901-1906.
  • Stokes, E. J., Ridgeway, G., 1980. Clinical bacteriolohy, 5th edition Edward Arnold London 188.
  • Swetha, C.S., Madhava, T.R., Krishnaiahn, N., Vijaya, K.A., 2012. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in fish samples by PCR assay. Annals of Biological Research 3, 1880-1884.
  • Yin, G., Ardo, L., Jeney, Z., Xu, P., Jeney, G., 2008. Chinese herbs (Lonicera japonica and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance non-specific immune response of tilapia, Orechromis niloticus and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. In Bondad-Reantaso, M.G., Mohan, C.V., Crumlish, M., Subasinghe, R.P. (Eds). Proceeding of the Asian Fisheries Society, p. 282. Manila: Philippines.
  • Zhou, K., Yu, L., 2004. Effects of extraction solvent on wheat bran antioxidant activity estimation. Food Science and Technology 37, 717-721.

Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1, 31 - 38, 16.01.2018

Öz

This study examined the effect of different
solvents on active ingredients and antimicrobial performance of fresh leaves of
Ocimum gratissimum and dried buds of Eugenia caryophyllata. Plant parts were
extracted in a soxhlet apparatus using dietyl-ether, ethyl acetate, and
ethanol. Phytoconstituents of the plants was determined using gas chromatography-mass
spectrometer (GC-MS). The extract with high eugenol concentrations was prepared
in seven treatments (160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, and 0 mg/mL) and tested against
Listeria monocytogenes using agar well diffusion methods in triplicates.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition were determined
using standard technique. The data was subjected to descriptive statistics and
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at
α0.05. The results showed that the phytochemical concentration of the
extract varied significantly (p<0.05) with respect to solvents. Extract of
E. caryophyllata using ethyl acetate had highest concentration of eugenol
(71.32%) while O. gratissimum had 16.67%. The results revealed anti-L.
monocytogenes activities of fresh leaf of O. gratissimum and dried buds of E.
caryophyllata capacity with zones of inhibition of 13.33 mm and 19.00 mm
respectively and MIC of 80 mg/ml. This establishes the possibility of using
fresh leaf of O. gratissimum and dried buds of E. caryophyllata to prevent the
growth of foodborne bacterias, especially L. monocytogenes.

Kaynakça

  • Adetunji, V.O., Ishola, T.O. 2011. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, Listeria and Salmonella isolates from retail meat Tables in Ibadan municipal abattoir, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 10, 5795-5799.
  • Bayoub, K., Baibai, T., Mountassif, D., Retmane, A., Soukri, A., 2010. Antibacterial activities of the crude ethanol extracts of medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes and some other pathogenic strains. African Journal of Biotechnology 9, 4251-4258.
  • Bello, O.S., Olaifa, F.E., Emikpe, B.O., Ogunbanwo, S.T., 2013. Potentials of walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) leaf and onion (Allium cepa Linn) bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish. African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, 2027-2033.
  • Christybapita, D., Divyagnaneswari, M., Michael, R.D., 2007. Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 21, 1113-1117.
  • CLSI, 2011. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-first Informational Supplement (M100-S21). Wayne, PA: CLSI.
  • Daayf, F., Lattanzio, V., 2008. Recent advances in polyohenol research. 1st ed. United States of America: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Dugenci, S.K., Arda, A., Candan, A., 2003. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. Journal of Ethnoopharmacology 88, 99-106.
  • Durling, N.E., Owen, J., Catchpole, J.B., Grey, R.F., Webby, K.A., Mitchell, L.Y.F., Nigel, B.P. 2007. “Extraction of phenolics and essential oil from dried sage (Salvia officinalis) using ethanol–water mixtures”. Food Chemistry 101, 1417-1424.
  • Eruteya, O.C., Odunfa, S.A., Lahor, J. 2014. Listeria spp. in Raw Cow and Goat Meat in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. British Biotechnology Journal 4, 204-214.
  • FDA, 2008. Everything added to food in the United States (EAFUS). FDA www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngridientsPackagin/ucm115326.htm.pdf http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/ucm115326.htm (Accessed 15.10.2016).
  • GHC, 1998. Tips for growing clove. Global Healing Center Website: http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/organic-herbs/growing-clove (Accessed 25.08.2015)
  • Gupta, C., Garg, A., Uniyal, R., Gupta, S., 2008. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activities of Clove Oil and Its Extract On Some Food Borne Microbes. The Internet Journal of Microbiology 7, 1-7.
  • Harbone, J.B., 1998. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plants analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall. Harvey, W.F., John, U.L., 2015. Caryophyllus U.S.P. Clove, King’s American Dispensatory, 1989. Materia Medica of the New Mexican Pharmacopoeia: part 1 - part 2 - part 3 - part 4 - part 5 - part 6 -part 7 - part 8. http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/syzygium.html. (Accessed 25.08.2015)
  • Hema, R., Kumaravel, S., Sivasubramanian, C., 2010. GC-MS study on the potentials of Syzygium aromaticum. Researcher 2, 1-4.
  • Ilori, M., Sheteolu, A.O., Omonibgehin, E.A., Adeneye, A.A., 1996. Antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae). Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 14, 283-285.
  • Joshi, B., Sah, G.P., Basnet, B.B., Bhatt, M.R., Sharma, D., Subedi, K., Pandey, J., Malla, R., 2011. Phytochemical extraction and antimicrobial properties of different medicinal plants: Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Achyranthes bidentata (Datiwan) and Azadirachta indica (Neem). Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials 3, 1-7.
  • Kamat, A.S., Nair, P.M., 1993. Incidence of Listeria species in Indian seafoods and meat. Journal of Food Safety 2, 117-130. Karla, S., Carretero, E., Villar, A., 1994a. Antiinflammatory activity of leaf extracts of Eugenia jambos in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43, 9-11.
  • Karla, S., Monica, S., Emilia, C., Angel, V., 1994b. Flavonoid glycosides from Eugenia jambos. Phytochemistry 37, 255-8.
  • Ladipo, M.K., Doherty, V.F., Kanife, U.C., 2010. Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Investigation of the Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum (Scent Leaf) On Selected Enterobacteriaceae. Pathology 6 2, 75-84.
  • LQAD, 2008. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from red meat, poultry, egg, and environmental samples. MLG 8.06. Laboratory Quality Assurance Division Website: http://www.lqad_quality.org/listeriamonocytogenes (Accessed 2.09.2016).
  • Marcano, L., Hasenawa, D. 1991. Analysis of Phytochemicals in Leaves and Seeds. Agronomy Journal 83, 445-452.
  • Matasyoh L.G., Matasyoh J.C., Wachira F.N., Kinyua M.G., Thairu Muigai A.W., Mukiama T.K., 2008. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. from different populations of Kenya. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5, 187-193.
  • Mayuri, P.N., 2012. Screening of Ailanthus (Excelsa Roxb.) for Secondary Metabolites. Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 10, 19-219.
  • Michiels, J.A., Kevers, C., Pincemail, J., Defraigne, J.O., Dommes, J., 2012. Extraction conditions can greatly influence antioxidant capacity assays in plant food matrices. Food Chemistry 130, 986-993.
  • Miettinen, H., 2006. Listeria monocytogenes in Fish Farming and Processing, PhD Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland, 77.
  • Miettinen, H., Wirtanen, G., 2006. Ecology of Listeria spp. in a fish farm and molecular typing of L. monocytogenes from fish farming and processing companies. International Journal of Food Microbiology 47, 12-19.
  • Moreno, L.Z., Paixão, R., Gobbi, D.D.S., Raimundo, D.C., Ferreira, T.P., Moreno, A.M., Hofer, E., Reis, C.M.F., Matté, G.R., Matté, M.H., 2014. Characterization of antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. isolated from slaughterhouse environments, pork and human infections. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries 8, 416-423.
  • Naczk, M., Shahidi, F., 2006. Phenolic in cereals, fruit and vegetables: Occurrence, extraction and analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 10, 1523-1542.
  • Nanasombat, S., Lohasupthawee, P., 2005. Antibacterial activity of crude ethanolic extracts and essential oils of spices against salmonellae and other enterobacteria. Science Technology Journal 5, 527-535.
  • NCCLS, 2002. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests of bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved Standard M100-S12. NCCLS http://www.nccls.org (Accessed 17.10.2016)
  • Odebiyi, O.O., Sofowora, E.A., 1978. Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants. Lyodia 3, 150-156.
  • Okoye, E.I., Madumelu, C.B., 2013. Phytochemical constituent of leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and production of mosquito coil. Global Research Journal of Science 2, 62-66.
  • Omotayo, O.A., Adepoju, O.T., Keshinro, O.O., 2013. Evaluation of micronutrient potentials of seven commonly consumed indigenous spices from Nigeria. America Journal of Food Nutrition 3(3), 122-126.
  • Onajobi, F.D., 1986. Smooth muscle contracting lipid soluble principles in chromatographic fractions of Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18, 3-11.
  • Philippe, S., Souaïbou, F., Guy, A., Sébastien, D.T., Boniface, Y., Paulin, A., Issaka, Y., Dominique, S., 2012. Chemical Composition and Antifungal activity of Essential oil of Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum from Benin against six Mycotoxigenic Fungi isolated from traditional cheese wagashi. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 1, 22-27.
  • Ponce, A.G., Fritz, R., del Valle, C., Roura, S.I., 2003. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on the native microflora of organic Swiss chard. Lebensm.-Wiss. u.Technological 36, 679-684.
  • Pusztahelyi, T., Szabó, J., Dombrádi, Z., Kovács, S., Pócsi, I., 2016. Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes: A Real Challenge in Quality Control, Scientifica 20, 1-6.
  • Saliu B.K., Usman L.A., Sani A., Muhammad N.O., Akolade J.O., 2011. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial (Oral Isolates) Activity of leaf Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. Grown in North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research 3, 22-28.
  • Schillinger, U., Lucke, F., 1989. Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus sake isolated from meat. Applied Environmental Microbiology 55, 1901-1906.
  • Stokes, E. J., Ridgeway, G., 1980. Clinical bacteriolohy, 5th edition Edward Arnold London 188.
  • Swetha, C.S., Madhava, T.R., Krishnaiahn, N., Vijaya, K.A., 2012. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in fish samples by PCR assay. Annals of Biological Research 3, 1880-1884.
  • Yin, G., Ardo, L., Jeney, Z., Xu, P., Jeney, G., 2008. Chinese herbs (Lonicera japonica and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance non-specific immune response of tilapia, Orechromis niloticus and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. In Bondad-Reantaso, M.G., Mohan, C.V., Crumlish, M., Subasinghe, R.P. (Eds). Proceeding of the Asian Fisheries Society, p. 282. Manila: Philippines.
  • Zhou, K., Yu, L., 2004. Effects of extraction solvent on wheat bran antioxidant activity estimation. Food Science and Technology 37, 717-721.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Original Article
Yazarlar

İbrahim Adeshına Bu kişi benim

Adetola Jenyo Onı Bu kişi benim

Benjamin Obukowho Emıkpe Bu kişi benim

Emmanuel Kolawole Ajanı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Adeshına, İ., Jenyo Onı, A., Emıkpe, B. O., Ajanı, E. K. (2018). Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 44(1), 31-38.
AMA Adeshına İ, Jenyo Onı A, Emıkpe BO, Ajanı EK. Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes. Actavet. Ocak 2018;44(1):31-38.
Chicago Adeshına, İbrahim, Adetola Jenyo Onı, Benjamin Obukowho Emıkpe, ve Emmanuel Kolawole Ajanı. “Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum Gratissimum and Eugenia Caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria Monocytogenes”. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia 44, sy. 1 (Ocak 2018): 31-38.
EndNote Adeshına İ, Jenyo Onı A, Emıkpe BO, Ajanı EK (01 Ocak 2018) Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia 44 1 31–38.
IEEE İ. Adeshına, A. Jenyo Onı, B. O. Emıkpe, ve E. K. Ajanı, “Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes”, Actavet, c. 44, sy. 1, ss. 31–38, 2018.
ISNAD Adeshına, İbrahim vd. “Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum Gratissimum and Eugenia Caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria Monocytogenes”. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia 44/1 (Ocak 2018), 31-38.
JAMA Adeshına İ, Jenyo Onı A, Emıkpe BO, Ajanı EK. Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes. Actavet. 2018;44:31–38.
MLA Adeshına, İbrahim vd. “Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum Gratissimum and Eugenia Caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria Monocytogenes”. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, c. 44, sy. 1, 2018, ss. 31-38.
Vancouver Adeshına İ, Jenyo Onı A, Emıkpe BO, Ajanı EK. Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes. Actavet. 2018;44(1):31-8.