<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>lisans</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-6020</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mehmet KURUDAYIOĞLU</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.16916/aded.1799625</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Turkish Education</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Türkçe Eğitimi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>The Development of a Speaking Skill Perception Scale Based on the Gradual Release of Responsibility Model</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Kademeli Sorumluluk Aktarım Modeline Dayalı Konuşma Becerisi Algısı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-2860</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karadağ</surname>
                                    <given-names>Bilal Ferhat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ERZİNCAN BİNALİ YILDIRIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260130">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>14</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>61</fpage>
                                        <lpage>77</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251009">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>09</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260116">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013, Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study aims to develop a scale to determine lower secondary school students’ perceptions of their teachers’ use of the Gradual Release of Responsibility Model (GRRM) in teaching speaking skills. A scale development research design was used in this study. The data were collected from 453 students in the first application and 350 students in the second, totaling 803 participants from seven provinces of Türkiye. The construct validity of the Gradual Release of Responsibility Model-Based Speaking Skill Perception Scale (GRRMSSPS) was verified through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. As a result, a 20-item, 5-point Likert-type scale with four sub-dimensions - “Teacher Modeling,” “Guided Practice,” “Peer Collaboration,” and “Independent Performance”- was developed. The total variance explained was 48.652%, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .836, indicating high reliability. The scale provided a valid and reliable tool to evaluate teachers’ implementation of GRRM in speaking instruction.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu araştırma ortaokul öğrencilerinin öğretmenlerinin konuşma becerisi öğretiminde Kademeli Sorumluluk Aktarım Modeli’ni (KSAM) kullanma düzeylerine ilişkin algılarını belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada ölçek geliştirme araştırması kullanılmıştır. Veriler, Türkiye’nin yedi farklı ilinden 453’ü ilk, 350’si ikinci uygulamada olmak üzere toplam 803 öğrenciden toplanmıştır. Kademeli Sorumluluk Aktarım Modeline Dayalı Konuşma Becerisi Algısı Ölçeği’nin (KSAMKBAÖ) yapı geçerliği açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleriyle doğrulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, “Öğretmen Modellemesi”, “Rehberli Uygulama”, “Akran İş birliği” ve “Bağımsız Performans” olmak üzere dört alt boyuttan oluşan 20 maddelik, 5’li Likert tipi bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin açıkladığı toplam varyans %48,652, Cronbach Alfa katsayısı ise ,836’dır. Bu bulgular, ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Konuşma becerisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  konuşma becerisi algısı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  kademeli sorumluluk aktarım modeli</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ölçek</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Speaking skill</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  speaking skill perception</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  gradual release of responsibility model</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  scale</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bulut, K., Açık, F., &amp; Çiftçi, Ö. (2016). Mikro öğretim tekniğinin Türkçe öğretmen adaylarının konuşma becerilerine etkisi. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 4(1), 134-150. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.36249</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chuang, K. L., Kee, Y. H., &amp; Chen, H. H. (2021). Implementation of the gradual release of responsibility informed curriculum and pedagogy for teaching programming: Action research based on a course for sport science students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport &amp; Tourism Education, 30, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100367</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Collins, A., Brown, J. S., &amp; Newman, S. E. (2016). Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing, and mathematics. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning, and instruction (pp. 453-494). Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Comrey, A. L., &amp; Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Erlbaum.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çetin Köroğlu, Z., &amp; Çakır, A. (2017). Implementation of flipped instruction in language classrooms: An alternative way to develop speaking skills of pre-service English language teachers. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 13(2), 42-55.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">De Jong, N. H. (2020). Teaching speaking. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The concise encyclopedia of applied linguistics (pp. 1071-1077). Wiley-Blackwell.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demir, T. (2022). Türkçe öğretimi için etkileşimsel bir yöntem: Kademeli sorumluluk aktarım modeli. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi [MSKU Journal of Education], 9(1), 50-60. https://doi.org/10.21666/muefd.1025897</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demirkol, S., &amp; Aytaş, G. (2023). Konuşma becerisi eğitimine ilişkin Türkçe öğretmenlerinin öz yeterlik ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 11(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.1154934</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DeVellis, R. F., &amp; Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications (5th ed.). SAGE.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fisher, D., &amp; Frey, N. (2003). Writing instruction for struggling adolescent readers: A gradual release model. Journal of Adolescent &amp; Adult Literacy, 46(5), 396-405.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fisher, D., &amp; Frey, N. (2013). Gradual release of responsibility instructional framework. IRA E-ssentials.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fisher, D., &amp; Frey, N. (2021). Better learning through structured teaching: A framework for the gradual release of responsibility (3rd ed.). ASCD.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., &amp; Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalkan, F., &amp; Cemaloğlu, N. (2023). Development of teacher support scale for secondary school students (TSSSSS): A validity and reliability study. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 10(2), 293-311. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2023.10.2.485</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kara, E., Demir Ayaz, A., &amp; Dündaar, T. (2017). Challenges in EFL speaking classes in Turkish context. European Journal of Language and Literature, 3(2), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p66-74</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaymak, E., &amp; AIkın Şahin, S. (2022). Düşünmeyi destekleyen öğretmen davranışları ölçeği-okul öncesi öğretmeni formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(21), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.55605/ejedus.1082882</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kiper, A. (2016). Cooperative learning scale: Validity and reliability study. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 1(2), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.309966</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lin, N. C., &amp; Cheng, H. F. (2010). Effects of gradual release of responsibility model on language learning. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1868-1872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.1000</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maynes, N., Julien-Schultz, L., &amp; Dunn, C. (2010). Modeling and the gradual release of responsibility: What does it look like in the classroom? Brock Education Journal, 19(2), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v19i2.136</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McVee, M. B., Shanahan, L. E., Pearson, P. D., &amp; Rinker, T. W. (2015). Using the gradual release of responsibility model to support video reflection with preservice and inservice teachers. In E. Ortlieb, M. B. McVee &amp; L. E. Shanahan (Eds.), Video reflection in literacy teacher education and development: Lessons from research and practice (pp. 59-80). Emerald.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saligumba, I. B. P., &amp; Tan, D. A. (2018). Gradual release of responsibility instructional model: Its effects on students’ mathematics performance and self-efficacy. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Technology Research, 7(8), 276-291.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tabachnick, B. G., &amp; Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn &amp; Bacon.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tezbaşaran, A. (1997). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu. Türk Psikologlar Derneği.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Torsheim, T., Wold, B., &amp; Samdal, O. (2000). The teacher and classmate support scale: Factor structure, test-retest reliability and validity in samples of 13-and 15-year-old adolescents. School Psychology International, 21(2), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034300212006</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yegen, Ü. (2025). Konuşma becerisi üstbilişsel farkındalık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Milli Eğitim, 54(245), 79-116. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.1509725</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yılmaz, D., &amp; Abacı, İ. Ç. (2024). Ortaokul Türkçe öğretmenlerinin kullandıkları konuşma yöntem ve teknikleri. 21. Yüzyılda Eğitim ve Toplum, 12(36), 919-936.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
